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Cholera is a diarrheal infection that is caused by an infection to the intestine.  The organism responsible for causing cholera is Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Most people who get cholera will have no symptoms or mild sympotoms. Cholera is usually not spread through direct human contact. It is spread through bad food or bad water.  Usually occuring in areas with poor environmental management and poor hygiene.

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Biological Structure of Cholera (vaccine is, in general, just a small dose of Cholera)

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Biological Structure of Cholera (vaccine is, in general, just a small dose of Cholera)

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Vibro Cholerae bacteria produces a toxin in the small intestine, making it deadly, but exposing a person to small amounts of Vibro Cholera bactera can make them immune. Cholera toxin is made of two different non-covalently linked peptides.

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The current vaccine, approved in 2016 and meant for those going to Cholera-ridden areas, functions by exposing the person to a small amount of the live Cholera bacteria. It is a live vaccine and an orally given vaccine.

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Robert Koch discovered that people who had Cholera could not get it again during the same outbreak in 1884. Jaume Ferran i Clua developed an attenuated and live vaccine that immunized humans. After going through testing and clinical trials (possibly skipped straight to phase III, skipping phases I and II) the vaccine was approved for preventing Cholera. The Cholera vaccine most likely went through accelerated development/review. The next vaccine was developed by Waldemar Haffkine. Although a good chunk of the population did not benefit from the vaccine, they were protected by herd immunity. The current vaccine is made by a brand called Vaxchora and is an an oral and single-dose vaccine.