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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-child-migrant-influx

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http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/migration-policy-debates-12.pdf

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The source discusses various alternative pathways for refugees in order to provide protection and prevent them from using costly and dangerous routes through asylum channels.  The main alternative pathways are: labor migration, student programs, family migration, humanitarian visas, and private sponsorship programs.  Labor migration requires employer incentives to allow refugees to compete with migrant workers.  These incentives should agree with labor standards for native workers to allow for more public support and to better integrate refugees already in the country.  Although this pathway seems ideal, it may not be as easy to implement due to the fact that the number of beneficiaries is likely to be very low.  Also, most temporary workers would probably apply for asylum during or at the end of their contract.  Student programs, which gain the most public support, allow students to go to college or post-secondary education.  The issues with this pathway are that it is the expensive option and many criteria must be met in order for this to be used.  The refugee must apply for student visa, cover tuition fees, and cover living costs.  Family migration is another alternative pathway which creates the most places for displaced people.  International law and standards contain family reunification provisions for UNHCR refugees, however people who have only been granted temporary protection must meet stricter conditions.  Many countries have drastically restricted conditions for these groups of people.  Humanitarian visas help to enable people to enter a country to file a foral asylum application.  This pathway works more speedily and is cost efficient.  Private sponsorship programs allow private stakeholders to share the costs of resettlement and other alternative pathways in order to lower the costs and increase the number of beneficiaries.

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Alternative pathways relate to migration and international relations because they allow for more refugees to reside in more countries safely by avoiding costly and dangerous routes through asylum channels and trafficking.  In order for these pathways to be put in action, asylum countries must agree or even adjust policies.

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The article explains the reasons for the recent US child migrant influx.  This recent boom has sparked debates on US immigration policies.  The main push factors causing people to migrate from Central America to the US are violence and poverty.  The pull factors that have caused many issues are the rumors spread by human smugglers—often hopes of family reunification and an overall better life.  The child migrants are primarily boys in their teens from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico.  Gangs in these countries target teenage. boys as their victims and even for recruitment.  Many of these migrants have been living in America under temporary protected status (TPS), with no legal option to send relatives from their country of origin.  Their only way is to hire smugglers to bring their children to the US.  The US treats immigrants non-neighboring countries differently than it treats those from Mexico and Canada.  When Mexican minors arrive at the border, authorities may deport them immediately without legal proceedings as long as he/she does not express fear of going home.  Minors from Central America however, have a legal right to a deportation hearing and must be turned over to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).  Obama and House of Representatives agree that steps must be taken to prevent further migration.  In order to deter people from using human smugglers, the DHS has started public information campaigns.  Obama also thinks that deportation hearings must occur in a timely manner (speed may be a higher priority than fairness).   His administration is also working to establish a program in Honduras to allow up to 5000 refugee visas for each country each year (for 2 years).

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This source connects to migration and international relations because it presents the issue of an influx of child migrants seeking refuge.  It impacts foreign countries like the US because these countries have to change immigration policies in order to limit the number of people coming into the country.  The international community must also help protect civilians from violence in the home country and prevent them from using smugglers to help them reunify with family members.

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http://www.playagainstallodds.ca

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This source is a video game which enables players to face the struggles which immigrants are forced to cope with during the long and difficult migration process.  There are three different types of situations which the game presents: war and conflict (escaping from persecution), border country (can I stay here?), and a new life (loss and challenge).  Each situation has 4 stages which the player can choose from.  The first situation, war and conflict, consists of the player being questioned because their home country suspects them of having dissenting opinions.  After asking a series of extremely tough questions/making the player sign yes or no for statements such as “I give up the right to vote” and “I completely support the government of my country”, the government decides if the player should be taken to jail or not.  Every question answered “wrong” in the eyes of the government during the interrogation, results in the player being physically harmed.  This situation also makes the player pack their bags in order to flee the country.  It informs the player of how difficult it is to choose what to pack because of limited space and time.  If the player does not pack in time, they are caught by the secret police and most likely will be taken to jail.  If the player escapes, they are forced to try and escape out of the neighborhood and the area without being caught by military forces.  This demonstrates the high risk of migrating especially when escaping from a country torn by war and internal conflict.  The border country shows players how migrants must seek refuge and find safe areas and shelter for the nights in bordering countries.  They must also go on with their life in a new language.  It is very difficult for migrants to communicate with others, especially regarding legal issues.  In the a new life stage, the player must live their life and adapt to the new environment by attending school and making new friends.  Migrants change their entire lifestyle which can often be difficult and emotional.

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The game relates to migration and international relations because it shows how difficult the journey is for immigrants, both emotionally and physically.  Immigrants must cope with many issues from escaping their home country safely to attempting to live life not knowing the language of the new country and figuring out their identity.  They must also face discrimination because of the negative social attitudes toward them.

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http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/18/5-facts-about-the-u-s-rank-in-worldwide-migration/

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The article discusses five main facts about how the United States compares with other countries in regard to the migration crisis.  First, the US has more immigrants than any other country in the world.  The UN estimates that we have approximately 46.6 million immigrants: almost 4 times as many as the number of immigrants in the world’s second largest immigrant destination, Germany.  Second, the US-Mexico migration passage is the world’s largest (12 million people in the US were born in Mexico).  However, these migration trends are changing.  Estimates show that more Mexicans are now leaving than coming to the US.  Third, the share of the US population that is foreign born is relatively low compared to that of other countries receiving immigrants.  Only about 14% of the US population was born in other countries.  To put this into perspective, about 22% of Canada’s population, 75% of Qatar’s population, and 88% of the UAE’s population were born in other countries.  Next, US immigrant population is not as diverse in origin as those of other countries around the world.  On the diversity index, the US has a score of 91.  In comparison, Denmark and the UK both have immigrant diversity scores of 97 while Canada has a index of 96.  Lastly, the US has a lower number of emigrants than 19 other countries with smaller populations such as Syria and Poland.

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This source connects to migration and international relations because it compares migration facts of the US to those of other countries, putting it in perspective.  This migration influx impacts countries like the US because these countries have to limit the number of people coming into the country.  Also, the US has a lower number of emigrants than 19 other countries with smaller populations.  This goes to show how our population size has increased and is not decreasing any time soon.