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Text about science often axamine the reason ( or causes) why something happens and what happens as a result ( or effcts). these causes abd effects are usually cleary indicated by a signal words such as because, because of, cause, due to, a reson, result in. For example:
His experiments resulted in a thick, cloudly liquid.
Some times the cause and effect are reversed:
You can't make it at home because the recipe is still a secret.

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Skim reading is a useful skill to learn when you are preparing for academic study. You are likely to have a lot of texts to read, a lot research to do, and not enought time to read everything on a topic . Its therefore often important to decide wheter it is worth reading a text in greater detail. You can do this by skimming a text quicly to identify the main ideas using headings, sub-headings, and topic sentences to help give you a bigger picture.

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The tone of a text can help you to identify and understand the writer's opinion. This is important if you plan to use the reading in an essay because it will give you an idea whether the writwr is for or aganist a certainposition. The author's opinion is often indicated by certain fixed phrases,and the author's choice of adjetives and adverbs.

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Synonyms are words or pharase that have similar meanings. Writers often use synonyms to avoid overusing words in a text. Often, an important word is explained, defined, or repeated as a synomym. If you don't know the meaning of a word, try to find its synonym in the text. If you can't find a synonym, try to guess its meaning from context. Sometimes, you will need to look up the word in a dictionary.

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To identify the main ideas of a text, first look at the title, introduction, and any headings. These will give you clues about the topic and main ideas. The skim quickly over each section, paying particular attention to the first sentences. Make a note of the main ideas and look back at these notes after you have read text again.

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You can organize your notes with a map showing relationships between the main ideas. Skim the text and write down phrase that summarizes each main idea. Leave room between each idea. Dreaw a box around each one.
Then as you read more closely, add supporting details to your map. Write them around each main idea and draw boxes  around them. Then draw lines to connect details to the main idea.

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Scanning is a technique used when you are lookin for specific information.
It is important for you to practice this skill as academic reading is usually for a spesific purpose such as answering an essay question. This skill will help you find information more quickly

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Identifying the purpuse  of parts of a text.

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Identifying the purpuse  of parts of a text.

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Usually different parts of a text perform different fuctions. Identifying the pupose of different parts of a text can help recognize the structure and understand its overall purpose. Some common fuctions are listed below.
* Introduce the topic This the first paragraph in which a new idea is mentioned.
*Report data Authors often group the most imórtant figures and statistics toguether in one paragraph.
*Explain facts These paragraphs give real, true information rather than opinion, argument, or speculation. Authors often stab beforelish the facts of a situation before presentibg opinion, argument, or speculation.
*Give suppoting information These paragraphs present examples and other informaton to suppot argument or to give context to the topic.
*Present an argument These paragraphs group toguether all the arguments on one side of an issue.
*Present another side of an issue A well-balanced text presents more then one side of an issue. Even if the author is biased they will often present opposing arguments to makes the text appear neutral.

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Whenyou read a factual article, look for the definitions of topic-specific vocabulary you are not familiar with. A signal can be a word or phrase, such as or, in other words, or that is, or punctuation, such as a comma, parentheses, dashes.
Kathryn had found a supernova, or an exploding star.
The star becomes brighter tahn tjhe rest of its galaxy- a huge system of stars and gases.

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Previewing key parts of a text before you read makes it easier for you to understand its main ideas. Look at the pictures, read the title, introduction, and any headings in the text, and skim over the passage. Then think about the topic and what you already know about before you read, you should be able to understand and remember it better.

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Varing your sentence structure with compund sentences adds interest to your writing. A sentence with two or more indepent clauses(clauses witha subject and a verb) is a compund sentence. The conjunctions most commonly used in compound sentences are and, but, and so.
subject
Verb
Conjuction
Subject
Verb
almost all humans have in common, yet many contries don't have enought food whMany cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a prominent role.
Nor and yet are also used to join independent clauses.
As a conjunction, yet has a similar function yo but.
Sharinh food is a custom thaile others have too much.
Nor is used after a negative statement when adding another negative statement.
With nor, the first independent clause needs to hve a verb in the negative.
Invert the subject and verb after nor.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a prominent role.
Nor and yet are also used to join independent clauses.
As a conjunction, yet has a similar function yo but.
Sharinh food is a custom that.
Indoor crops would not need a lot of chemical pesticides, nor would they suffer from weather-related problems. (not nor they would).
Subject
Verb
Nor
Verb
Subject

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Creating a text plan as you read can meke it much easier to navigate a text. When you skim read, you are looking for the general meaning of the whole text and of individual paragraphs. To create a text plan, note the general meaning of each paragraph the fort tiem you read, and then decide which paragraphs can be grouped togheter

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Pronouns are used instead of repeating the same word many times. They commonly refer backward to a name or idea, but they can also refer forward. Its important to understand which idea the pronoun must commonly used pronouns:
People
he, she, we, you, they, who, them, my, your, her, his, our, their, me, him, her, his, our.
Objects and ideas.
It, this, these, those, that, there, its.

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Identifying the porpose of parts of a text

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Identifying the porpose of parts of a text

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Usually different parts of a text perform different functions. Identifiying the porpose of different parts of a text can help you recognize the structure and understand its overall porpose. Some common functions are listened below.

Introduce the topic This is the first paragraph.

Report data Authors often group the most important figures and statistics together in one paragraph.

Explain facts  These paragraphs give real, true information rather than opinion, argument, or speculation. Authors often establish the facts of a situation before presenting opinion, aregument, or speculation.

Give supporting information These paragraphs present examples and other information to support argument or to give context to the topic.

Present an argument These paragraphs present examples and other information to suppot arguments on one side of an issue.

Present another side of an issue A well-balanced text presents more than one side of an issue. Even if the author is biased they will often present opposing argument to make the text appear neutral.

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Summarizing is giving a brief statement of the most important points of a text. As you read, highlight or  underline  the main points of the text. Then use the information writing summary for your notes, you should use your own words to avoid potentially plagiarizing the text if you decide to use it in an assignment later.