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Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol, a morpheme, a word, or a phrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses. Polysemy is distinct from monosemy, where a word has a single meaning.

Polysemy is distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two or more words (such as bear the animal, and the verb bear); whereas homonymy is a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. In discerning whether a given set of meanings represent polysemy or homonymy, it is often necessary to look at the history of the word to see whether the two meanings are historically related.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the three most polysemous words in English are run, put, and set, in that order.

English has many polysemous words. For example, the verb "to get" can mean "procure" (I'll get the drinks), "become" (she got scared), "understand" (I get it) etc.

Zeugma is also a type of polysemy.

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A concept given by Saussure in his book Course in General Linguistics. The speech circuit emerges when at least two persons (A and B in the picture) interact verbally. It consists of two physical elements: the brain, representing the personal-psychological aspect of speaking; and speech, which is the result of the vocal organs producing sound waves. Third, language (not visible in the picture), with its rules, arises from the speech circuit socially and historically as a non-physical phenomenon. However, Saussure considers it "concrete" and not an abstraction, making language the suitable subject of linguistics as a natural science.

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A catchword is a word placed at the foot of a handwritten or printed page that is meant to be bound along with other pages in a book. The word anticipates the first word of the following page. It was meant to help the bookbinder or printer make sure that the leaves were bound in the right order or that the pages were set up in the press in the right order. Catchwords appear in some medieval manuscripts, and appear again in printed books late in the fifteenth century.
This catchword was supposed to be needed by the reader to make clear the connection between the two pages; but the catchword is now out of use, and it is not missed.

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A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates. Eg: Bohemian Rhapsody.

Allusion is not pastiche. A literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Moreover, allusion requires the audience to share in the author's cultural knowledge. Both allusion and pastiche are mechanisms of intertextuality.

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Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more continuous segments or syllables, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis:

foliage > **foilage (adjacent segments)
anemone > **anenome (adjacent syllables)
cavalry > **calvary (codas of adjacent syllables)

Metathesis is a term used in linguistics to describe a language pattern where a sequence of two sounds occurs in one order in one context and in the opposite order in a related context.

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Kairos is an Ancient Greek word meaning the right, critical, or opportune moment.

Chronos: How we measure our days quantitatively.

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The subtext is the unspoken or less obvious meaning or message in a literary composition, drama, speech, or conversation. The subtext comes to be known by the reader or audience over time, as it is not immediately or purposefully revealed by the story itself.
Example:
This mint is really delicious. It’s got a very unique flavour. Do you want one?

The enthusiasm expressed by this person is an example of subtext. As beneath this message is the clue that someone else has bad breath and should take the mint.

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A newly coined word/expression in the process of being accepted by mainstream language.
Zoombombing appeared in Daily Telegraph | 02-Apr-20

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To delete from an edition of a literary work passages considered by the editor to be indecent or indelicate. The word derives from Thomas Bowdler, who tidied up his Family Shakespeare in 1818 by omitting, as he put it, “whatever is unfit to be read by a gentleman in a company of
ladies.”

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A conundrum is like a puzzle, or a riddle, or a problem ~ which needs to be solved, or is at least solvable.
Eg whether or not you should lie so that your spouse feels better about the way he looks might be a moral conundrum
An enigma, however, is more of a mystery or mysterious phenomenon, which may or may not be solvable.

Aporia: In philosophy, an aporia is a conundrum or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rhetorical purpose and often feigned. In Aristotle's Metaphysics, aporia plays a role in his method of inquiry.

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Homophones are words that sound the same, such as doe a deer, a female deer, and dough that you bake into bread.

Homographs are words that are written the same—that is, words that have the same spelling. Tear (verb) and tear (noun)

Homonyms refer to both: in other words, they sound the same and they’re spelled the same.

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Term introduced by Fredrich Schlegal.
A mode of dramatic narrative in which the author builds up the illusion of reality only to shatter it when it is revealed that the author is a manipulator of the character and their actions. Example Lawrence Sterne's Tristram Shandy and Don Juan by Lord Byron.

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Figure of speech where a hissing sound is created due to the repetition of an 's' sound within a group of words.
In phonetics, sibilants are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth. Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the English words sip, zip, ship, and genre.

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Strong verbal/written attack on someone/something; a rhetoric. Eg Milton's Areopagitica.

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Defamiliarization or ostranenie  is the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or strange way so they could gain new perspectives and see the world differently.
The term "defamiliarization" was first coined in 1917 by Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky in his essay "Art as Device"
The technique is used by Wordsworth.

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Thomas Grey wrote as an elegy for Horace Walpole's cat Selima "What woman heart can gold despise? / What cat's averse to fish." This is an example of anti-climax. "Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat."

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An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word is derived from the Greek epigramma, and the literary device has been employed for over two millennia.

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An aphorism is a concise, memorable expression of a general truth or principle. They are often handed down by tradition from generation to generation.
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet:
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose/ By any other word would smell as sweet.

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Occurs when a future act/development is represented as if it has already been accomplished, like a flashforward in films. Opposite: Analepsis
Eg
So the two brothers and their murdered man
Rode past fair Florence
-from Keats's "Isabella" (1820) (proleptical anticipation of the assassination of a living character)

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The use of separate words to express a grammatical relationship that is otherwise expressed by inflection, e.g. did go as opposed to went and more intelligent as opposed to cleverer.
The Denver Post elongated 'mustache' into 'under-nose hair crops.'

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The Shield of Achilles, which is described in the Iliad.

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Ekphrasis, or Ecphrasis, comes from the Greek. It is a vivid, often dramatic, verbal description of a visual work of art, either real or imagined. An ekphrastic poem is a poem inspired or stimulated by a work of art.

Usually, ekphrastic poems are written about a painting, but they can also be based on a sculpture, an object, or even architecture. One of the earliest examples is in the Iliad, when Homer describes Achilles' shield. As described in Book 18, the Shield of Achilles is huge, heavy, and round with several concentric circles, each depicting different scenes. In the very centre, there's a picture of the universe: ''the earth upon it, and the sky, and the sea's water, / and the tireless sun, and the moon waxing into her fullness''

Other famous examples are John Keats' poem “Ode on a Grecian Urn”, Musée des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden and Rilke’s “Archaic Torso of Apollo.”

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Peripeteia is a sudden change in a story which results in a negative reversal of circumstances. Peripeteia is also known as the turning point, the place in which the tragic protagonist’s fortune changes from good to bad.
According to Aristotle, peripeteia is the single most important and powerful element of plot in a tragedy.
One of the examples include the discovery of his parentage by Oedipus.

Anagnorisis is a moment in a play or other work when a character makes a critical discovery. Anagnorisis originally meant recognition in its Greek context, not only of a person but also of what that person stood for.

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A speaker directly addresses someone (or something) that is not present or cannot respond in reality. The entity being addressed can be an absent, dead, or imaginary person, but it can also be an inanimate object (like stars or the ocean), an abstract idea (like love or fate), or a being (such as a Muse or god).
The word "apostrophe," which comes from ancient Greek, literally means "turning away," because to perform apostrophe on stage, an actor turns away from the scene to address an absent entity.

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(In linguistics, specifically phonology) Omission of a sound or (unstressed) phoneme in everyday, casual speech.
Eg
Isn't (i in it is omitted)
Cap'n (for Captain)
Trivia: Stephen Crane, in his 1896 novella "Maggie, a Girl of the Streets", pioneered the use of wanna in literature with 'I didn' wanna give 'im no stuff.' The spelling is designed to recreate the way the spoken word pounds, shapes and knocks about the original words. (William Safire)

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Repetition of an initial consonant sound.

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Words imitating sounds of the objects or actions they refer to.
Eg
Bang > Gunshot
Ding dong > Doorbell

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Using understatement to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect. Litotes is a form of understatement, and is always deliberate with the intention of emphasis.

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Anaphora - Repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighbouring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis.
Eg
In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech, he uses anaphora by repeating "I have a dream" eight times throughout the speech.

Epistrophe - Repetition of the same word(s) at the end of successive sentences/clauses/phrases
Eg
“Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended.
Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended.
Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended …” (Brutus in Julius Caesar)

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Rhetorical device where the grammar of one phrase is inverted in the following phrase, such that two key concepts from the original phrase reappear in the second phrase in inverted order.
While synonyms are mostly used for this, (She has all my love; my heart belongs to her), opposite words can also be used when they don't change the sense of the sentence (My heart burned with anguish, and chilled was my body when I heard of his death.)

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Attributing human nature, emotion or human characteristics to something non-human (inanimate objects, animals etc), or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
Eg
Smiling flowers
Brooding Mountains
Pathetic Fallacy - term coined in John Ruskin's Modern Painters; he thought the excessive use of the device indicated the inferiority of a poet; 20th century imagists, however, used it freely and effectively.

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Words conveying the opposite of their literal meaning; a situation that contradicts the meaning of the idea.
Eg
The name of Britain's largest dog was Tiny.
The police station got robbed.

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A statement (or a group of statements) that appears to contradict itself = Paradox.
Eg
The more she sleeps, the more tired she feels.

A noun which is a combination of two words contradictory to each other = Oxymoron.
Eg
Bittersweet
Living death

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Asyndeton, Polysyndeton & (Sister) Parataxis 

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Asyndeton, Polysyndeton & (Sister) Parataxis 

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Repeated use of coordinating conjunctions to connect different items in a sentence so that they all have equal weight/to emphasize each/to add rhythm/to add a childlike voice = Polysyndeton.

Deliberate omission of conjunctions = Asyndeton.

All the words/phrases/clauses/sentences have equal weight, with none dependent on any other (using only coordinating conjunctions, or none at all) = Parataxis*.
*when subordinating conjunctions are used, i.e. all clauses/sentences aren't equal, it is called hypotaxis.
Eg
"If there be cords, or knives, or poison, or fire, or suffocating streams, I'll not endure it." (Polysyndeton, Othello)
"And I could not laugh with the demon, and he cursed me because I could not laugh..." (Polysyndeton but not Parataxis due to 'because'; Edgar Allan Poe, Silence)
"I came, I saw, I conquered." (Parataxis as well as Asyndeton but not Polysyndeton; Julius Caesar)

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Stating something unpleasant/embarassing in a mild, respectful, indirect manner.
Eg
He died > He passed away
Old people > Senior Citizens
Fire > Let go

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A word replaced by another closely related to it = Metonymy.
Eg
White House > US President

A word/phrase replaced by one of its attributes/part of the whole = Synecdoche.
Eg
All "hands" on deck > the crew
She is learning her ABC's > alphabet

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from Lyly's hero named Euphues, in the eponymous 1578 didactic romance novel

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"Linguistic Excess" "Affectation"
Sophisticated, artistic style of writing; artificial elegance. Uses many figures of speech for this purpose.

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Redundancy, either for emphasis or by fault.
Eg
See with one's own eyes, black darkness

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John is fishing for food as well as compliments

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One word referring to two different things in two different senses, from Greek zeugma="yoking".
Eg John and his driving license expired last week.

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Exaggeration.
Eg
... hindered me half a million (from Shylock's speech) > troubled me countless times

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Similar-sounding but incorrect word in place of another.
Eg
Dance a flamenco > Dance a flamingo
erratic-erotic
jibe-jive
pineapple of politeness > pinnacle of politeness (Mrs. Malaprop in the play The Rivals)

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Error in speech where corresponding vowels/consonants are switched between two words
Eg
The Lord is a loving shepherd > The Lord is a shoving leopard

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Subject-Verb positions interchange
Eg
I have seldom seen > Seldom have I seen

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melancholy darkness: the narrator, not the darkness, is melancholy

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A modifier (mostly an adjective) or epithet transferred from the noun it is meant to describe/qualify to another noun in the sentence.
Eg
Unhappy marriage (marriage can't be unhappy, it's the people in it who are)
Humid shadows (shadows aren't humid or dry; it's clouds that are)

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A metaphor extending over multiple lines, stanzas or paragraphs.

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Similar sounding internal vowels (stressed) in neighbouring words/Identical (stressed) consonants with different vowels.

Eg
Brown cow
Cold, killed

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"Like" "As"
Stated comparison between different things that have something in common.
Eg
Radiant like the moon
As sly as a fox (Lenka, Everything At Once)

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Implied comparison between dissimilar things.