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Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (28 July 1914)

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Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (28 July 1914)

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After securing the unconditional support of its powerful ally, Germany, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a rigid ultimatum on July 23, 1914, demanding, among other things, that all anti-Austrian propaganda within Serbia be suppressed, and that Austria-Hungary be allowed to conduct its own investigation into the archduke’s killing. Though Serbia effectively accepted all of Austria’s demands except for one, the Austrian government broke diplomatic relations with the other country on July 25 and went ahead with military preparedness measures. This alerted Russia (Serbia's ally) to the impending crisis began its own initial steps towards military mobilization against Austria. This escalated tensions between the Great Powers and increased the likelihood of a world war.

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Y3 HY SEQ German aggression & WW1 ANS HBL FEEDBACK 3CDEJ 2020 R1

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Rise in Militarism and Welt Politik (World Policy)

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Rise in Militarism and Welt Politik (World Policy)

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Originally, Britain was a great naval power. However, Germany's militarism after 1871 became increasingly strong and it posed a threat to Britain. It was seen as a act of hostility and signal to challenge Britain. This increased tensions between both great powers and this militarism combined with new weapons, emerging ng technology and industrial production fueled a European arms race in the late 1800s and 1900s. Thus, increased militarism played a role in WW1.

One of the example of Germany's militarism:
1. Dreadnoughts

#2: Rise of Germany in 1871 + Impact of Welt Politik (World Policy)

Unification of Germany in 1871 (39 independent German states became unified as one empire), experienced military force & rapid industrial growth

Destabilising force for Europe

1888, Kaiser Wilhelm II became the ruler of Germany and forced Otto von Bismarck, the German Chancellor, to resign in 1890.

Kaiser wanted a more aggressive foreign policy to expand the German armed forces and navy to build an empire.

Engaged in Weltpolitik (World Policy) to transform Germany into a global power

1871-1900, Germany prospered economically.

Impact

Germany’s rise as a powerful country caused worry to the rest of the Great Powers in Europe

Drive for prominence limited the possibility of peace in Europe.

pitted against the rest of Europe & destabilized the balance of power

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-Russia was the protector of Slavic people
-Thought of it as it’s duty to support Serbia who had a large community of Slavs.
-When Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, Russia backed Serbia who was angry at Austria-Hungary for doing so.
-Russia’s participation in the war was due to their ally, Serbia.

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Tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia

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Tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia

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- Serbia emerged as a strong empire (potentially threaten Austria-Hungary empire)
- Austria-Hungary was already becoming unstable as there were more than 11 different nationalities in the empire.
- Furthermore, the Slav people in Austria-Hungary were beginning to ask for independence and wanted to migrate to Serbia (may influence the other nationalities to do the same)
- As Serbia wanted to unite all the Slav people and merge with Bosnia, Austria-Hungary decided to annex Bosnia to prevent Serbia from getting more powerful and also to keep the Slav people from leaving Austria-Hungary.

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The assasination of Franz Ferdinand played a contributing role in causing WW1. It was the catalyst for WW1 and his death sparked off the conflict. Franz was the heir to the Austria-Hungarian empire. By assassinating him, the Austria-Hungary government saw it as a direct attack on their country, which further worsened the already bad relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. As a result, Austria-Hungary made several harsh demands to Serbia. However, these demands were rejected by the Serbians. This caused armies to be mobilised and war to be declared.

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The Alliance System acted as an underlying factor which led to WW1. It split up countries into different factions and made it so that in the event of a conflict it would be on a large scale as allies would be obligated to assist each other. Powers were also more willing to go to war since they had the support of their allies thus they were less careful and diplomatic. The alliance system as a whole also worsened the situation of suspicion in Europe

The Alliance System was created with the intention of balancing the power of all the European Powers and to prevent conflict through diplomacy. However, it did not do much to solve or reduce the tensions which was rising. As Germany expressed aggressiveness powers such as Britain and France became closer in their mutual distrust of Germany. In a bid to match up in the arms race the stakes for war and possibility of it breaking out was increased as the countries kept militarising in response. The overall military strength of all the powers kept increasing making it so that in the case of conflict it would be on a wide scale and damaging. The failure to balance out the powers caused other european countries to grow distrustful of say Germany who was increasing its empire and kept gaining more power. The rival powers eventually became split into separate distinct factions which did not view the other in a good light. Therefore there was poor relationships between powers which made them more likely to consider entering conflicts with others.

Additionally there were also secret underground alliances which further made countries distrustful of each other. The distrust led them to make more preparations for the possibility of conflict which led other countries to in turn also prepare and consider the possibility. There was no way to know the intention of alliances and one could assume other countries were making alliances for aggressive purposes thus leading to a lack of trust.

The alliance had conflicts between 1900 to 1914 leading to increased tensions that kept raising the possibility of entering conflict with other powers. It ultimately culminated in Franz Ferdinand’s assassination which triggered the war at last.

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First Moroccan crisis- Tangier : March 1905- May 1906

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First Moroccan crisis- Tangier : March 1905- May 1906

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Austria-Hungary was supported by Germany. On 5 July 1914, Austrian delegates had visited Germany to find out where the Kaiser stood on the Serbian question. Germany had issued a blank cheque, meaning that they would support Austria-Hungary whatever the cost. This meant mobilizing the German army and going to war when Russia mobilized their military forces in 1914. On 1 August 1914, Germany supported its ally Austria-Hungary by declaring war on Russia, and 2 days later, on France.

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The plan was to storm belgium on 4th August 1914 in order to bypass the France forts and defences on the German border to eliminate France from the war as soon as possible and use Germany's full resources to combat Russia. However, the action of sending troops through the neutral country Belgium angered the British which declared war on Germany, as they broke the treaty of not interfering with the neutral state Belgium.

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The Schlieffen Plan was planned by German Field Marshall Alfred von Schlieffen and Chief of the Great German General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke, but was named after Schlieffen. The two believed that in order to quickly win a war on two fronts, one with France and one with Russia, they will have to quickly invade and neutralize France before turning all attention to Russia. Schlieffen also believed that since Germany has fewer troops than France, they needed to exploit the flanking manoeuvres through Belgium to avoid massive casualties and possibly winning the war. The plan called for German troops to quickly advance into France via Belgium in a flank manoeuvre to avoid the French fortifications along the German border. However, when executing the plan, Germany would be violating the neutrality pact that British and many other nations have signed with Belgium. As a result, Britain was drawn into the war in order to preserve Belgium's sovereignty and stop Germany's advance into Western Europe.

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The First Moroccan Crisis is seen as one of the long term causes of World War One as it led to a breakdown in trust between the major European powers. Morocco became the centre of the world’s attention between 1905 and 1906 and the crisis clearly indicated that Germany’s relation with France was at best fragile.

On this day in 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany arrives in Tangiers to declare his support for the sultan of Morocco, provoking the anger of France and Britain in what will become known as the First Moroccan Crisis, a foreshadowing of the greater conflict between Europe’s great nations still to come, the First World War.

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The only way to ensure peace was to have an army strong enough to deter another country from invading.

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Germany supplied the blank cheque to Austria-Hungary to support their ally to punish Serbia for the assasination of Franz Ferdinand. It was this support that emboldened Austria to take action and go to war against Serbia despite the threat of Russia. However Germany miscalculated the risk of that decision. Their plan for a cheap diplomatic victory did not pan out. This caused them to be dragged into a growing war that now included another Great Power on the opposition. Eventually, through the Alliance Systems and Germany's own aggression in invading Belgium, all the other Great Powers participated in a full fledged General European War. Thus it can be said that Germany's miscalculation was an contributing factor to the outnreak of WW1

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Although Germany had intended aggressive action in Morocco to place a wedge between France and Britain, it in fact had the opposite effect, strengthening the bond between the two countries due to their mutual suspicion of Germany. What began as mere friendship turned, after the First Moroccan Crisis, into a type of informal military alliance, including conversations between the British and French governments and military staffs and later, a mutual defense agreement with a third country, Russia.

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Britain: 🇬🇧
As an island nation with a large overseas empire, Britain needed a powerful navy. Since the British army was very small, Britain relied more heavily on naval power. By the end of the 19th century, Britain had the largest navy in the world. In order to ensure that they do not lose out to Germany in terms of naval power, they kept increasing production of Dreadnoughts.

Germany: 🇩🇪
In 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm ordered Admiral Tirpitz, the head of the German Navy, to build up Germany’s navy rapidly so that it could rival Britain’s. Germany in a way was greedy for more power and to overthrow Britain in naval superiority.

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What happened:
Germany sent a gunboat to the port of Agadir in Morocco with the intention of getting some control over Morocco. France's control over Morocco was threatened.

Impact:
Germany's aggressive actions threatened and confirmed the fear of having Germany dominate Europe. Tensions increased as France's control over Morocco were threatened by the fear of Germany setting up a port in Agadir.

With this, Britain and France signed a naval agreement and were able to remove Germany's influence over Morocco. Through this, the relationship between Germany and France worsened the already poor relationship with France's setback over the loss of Alsace Lorraine to Germany. However, Britain and France became close allies and continued to support each other.

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In 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. The objective of the alliance was to encourage co-operation against the perceived threat of Germany. Three years later, Russia, who feared the growth in the German Army, joined Britain and France to form the Triple Entente.

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In the case with the navy at the time, the British Royal Navy had the leading naval force in the world However, as Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted to step up on Germany’s navy, from 1898 onwards, a German naval battle fleet was in construction. German also began the production of ‘Dreadnoughts’, a weapon that only the British Royal Navy had. With Britain feeling threatened by Germany for competing against their naval supremacy with the German naval buildup, a naval race began in Germany and Britain. This not only caused rising international tensions between Germany and Britain, making Britain resent and fear Germany, it also led Britain to have a better relationship with France to counter Germany,  and the suspicion against Germany also made the outbreak of war more likely.

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when austria hungary declared war against serbia, russia mobilised its troops to support serbia. since austria hungary was allies with germany, germany also had to mobilise its troops. this led to germany, russia and austria hungary's involvement in ww1

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belgium's neutrality was compromised because of germany's schlieffen plan and this dragged britain into the war as britain had to protect belgium's neutrality. but the main reason was that as an ally of france, britain had to prevent france's defeat by germany and thus britain was also dragged into the war

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Russia sought allies in the Balkans to expand their sphere of influence and counter the threat posed by Austria-Hungary and Germany. This increased tensions and general mood of unease in Europe.

In the ultimatum, Austria issued a long list of impossible demands to Serbia, then declared war. Russia, as a show of solidarity for its Serbian ally, mobilized its army to the border. Germany felt threatened by Russia and responded with her on mobilisation and declaration of forces on 1 August 1914.

Thus, Russia’s mobilisation sparked the other Great Powers into preparing for war to preserve their own self-interests above other considerations, breaking out into a full-scale war.

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Public pressure on the government mounted as the Brits saw Germany’s naval power rivalling theirs and felt threatened. There was also a campaign for the government to spend more money building the dreadnoughts. The campaign’s slogan was “we want eight and we won’t wait”. The government gave way and increased its spending on the British fleet in order to maintain British’s superiority over Germany.