# data[].attributes.headline
MUHAMMAD AIMAN AQIL BIN MUHAMAD ERI  (A21SC0147)

# data[].attributes.subject
MUHAMMAD AIMAN AQIL BIN MUHAMAD ERI  (A21SC0147)

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN

- Lightest element (atomic number = 1)
- Dihydrogen (H ₂)
- Located in the first group (IA)
- Anomalous position of hydrogen:
> Alkali metals (IA)
1. Electronic configuration of 1s ¹
2. Electropositive
3. Oxidation state is +1
> Halogen (VIIA)

1.    Contain one electron less than the     nearest noble gas configuration

2. Non-metallic

3. Atomicity (Diatomic)

4. Formation of similar types of compound

5. Oxidation state (-1)

Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratory:
- Reaction with metal + diluted acid
- Electrolysis of water
In industry:
- Steam reforming process (use hydrocarbon/coal)

Uses of Hydrogen
1. Production of NH3
2. Methanol production
3. Production of margarine
4. Production of metals
5. As fuel

Special properties
1. Small size
- tends to form covalent bond (except with very electropositive metals)
2. short and strong covalent bond
3. Show anomaly:
- Form interstitial hydride
- Form bridging hydrogen bonding
- Form hydrogen bonding (F,O,N)

Effect of hydrogen bonding

High molecular weight

Solubility (dissolve polar molecule)

Density of solid < liquid

Compound of hydrogen

Ionic Hydride (H⁻) - Saline Hydride

- H bonded to highly electropositive
elements)

Covalent Hydride (H•, H⁺)

- Group IVA - XH4 (Neutral)
- Group VA - XH3 (Somewhat basic)
- Group VIA - XH2 (Weakly acidic)
- Group VIIA - HX (Strongly acidic)

Non-stoichiometric Hydride (interstitial compounds)

- H bonded with transition metal
- Metallic
- Due H is smal, it can absorbed and
located in regular interstices between the
metal atoms

# data[].attributes.headline
NURSYAFIQA ARISYA BT JAMALUDIN (A21SC0294)

# data[].attributes.subject
NURSYAFIQA ARISYA BT JAMALUDIN (A21SC0294)

# data[].attributes.body
-HYDROGEN-

Introduction:
-Hydrogen is the 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth that was found by A.Lavoisier.

Physical properties of H:
- Electronic configuration is 1S1
-A.M.U is 1.0079
-259.1(degree celcius) melting point -252.720(degree celcius) boiling point
-mostly not dissolve in water
-colourless gas, tasteless and do not have smell
-Density in gaseous phase (0.08988g/L)
-Density in liquid phase (70.8g/L)
Density in solid phase (70.6g/L)

Position of Hydrogen in the periodic table:
-Known as the lightest element because only having atomic number of 1
-Dihydrogen
-In the current modern periodic table, it is located in the first group (IA)

H is anomalous in periodic table:
*Because of it resemblance with the Alkali Metals in Group IA and Halogens in Group VIIA due to the=

-The electronic configuration (Group IA and Group VIIA)
-The electropositive character (Group IA)
-Oxidation state (Group IA)
-Non-metallic character (Group VIIA)
-Atomicity (Group VIIA)
-Formation of similar types of compounds (Group VIIA)
-Oxidation state (Group VIIA)

Preparation of Hydrogen in laboratory through Reaction of metals with the diluted acids (H is collected by replacement of water) and through electrolysis of water (by adding little amount of H+)

Preparation of Hydrogen in industry through steam reforming and the water gas shift.

Major use of H in industrial process
-Production of NH3 through Haber Process, fertilizers, plastics
-Methanol production
-Production of Margarine
-Production of metals
-As fuel

*When undergoing chemical reaction, H can lose the electron, gain the electron and share a pair of electron too

*Reaction of H
-Combustion
-Reducing agent
-React with other more electronegative elements
-React with more electropositive elements and forming Hydrides
-Homolytic dissociation
-Heterolytic dissociation by inducing the metal oxide as catalyst
-Radical Chain reaction

*Special properties of H:
-Due to small sizes, H  tends to form covalent bond with other element except those very electropositive metals. This cause the covalent bond formed to be short and strong.

*Effect of the H bond:
-Unexpectedly high molecular weights of the hydrogen-containing species that are often cause by the hydrogen-bonding.
-Density of the solid is less than in liquid due to its larger volume as crystallization takes place
-Solubility  occur when

Compound of hydrogen (Hydrides):
-ionic hydrides
-covalent hydrides
-nonstoichiometric hydrides
#H may bounded to its compound essentially as H-, H+, H.

*Ionic hydride(Saline hydride)
-compound H that bonded to highly electropositive elements
-Hydride of alkali metal when it is bonded to alkali metal from group IA
-Hydride of alkaline earth metal when it is bonded to alkaline earth metal from group IIA
-Hydride of heavier metal contain metal cations and H- ion
-Hydrides of Li(Group IIA) and Be and Mg(Group IIA) have more covalent character due to its smaller size and high charge density of the ions.

Reaction of ionic hydrides
-Reactive with water and air to give bases with evolve of H2
-Powerful reducing and hydrogen-transfer agent

*Covalent hydride
-H with nonmetal element on the right hand side of the periodic table
-Covalent hydrides include neutral (binary XH4 compounds of group IVA), somewhat basic (binary XH3 compounds of group VA), weakly acidic or amphoteric (binary XH2 compounds of group VIA), strongly acidic (binary HX compounds of group VIIA)
-Boron can form numerous covalent hydride (BnH2n)
-Hydridic, complex compounds of H (LiAlH4 and NaBH4)
~Bonding between Al with H and B with H are essentially covalent in nature

*Interstitial Hydride
-When compound H with transition metal, it formed nonstoichiometric compound and the bond considered as metallic
-Hydrogen reacts with lot of transition metal or their alloys on heating to give exceedingly complicated substances
-Solid nonstoichiometric compound are black or greyish-black in colour

# data[].attributes.headline
NUR ATHIRAH ALIAH BINTI JAMIL(A21SC0222)

# data[].attributes.subject
NUR ATHIRAH ALIAH BINTI JAMIL(A21SC0222)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN

Hydrogen

3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth

Produced from hydrocarbon or water

Does not dissolve in water

Lightest element known having atomic number

First group(IA) in periodic table

Preparation of Hydrogen

In Laboratary:

Reaction of metal(Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids

Electrolysis of water(add a small amount of H⁺)

In Industry:

By Steam Reforming Process-using hydrocarbon & coal

Steam Reforming

Water Gas Shift

Major uses of Hydrogen(Industrial Processses)

1. Production of NH₃ (Haber Processes),fertilizers, plastics

2. Methanol Production(Feed Stock)-Steam Reforming

3. Production of margarine- hydrogenation of unsaturated oil

4. Productions of metal- Reduction Process

5. as Fuel

Chemistry & Speacial properties of Hydrogen
-when undergo chemical reaction, atomic H can:
i) Lose electron - H⁺ (proton, hydrogen ion)
ii) Gain electron - H⁻ (hydride)
iii) Share a pair of electron with other atom- Covalent Bond

Reaction of Hydrogen

Combustion

Reducing agent

React with other more electronegative elements

React with more electropositive elements - forming hydride

Homolytic dissociation

Heterolytic dissociation

Radical Chain Reaction

Speacial Properties of Hydrogen

>Due to small size, H tends to form covalent bond with other element

>Make shorter and stronger covalent bond

>Show anomaly:

-form interstitial hydrides with lathanide & actinide

-H participate in three-center bonds ~ forming bridging

-form unusual attractive force " Hydrogen Bonding "

-abnormal heating & boiling point

Effect of Hydrogen Bond

Unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen

Density of the solid is less than in liquid

Solubility

~Ionic or polar molecules:
form hydrogen bonding, dissolves
~Non polar molecules: insoluble

Compound of Hydriogen

Ionic Hydride

Covalent Hydride

Nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
-Hydrogen 3rd most abundant element in form of H2O and organic substances
- Combination of hydro ( water ) and genes ( form)
- It is diatomic atom , colourless and tasteless.

Preparation of hydrogen.
1. INDUSTRY ( Steam reforming process )
- uses hydrocarbon or coal.
- Advantage : cheap
- Biggest drawback : Greenhouse gasses
2. IN LAB
• Reaction of metal (Zn , Fe ,Cu) with diluted acids.
• Electrolysis of water ( adding a small amount of H+)

Reaction of hydrogen
1.Combustion
2.Reducing agent
3. React with other more electronegative elements
4. React with more electropositive elements forming hydride.
5. Homolytic dissociation
6. Heterolytic dissociation
7. Radical chain reaction

Special properties of hydrogen
- Due to small size
- Hydrogen tends to form covalent bond with other element except those of very electropositive metals.
- Forming unusual force called hydrogen bonding when coupled to a highly electronegative atom.

Effect of hydrogen bond
1. Unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen
2. Density of solid is less than in liquid
3. Solubility - non polar molecule does not dissolve in water

Compounds of hydrogen
- ionic hydride ( bonded to highly electropositive elements )
- Covalent hydride ( with non metal element)
-Nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurhasyimah binti mohd haris (A21SC0278)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurhasyimah binti mohd haris (A21SC0278)

# data[].attributes.body
•Hydrogen is 3rd most abundant element on earth.

•major uses of hydrogen produce NH3 ( Haber process, fertilizer)

•Reaction of hydrogen are combustion, reducing agent, react with more electropositive elements, homolytic dissociation

Laboratory
• Reaction of metal zn, fe, cu with diluted acid
• Electrolysis of water

Industry
• steam reforming
• water gas shift

H resemble with Group VIIA
• both contain one electron less
• non metallic characteristics
• exist as diatomic molecules
• oxidation state -1

# data[].attributes.headline
HARRIS NAQIUDDIN BIN ZAKARIA (A21SC0088)

# data[].attributes.subject
HARRIS NAQIUDDIN BIN ZAKARIA (A21SC0088)

# data[].attributes.body
My summary :

- Hydrogen is the combination of two words which is hydro (Water) and genes (form)
- - There are two ways to prepare hydrogen in laboratory which is reaction of metals with diluted acids and Electrolysis of water
- Steam Reforming process is the ways to prepare hydrogen by industrial method
- - There are five major uses of hydrogen which is production of fertilizers and plastics, methanol production, margerine production, metal production and act as catalysts
- There are 7 reactions of hydrogen like combustion, act as reducing agent, react with other more electronegative elements, forming hydride, homolytic dissociation, radical chain reaction and heterolytic dissociation
- - The special properties of hydrogen is it tend to form covalent bond with other element except those of electropositive metals, shorter and strong covalent bond, form interstitial hydrides with lanthanide and actinide and will participate in three center bonds forming bridging

# data[].attributes.headline
MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN NOREHAN (A21SC0165)

# data[].attributes.subject
MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN NOREHAN (A21SC0165)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF TOPIC HYDROGEN
Properties of Hydrogen
-colourless,odourless gass
-first in periodic table
-3rd most abundant element on the surface of Earth
-in form of H₂O and organic substances
-Produce  from hydrocarbon or water
-lightest element
-diatomic atom

Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratory
i)reaction of metal (Zn,Fe,Cu) in diluted acid
-hydrogen is collected by replacement of water
ii)electrolysis of water(a little of acid[h+])
-hydrogen is collected from cathode
In Industry
i)STEAM REFORMING PROCESS
using hydrocarbon/coal
-water gas shift

Reaction of Hydrogen
i.combustion
ii.reducing agent
iii.react with other more electronegative element
iv.react with more electropositive element(form hydride)
v.homolytic dissociation
vi.heterolytic dissociation
vii.radical chain reaction

Special Properties
-due to small size, hydrogen tend to form strong and shorter covalent bond except those of very electropositive metals
-can form interstitial hydrides and forming bridging hydrogen bonding
-hydrogen bond make abnormal melting and boiling point

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
-Unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen
-Density of solid is less than in liquid
-Solubility
.soluble (ionic or polar molecule)
.insoluble (non polar molecule)

# data[].attributes.headline
FARHAH NAJIHAH BINTI MAT AZAHAR (A21SC0075)

# data[].attributes.subject
FARHAH NAJIHAH BINTI MAT AZAHAR (A21SC0075)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY
Hydrogen

Produced from hydrocarbon and water

Colourless gas, does not have any smell and tasteless

Does not dissolve in water

Resemblance with Alkali Metals
(Group IA)
1. Electronic configuration : Has 1 valence electron
2. Electropositive character
3. Oxidation state : +1

Resemblance with Halogens (Group VIIA)
1. Electronic configuration : Contain one electro less than the nearest noble gas configuration
2. Non-metal
3. Diatomic molecules
4. Form similar type of compound with halides and hydrides
5. Oxidation state :-1

Preparation of hydrogen

1. In laboratory
i) Reaction of metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids :Hydrogen is collected by replacement of water
ii) Electrolysis of water (adding a small amount oh H+)
In electrolysis of water, hydrogen gas can be obtained from cathode

2.In industry
i)By " STEAM REFORMING PROCESS" using hydrocarbon or coal
Advantage : Cheap
Biggest drawback : CO, CO2 and greenhouse gasses

Major uses of hydrogen
(Industrial Process)
1. Production of NH3, fertilizers, plastics (Haber Process)
2. Methanol production (Steam reforming)
3. Production of margarine (Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)
4. Production of metals (Reduction process)
5. As fuel

Chemistry and special properties of hydrogen
i)Reaction of hydrogen

Combustion -release high energy

Reducing agent - reduce oxide of weak electropositive metals

React with other more electropositive elements

React with more positive elements - forming hydrides

Homolytic dissociation (take place in high temp with the help of Pt or Ni catalyst. Use for hydrogenation of of alkenes, reduction of aldehyde -alcohol0

Heterolytic dissociation (Induced from metal oxide as catalyst)

Radical Chain Reaction (Induced by heat or light)

Effect of Hydrogen bond (mostly coupled to a highly electronegative atom : F,O,N)
1. Unexpected high molecular weight
2. Density of solid is less than liquid
3. Solubility

Ionic hydride (Saline hydride)

H bonded to highly electropositive elements

Hydrides of alkali metal

Hydrides of alkaline metal earth IIA

Hydrides of Li, Be and Mg have more covalent character (small size and high charge density of the ions)

Ionic substance, conduct electricity when molten

Covalent hydrides (molecule)
-compound H with non metal elements

Water

Most abundant and important substance

show anomalous behavior (due to hydrogen bond)

Stable towards thermal decomposition (high O-H bond energy)

Amphoteric in nature (can be proton donor or electron acceptor)

Density of solid less than liquid (large volume, crystallization takes place)

Undergoes salt hydrolysis

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

3rd most abundant element on the surface the earth

In form of H₂O, and organic substances

Essential element in animal and plant

Produce  from hydrocarbon or water

Combustion of H for fuel convert back H₂0

Physical properties:

1. electronic configuration: 1S¹

2. colourless, tasteless

3. not dissolve in water

Position of Hydrogen

Lightest element know having atomic no.1

Dihydrogen, H₂

Located in first group (IA)

Resemblance with Alkali Metal group IA?

Has 1 valance electron

Electropositive characteristic

Oxidation state: +1

Resemblance with Halogens group VIIA?

Both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration

Non-metal

Diatomic molecules

Form similar type of compound : 1) Halides 2) Hydrides

Oxidation state: -1

Preparation Of Hydrogen

1) Laboratory

Reaction of metal Zn, Fe, Cu with diluted acids

Electrolysis of water (adding small amount of H+)

2) Industry

Steam Reforming

Water Gas Shift

Major Uses of Hydrogen

Produce NH3 (Haber process), fertilizers, plastic

Methanol production (Feed stock) Steam reforming

Production of margarine Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil

Production of Metals Reduction process

As fuel

Chemistry & Special Properties oh Hydrogen
When undergoing chemical reaction, atomic H can:

Lose electron, H⁺ (proton, hydrogen ion)

Gain electron, H⁻ (Hydride)

Share a pair of electron with other atom (covalent bond)

Reaction of Hydrogen

Combustion

Reducing agent

React with more electronegative elements

React with more electropositive elements

Homolytic dissociation

Heterolytic dissociation

Radical Chain reaction

Special Properties of Hydrogen

Due to small size, H tends to form covalent bond

Make shorter and stronger covalent bond

Show anomaly:
-form interstitial hydrides with lanthanide and actinide
-hydrogen will participate in three-center bonds, forming bridging

Form unusual attractive force called Hydrogen Bonding (F, O, N)

Abnormal heating and boiling point

Effect of Hydrogen Bond

Unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen

Density of solid is less than in liquid

Solubility
-soluble (ionic or polar molecule)
-insoluble (non polar molecule)

Hydrogen compound

1. Ionic Hydride
-H bonded to highly electropositive elements

2. Covalent Hydride
-Compound H bonded with non-metal
-Neutral, Group IVA
-Weak acidic or amphoteric, Group VIA
-Strong acid, Group VIIA

# data[].attributes.headline
NABILAH SYAIDA BINTI MOHD ZURAINI (A21SC0174)

# data[].attributes.subject
NABILAH SYAIDA BINTI MOHD ZURAINI (A21SC0174)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY

Hydrogen

Produced from hydrocarbon and water

Gas, does not smell and tasteless

lightes elemet known having atomic number 1

Located in first group (lA) in periodic table.

Does not desolves in water.

Resemblance with Alkali Metals
(Group IA)

1. Electronic configuration

2. Electropositive character

3. Oxidation state :+1

Resemblance with Halogens
(Group (VIIA)

1. Electron configuration

2. Non-metallic character.

3. Diatomic molecules

4. Formation of similar types of compunds.

5. Oxidation state.

Preparation of hydrogen
( In laboratory )

Reaction of metal ( Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids. Hydrogen is collected by replacement of water.

Electrolysis of water ( Hydrogen obtain in cathode)

( In industry )

By 'STEAM REFORMING PROCESS' using hydrocarbon or coal.

Watrer gas shift.

Reaction of Hydrogen

1. Combustion

2. Reducing agent (go through Oxidation)

3. React with other more electronegative elements

4. React with more electropositive elements ( forming hydride )

5. Homolytics dissociation

6.  Heterolytic dissociation ( induced by metal oxide)

7. Radical Chain reaction ( induced by heat or light)

Special Properties of Hydrogen
1. Due to small size
- Hydrogen tends to form shorter and stronger covalent bond

2. Forming unusual force called ‘hydrogen bond’
- Hydride of N, O and F do not follow the order of increasing boiling point with increasing molecular weight.
- Density of the solid is less than in liquid ( as crystallisation takes places)

Compound of Hydrogen - HYDRIDES
Ionic Hydride - Saline Hydride
compound H bonded to highly electropositive elements.
Covalent Hydride - Compoudn H with non-metal
Group IVA  - Neutral
Group VA  - Basic
Group VIA - Weak acid
Group VIIA - Strong acid.
Interstitial Hydrides - Compound H with transition metals forming stoichiometric compund

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY

Hydrogen:
1. 3rd most abundant element on earth
2. produced from hydrocarbon or water
3. exist as dihydrogen

Preparation of hydrogen:
1. Lab:
reaction of metal + acid
electrolysis of water
2. Industry:
steam reformimg process

Special Properties of hydrogen:
1. Lose electron produce H+
2. Gain electron produce H-
3. Share pair of electron form covalent bond
4. Abnormal melting and boiling point

Reaction of hydrogen:
1. combustion
2. reducing agent
3. react with more electronegative element
4. react with more electropositive element
5. homolytic dissociation
6. heterolytic dissociation
7. radical chain reaction

Compound of hydrogen:
1. ionic hydride
2. covalent hydride
3. nonstoichiometric

# data[].attributes.headline
MOHAMAD FARHAN BIN GUNING A21SC0134 (SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
MOHAMAD FARHAN BIN GUNING A21SC0134 (SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.body
S U M M A R Y

- HYDROGEN -
Method use in preparation of hydrogen in industry ; Steam Reforming Process

Major uses of hydrogen in industry ,
production of :
a)NH3
b)methanol
c)margarine
d) metal
c) and as fuel

hydrogen can..
-lose electron and produce H+
-gain electron and form hydride
- share electron with other atom(covalent bond)

Reaction of Hydrogen
-combustion
-reducing agent
-react with more electronegative element
-react with more electropositive element
-homolytic dissociation
-heterolytic dissociation
-radical chain reaction

Special properties;
-Can form covalent bond , strong and shorter covalent bond , form interstitial hydrates with transition metal (show anomaly)

Compound of hydrogen :
– Ionic Hydride
– Covalent hydride
– Nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN

3rd most abundant element on Earth.

in the form of H20,produced from hydrocarbon or water.

hydro=water, genes=form; Hydrogen=forming water.

(1s)^1,lightest element,exist as dihydrogen.

Why H resemble with Group IA?

have one valence electron,same with elements in Group 1.

contain electropositive character.

oxidation state=+1

Why H resemble with Group VIIA?

Both contain one electron less.

non-metallic characteristics.

exist as diatomic molecules.

forming similar types of compounds such as Halides and hydrides.

oxidation state=-1

Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratary

1. Reaction of metal with diluted acids

mostly Zn,Fe,Cu

collected by replacement of water.

2.Electrolysis of water

by adding small amount of H+

collected at Cathode.

In industrial
STEAM REFORMING PROCESS using hydrocarbon or coal.

1.  Steam reforming (cat:Ni,temp:900 dc)

2.  Water shift (cat:Cu,temp:400 dc)

Cheap but produce lots of CO,CO2 and greenhouse gases.

Major Uses of Hydrogen

1. Production of ammonia (Haber Process)

2. Methanol Production (Steam reforming)

3. Production of Margerine (Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)

4. Production of Metals (Reduction Process)

5. As Fuel

Atomic H can:

Lose electron~H+

gain electron ~H-

share electron~covalent bond

Reaction of H

1. Combustion

2. Act as reducing agent

3. React with more electronegative elements (oxi.no for H=+1)

4. React with more electropositive elements (oxi.no for H=-1)

5. Homolytic dissociation (H2 to 2H),need high temp and catalyst Pt or Ni.

6. Heterolytic dissociation,induced by metal oxide such as ZnO as catalyst.

7. Radical Chain Reaction,induced by heat or light.

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN
-3rd most abundant element on earth
-Produced from hydrocarbon or water
-Exist as dihydrogen
Preparation of Hydrogen:
-Laboratory
•Reaction of metal with diluted acids
•Electrolysis of water
-Industrial
•Steam Reforming
•Water Gas Shift
Characters:
• Lose electron(+1)
• Gain electron(-1)
• Share apair of electron with other atom to form covalent bond

* Hydrogen have small size so it can form a shorter & strong covalent bond.It also can form hydrogen bonding when with electronegative atom (F,O,N) .Hydrogen bonding will caused higher melting/boiling point because will need higher energy to breakdown the bond,will make higher molecular weights and will dissolve in water

Compounds of Hydrogen:
•Ionic hydride (H-)*will bond with highly electropositive element
•Covalent Hydride*bond with non-metal element on the right handside of periodic table
•Nonstoichiometric hydrides
Major Uses of Hydrogen:
-Production of margerine
-Production of metals
-Methanol production
Reactions of Hydrogen:
-Combustion*release high energy
-Reducing agent
-React with other more electronegative elements
-React with more electropositive elements* forming hydrides
-Heterolytic dissociation
-Radical chain reaction

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen?
-3rd most abundant element
-lightest element
-resemblance with group 17
-the compound that have element F,O,N have the hydrogen bond

Preparation of hydrogen:
In lab
1)reaction of metal (zn,fe,cu) with diluted acids
2)electrolysis of water

In industry
1)using steam reforming process using hydrocarbon/coal

Major use of hydrogen:
1.to produce NH3,fetilizers,plastic
2.to produce metahanol
3.to produce margarine
4.to produce metals
5.as fuel

Properties of hydrogen:
1.hydrogen can gain(H-) or lose electron(H+)
2.hydrogen can share elctron to become covalent bond

Reaction of hydrogen:
1.combustion
2.reducing agent
3.react with other more electronegative element
4.react with more electropositive element(form hydride)
5.homolytic dissociation
6.heterolytic dissociation
7.radical chain reaction

# data[].attributes.body
-Hydrogen is the 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth

-Preparation of hydrogen in laboratory
I) Reaction of metal with diluted acids
II) Electrolysis of water

-Preparation of hydrogen in Industry
I) Steam reforming
II) Water gas shift

-Major uses of hydrogen in industrial processes
I) Production of NH3, fertilizers, plastic
II) Methanol production
III) Production of margarine
IV) Production of metals
V) As fuel

-Reaction of hydrogen
I) Combustion
II) Reducing agent
III) React with other more electronegative elements
IV) React with other more electropositive elements
V) Homolytic dissociation
VI) Heterolytic dissociation
VII) Radical chain reaction

-Special properties of hydrogen
I) Small size
II) Shorter and strong bond

-Effect of hydrogen bond
I) Unexpectedly high molecular weights
II) Density of the solid is less than in liquid
III) Occur when the molecules of the solvent bonded to the solute through hydrogen bond

-Compound of hydrogen
I) Ionic hydride - Saline hydride
II) Covalent hydride
III) No stoichiometric hydride - Interstitial compounds

# data[].attributes.body
NOORAAZIRA BINTI SUKAMAT A21SC0198 (SSCC1703)

Summary of Hydrogen

(Hydrogen)

3rd most abundant element

In the form of H2O and organic substance

Produced from hydrocarbon or water

Colourless gas, does not smell and tasteless

Does not dissolve in water

- Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table

Lightest element having atomic number 1

In modern periodic table its located in IA

-Resemblance with Alkali Metals (Group IA)

1. Electronic configuration

2. Electropositive character

3. Oxidation state : +1

- Resemblance with Halogen (Group VIIA)

1. Electronic configuration

-Both contain one electron less than nearest noblr gas configuration
2. Non-metallic character

-Typical non-metal
3. Atomicity

-Diatomic molecules
4. Formation of similar types of compound

i) Halides

ii) Hydrides
5. Oxidation state : -1

-Prepation of Hydrogen

1. In laboratory

i) Reaction of metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids

ii)Electrolysist or water (adding small amount of H+
2. In industry

i) By "STEAM REFORMING PROCESS" using hydrocarbon or coal

Advantage : Cheap

Biggest drawback : Major by products : CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

- Major uses of hydrogen (Industrial processes)

1. Production of NH3 (Habes process), fertiliizers, plastics

2. Methanol production (Feed stock) - Steam reforming

3. Production of margarine - Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil

4. Production of metals - Reduction process

5. As Fuel

- Chemistry and special properties of hydrogen

i) Reaction of hydrogen

1. Combustion - release high energy

2. Reducing agent - reduce oxide of weak electropositive metals

3. React with other more electronegative elements

4. React with more electropositive  elements - forming hydride

5. Homolytic dissociation

6. Heterolytic dissociation

7. Radical Chain Reaction - induced by heat/light

-Effect of hydrogen bond

1. Unexpected high molecular weight

2. Density of the solid is less than in liquid

3. Solubility

- Ionic hyride (Saline hydride)

1. H bonded to highly electropositive elements

2. Hydride of alkali metal

3. Hydride of alkaline earth metal

4. Hydride of Li, Be and Mg have more covalent character

-Covalent hydride (molecule)

Compound H with non metal element

- Non stoichiometric compound ( Compound H with transition metals )

# data[].attributes.headline
BEATRICE SIM JIE PEI A21SC0041 (SSCC1703-01)

# data[].attributes.subject
BEATRICE SIM JIE PEI A21SC0041 (SSCC1703-01)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary: Hydrogen

First element in periodic table

Colourless, odourless gas at room temperature.

On earth, hydrogen is found in water, fossil fuels and living things.

Although Hydrogen is lighter than Helium, it is not used in balloon due to hydrogen burns very easily.

Preparation of Hydrogen (In Laboratory)

Reaction of metal with dilute acid

Hydrogen is collected by replacement of water, Hydrogen insoluble in water, so it does not dissolve in water.

Electrolysis of water

Bubbles of hydrogen form at the cathode, and oxygen evolves at the anode.

Preparation of Hydrogen (In Industry)

By Steam Reforming Process

Hydrocarbons are treated with steam over a nickel catalyst at 900° C to form carbon monoxides and hydrogen.

Advantage: Cheap

Disadvantage: It releases greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere.

Special Properties of Hydrogen

Tends to form covalent bond with other element except very electropositive metal (eg: Na)

Form interstitial hydrides with transition metal

Form hydrogen bond with F,N and O

High melting and boiling point due to some extra energy needed to break the hydrogen bond.

Effect of Hydrogen Bond

Unexpected high molecular weights

The molecules of carboxylic acids exist as dimer because of the hydrogen bonding. The molecular weights of such compounds are found to be double than those calculated from their simple formula.

Density of solid is less than liquid

Due to open crystal structure, the space between make the volume of ice increase but having low density due to empty space.

Compound of Hydrogen
Ionic Hydride: When H bonded to very electropositive element
Covalent Hydride: When H bonded to non-metal
Group IVA: Neutral
Group VIA: Weak acid/ Amphoteric
Group VIIA: Strong acid
Interstitial hydride: When H bonded to transition metals forming non stoichiometric compound

# data[].attributes.headline
NUR AIDA SYAMIMI BINTI AZHAR (A20SC0210)

# data[].attributes.subject
NUR AIDA SYAMIMI BINTI AZHAR (A20SC0210)

# data[].attributes.body
Properties of Hydrogen (H)

- Colourless, odourless, diatomic gas, does not dissolve in water

Resemblance with Alkaline metal properties

1) e-configuration 1s1

2) electropositive character

3) oxidation state +1

Resemblance with Halogen properties

1) e-configuration : contain one less e than nearest noble gases

2) non metallic character

3) atomicity - diatomic

4) Formation similar type of compounds

5) oxidation states of -1

Preparation H2

In laboratory :

1) Metal react with acid

2) Electrolysis

In industry :

Steam Reforming Process

Major uses of Hydrogen

- Production of ammonia, methanol, metals, margarine and as a fuel

Special Properties of H

1) lose e produce H+

2) gain e produce H-

3) share pair of e form covalent bond

4) abnormal melting and boiling point

Reaction of Hydrogen

1) combustion

2) Reducing agent

3) React with more electronegative

4) React with less electropositive - form hydrides

5) homolytic dissociation

6) heterolytic dissociation

7) radical chain reaction

Hydrogen bond - must have F,O,N elements

Compound of hydrogen

1. Ionic hydrides : H bonded with highly electropositive metal. Group 1A have more covalent character due to small size and high charge density

2. Covalent hydrides : H bonded with non metal

Neutral, basic, weak acid / amphoteric, strong acid

3. Non stoichiometric : H bonded with transition elements

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
Most element on Earth
Group IA

Preparation of H
Lab
Reaction of metal + acid
Electrolysis of water

Industry
Steam reforming process

Major uses of H
Produce NH3 Methanol Magarine
Reduction of metal
Fuel

Reaction with H (Covalent Bond)
Combustion
Reducing agent
React with elements more electronegative/ electropositive

Special Properties
Small size = short & strong covalent bond
Form hydrides
F,O,N (electronagative) form hydrogen bond
- have high melting/boiling point
- high molecular weights
- solid less dense than liquid (ice/water)
Ionic molecule can dissolve in water
- partial charge H+ O- form hydrogen bonding

Hydrides
Ionic
- H + high electropositive elements
Properties
- Molten state conduct electric

Covalent
- H + non metal
Properties
G14 neutral
G15 Weak acidic/amphoteric
G17 Strong acidic

Non stoichiometric

Water
Self ionization
Reduction of water to form H2
Hydrogenation of halogen &metallic oxides
Amphoteric(Proton donor/acceptor)
Salt hydrolysis

Ice= Hydrogen Bonds form(Crystallization of water)

Non-stoichiometric compound
- H + transition metals
Properties
metallic
black/ grayish black

# data[].attributes.headline
Mohamad Salman Bin Mohmad Sabri (A21SC0136)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mohamad Salman Bin Mohmad Sabri (A21SC0136)

# data[].attributes.body
(Hydrogen)
-3rd most abundant element on the surface of earth in the form of H2O and organic substances
-Produced from hydrocarbon or water

Physical Properties:-
-electronic configuration : 1s1
-AMU : 1.0079
-melting point : -259.1 degree
-boiling point : -252.70 degree
-density : liquid>solid>gas
-does not dissolve in water (only 2%)

Position of hydrogen resemblance with halogen:-
-Non-metallic character
-Atomicity (diatomic molecules)
-Formation of similar types of compounds
-Oxidation state : -1

Preparation of hydrogen
A)Laboratory
-Reaction of metal with diluted acids and    Electrolysis of water
B)Industry
-Steam Reforming Process (SRP) using hydrocarbon and Water Gas Shift

Major Uses of Hydrogen
-Production of NH3 (Haber Process)
-Methanol production (Stem Reforming)
-Production of margarine
-Production of metals (reduction process)
-As fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen

-combustion
-reducing agent
-reaction with other more electronegative/ electropositive element
-homolytic dissociation
-radical chain reaction

Question:
how can we separated hydrogen bond?

# data[].attributes.headline
NORIZATUL FILZA BINTI MUHAMAD PUZI A21SC0205 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
NORIZATUL FILZA BINTI MUHAMAD PUZI A21SC0205 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN (forming water)

·         3rd most abundant element

·         Produced from hydrocarbon or water

·         Colourless gas

·         No smell and tasteless

·         Not dissolve in water

Resemblance with alkali metals (gp IA)

·         Electronic configuration

·         Electropositive character

·         Oxidation state : +1

Resemblance with halogen (gp VIIA)

·         Electronic configuration

·         Non-metallic character

·         Atomicity (diatomic molecules)

·         Formation of similar types of compounds

·         Oxidation state : -1

Preparation of hydrogen

·         In lab

-          Reaction of metal with diluted acids

-          Electrolysis of water

·         In industry

-          By ‘STEAM REFORMING PROCESS’ using hydrocarbon or coal

-          Advantage : cheap

-          Disadvantage : major by products : CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

Major uses of hydrogen

·         Production of NH3 (haber process), fertilizers, plastics

·         Methanol production (steam reforming)

·         Production of margarine

·         Production of metals (reduction process)

·         As fuel

Chemistry & special properties of hydrogen

·         Lose electron (H+)

·         Gain electron (H-)

·         Share a pair of electron (covalent bond)

Reaction of hydrogen

·         Combustion

·         Reducing agent

·         React with more electronegative elements

·         React with more electropositive elements

·         Homolytic dissociation

·         Heterolytic dissociation

·         Radical chain reaction

Due to small size

Ø  Tends to form covalent bond

Ø  Shorter and strong

Ø  Interstitial hydrides with transition metals

Ø  Bridging hydrogen bonding

Detection of hydrogen bonding (F, O, N):

-Abnormal melting and boiling points

Effect of hydrogen bond

·         Unexpectedly high molecular weight

·         Density of solid is less than liquid (ice floats)

·         Solubility

Ionic Hydride (saline hydride)

·         Highly electropositive elements

·         Alkali metal

·         Alkaline metal earth IIA

·         Heavier metals contains metal cations

·         Group IA and IIA have more covalent character (small size and high charge density)

·         Ionic substance, conduct electricity when molten

Water

·         Most abundant and important substance

·         Anomalous behaviour because of hydrogen bonding

·         stable

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Syafiqah binti Kamaruddin A21SC0260 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Syafiqah binti Kamaruddin A21SC0260 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.body
- 3rd most abundant element on the earth.
- physical properties
• does not taste
• colourless gass
• does not disolve in water
• does not smell

Resemblance hydrogen with Alkali Metals (Group IA)
1. electronic configuration - 1s¹
2. electopositive character - H+, NA+, K+
3. oxidation state +1

Resemblance hydrogen with Halogens (Group VIIA)
1. electronic configurations - both  contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration
2. non- metallic character
3. atomicity (diatomic molecules)
4. formation of similar types of compounds
5. oxidation state -1

Preparation of Hydrogen
• In lab  1. reaction of metal with diluted acids
2. electrolysis of water
• In industry 1. by 'Stem Reforming Process' using hydrocarbon or coal
advantage - cheap
disadvabtage - major by products : CO, CO2, greenhouse gases

Major Uses of Hydrogen
1. production of NH3 (Haber Process) , fertilizers, plastics
2. methanol production (Stean reforming)
3. production of margarine (Hydrogenation of unstaturated oil)
4. production of metals (Reduction process)
5. as fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen
1. Combustion : release high energy
2. Reducing agent : reduce oxide weak electopositive metals
3. react with other more electronegative elements
4. react with more electropositive elements (forming hydride)
5. homolytic dissociation
6. heterolytic dissociation
7. radical chain reaction

Special properties of Hydrogen
1. due to small size, tends to form covalent bond except electopositive metals
2. small size hydrogen, makes covalent bond shorter and strong
3. show anomaly
- form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
- form bridging  hydrogen bonding
- form unusual attraction force called hydorgen bonding (when coupled to F, O, N)
- abnormal melting and boiling points

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
• unexpected high molecular weights of hydrogen containing species due to hydrogen bonding.
• density of solid is less than in liquid due to crystallization takes place
• solubility (ionic / polar molecules dissolve in water) (non polar molecules insoluble in water)

compounds of hydrogen - hydrides
• ionic hydride (saline hydrides)
- H bonded highly electopositive elements
- conduct electricity when molten
- when dissolved and electrolyzed in molten halides, its evolve H2 at anode

• covalent hydride
- compounds of H with non netal element
- neutral, binary XH4 , group IVA
- basic, bibary XH3 , group VA
- weakly acidic or amphoteric, binary XH2 , group VIA
- strongly acid, binary HX , group VIIA

water (colavent hydride)
-show anomalous behaviour because hydrogen bonding.
- amphoteric in nature ; proton donor and acceptor
- salt hydrolysis ; ion of weak acids, ion of weak bases
- structure of ice is hexagonal structure with open spaces in the middle of the hexagons thus density of the solid is less than in liquid due to its larger volume as crystallization takes place

• non stoichiometric hydrides
- compound of H with transition metal
- the bonding is considered metallic
- due to smaller size of H, hydrogen atoms absorbed and are located in regular interstices between the metal atoms, sometimes termed the interstitial hydrides
- the element palladiun can absorb very large volumes of hydrogen, can be used to store hydrogen.

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
-produced from hydrocarbon/water
-the lightest element (1 atomic number)
-colourless gas, tasteless and odourless
-does not dissolve in water
-located in the first group
-dihydrogen (H2)

Position of hydrogen resemblance with alkali metals
1. Electronic configuration
2. Electropositive character
3. Oxidation state

Position of hydrogen resemblance with halogen
1.Electronic configuration (both contain 1 electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration)
2.Non-metallic character
3.Atomicity(diatomic molecules)
4.Formation of similar types of compounds
5.Oxidation states (-1)

Preparation of hydrogen
a) In laboratory
-reaction of metal with diluted acids (hydrogen is collected by replacement of water)
-electrolysis of water (hydrogen will be obtained at cathode)

b) In industry
steam reforming process process using hydrocarbon or coal
advantages: cheap
drawback: major by-products CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

Major uses of hydrogen
1. Production of NH3
2. Methanol production
3. Production of margarine
4. Production of metals
5. As fuels

Reaction with hydrogen
1. Combustion
2. Reducing agent
3. React with more electropositive element
4. React with more electronegative element
5. Homolytic dissociation (takes place at high temperature with platinum or nickel catalyst)
6.Heterolytic dissociation (induced by metal oxide)
7. Radical chain reaction (induced by heat/light)

Special properties of hydrogen
-due to small size, hydrogen tends to form covalent bond with other elements
-shorter and strong covalent bond
show anomaly(form interstitial hydrides) with transition metals
form unusual attractive force called hydrogen bonding and coupled to highly electronegative atom (F, O, N)

Compound of hydrogen hydrides
a) Ionic Hydride
-bonded to highly electropositive elements
-hydrides of lithium, magnesium and beryllium have more covalent character due to small size and high charge density  of ions

b) Covalent Hydride
-compund of hydrogen with non metal element

water show anomalous behaviour because of hydrogen bonding, stable towards thermal decomposition.
Density of solid is less dense in liquid due to its larger volume as crystallization takes place

c)Interstitial Hydrides
-compound of hydrogen with transition metals forming non stoichiometric compound
-black in colour/grayish- black

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Ida Khairunnisa Binti Mohd Usman (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Ida Khairunnisa Binti Mohd Usman (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
- most abundant element.
- produced from hydrocarbon or water.
- the meaning of hydrogen is forming water.
- lightest element

1. Physical properties :
- electron configuration ; 1s⁻¹
- has low melting point and boiling point
- density is low in gaseous phase but high in liquid and solid phase.
- colourless,does not smell and tasteless.
- does not dissolve in water.

2. Resemblence with alkali metals (Group IA)
- electon configuration
- electropositive character
- oxidation state : +1

3. Resemblance with Halogens (Group VIIA)
- electon configuration : contain one electron less than nearest noble gas configuration.
- Non-metallic character
- diatomic molecules
- formation of similar types of compounds (halides and hydrides0
- oxidation state : -1

4. Preparation of Halogen
In Laboratory
- reaction of metal with diluted acids
- electrolysis of water

In Industry
- by ' STEAM REFORMING PROCESS ' using hydrocarbon or coal.
- advantage : cheap

5. Uses of Hydrogen
- Production of NH₃ (Haber Process)
- Methanol Production
- Production of margarine
- Production of metals
- As fuel

6. Reaction of Hydrogen
i) Combustion
ii) Reduction agent
iii) React with other more electronegative elements
iv) React with more electropositive elements - forming hydride
v) Homolytic dissociation
vi) Heterolytic dissociation
vii) Radical Chain Reaction

7. Effect of Hydrogen Bond
- Unexpectedly high molecular weights of hydrogen
- Density of the solid is less than in liquid
- Solubility :
* ionic or polar molecules - soluble in water
* non polar molecules - insoluble in water

Water
- the most abundant and important substance
- show anomalous behavior (due to hydrogen bond)
- stable towards thermal decomposition (high O-H bond energy)
- amphoteric in nature
- salt hydrolysis

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
1. Properties
- colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
- diatomic gas
- 3rd most abundant element on earth

2. 3 reasons resemblance with Group IA
- electronic configuration (1s¹)
- electropositive character (donate 1 electron to form H⁺)
- oxidation state: +1

3. 5 reasons resemblance with Group VIIA
- electronic configuration (contain 1 electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration)
- non-metallic character
- diatomic molecules
- formation of similar types of compounds (Halides & Hydrides)
- oxidation state: -1

4. Preparation of Hydrogen
- reaction of metal with diluted acid, electrolysis of water (in laboratory)
- steam reforming process (in industry)

5. Major uses of hydrogen (Industrial processes)
- Production of NH3 (Haber Process)
- Methanol Production (Feed stock)
- Production of margarine
- Production of Metals (Reduction process)
- As fuel

6. Special properties of Hydrogen
- lose electron - H+ (proton / hydrogen ion)
- gain electron - H- (hydride)
- share a pair of electron with other atom - covalent bond (due to small size)
- form interstitial hydrides with transition metals, lanthanide and actinide (due to small size)
- forming bridging hydrogen bond

7. Reaction of hydrogen
- combustion (release high energy)
- reducing agent (reduce oxide of weak electropositive metals)
- react with more electronegative elements (oxidation state of H: +1)
- react with more electropositive elements (forming hydride, oxidation state of H: -1)
- homolytic dissociation
- heterolytic dissociation
- radical chain reaction

8. Detection of hydrogen bond (H bonded with F, O, N)
- abnormal melting & boiling points
- more energy is needed to break down the strong hydrogen bond between molecules

9. Effect of hydrogen bond
- unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen bonding
- density of the solid is less than in liquid (eg ice)
- solubility

10. Saline hydride / Ionic hydride
- H bonded with highly electropositive elements
-hydrides of alkali metal, hydrides of alkali earth metal
- hydrides of Li, Be & Mg have more covalent character (small size, high charge density)
- conduct electricity when molten

11. Covalent Hydride
- H bonded with the non-metal element
- include neutral, basic, weakly acidic or amphoteric and strongly acidic

12. Interstitial Hydride (metallic)
- H bonded with transition metals forming non-stoichiometric compound
- black / greyish-black
- H atom can be absorbed and located in regular interstices between the metal atom

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN
i. physical properties
-electronic configuration: 1s1
-very low melting (-259.1 degree Celsius) and boiling points (-252.720 degree Celsius)
-density of gaseous<<solid<liquid
-colorless, odorless and tasteless gas
-doesn't dissolve in water

ii. position of H2 in periodic table
-lightest element
-dihydrogen (diatomic molecules)
-located in first group
-anomalous in periodic table

Alkali Metals (G.IA)
-hydrogen can lose one electron to form H+ ion like alkali metals in group IA
Halogens (G.VIIA)
-hydrogen can gain one electron to form H- ion like halogens in group VIIA

iii. preparation of H2
in laboratory
-reaction of metals with dilute acids
-electrolysis of water
in industry
-steam reforming process

advantage:
-cheap
disadvantage:
-major by products: CO, CO2, greenhouse gas.

iv. major use of H2 (industrial process)
-production of NH3 (haber process)

:iron catalyst, 400-500 degree Celsius

-methanol production (feed stock)(steam reforming)

:chromium catalyst, 300 degree Celsius, 300atm

-production of margarine (hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)

:nickel catalyst and hydrogen gas

-production of metals (reduction process)

metal oxides used need to be less electropositive than hydrogen (Pb, Ni, Co, Mn)

-as fuel

v. chemical properties of H2
-lose electron to form H+ (a.k.a proton & hydrogen ion)
-gain electron to form H- (hydride)
-share a pair of electron with other atom to form covalent bond

vi. reaction of H2
-combustion
-reducing agent
-react with other more electronegative & electropositive elements
-homolytic dissociation (with aid of heterogenous catalyst - Pt/Ni)
-heterolytic dissociation (with aid of catalyst - ZnO/Al2O3)
-radical chain reaction (induced by heat or uv light)

# data[].attributes.headline
NUR NABILA NATASYA BINTI MOHAMAD NAZRI A21SC0247 (SSCC1703

# data[].attributes.subject
NUR NABILA NATASYA BINTI MOHAMAD NAZRI A21SC0247 (SSCC1703

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN

-colorless, odorless and tasteless
-diatomic gas
-has 3 isotopes:
1)protium
2)deuterium
3)tritium

Physical Properties
-electronic configuration : 1s¹
-AMU : 1.0079
-melting point : -259.1 degree
-boiling point : -252.70 degree
-density : gaseous>solid>liquid
-does not dissolve in water (only 2%)

Resemblance in Group 1A
-electronic configuration
-electropositive character
-oxidation state : +1

Resemblance with Halogen
-both contain one electron less than nearest noble gases
-non-metallic
-diatomic
-form similar type of compound
i)Halides
ii)Hydrides
-oxidation state : -1

Preparation in Laboratory
1)Reaction of metal with diluted acid
-replacement of water
2)Electrolysis of water

Preparation in Industry
1)Steam Reforming Process (SRP)
-using hydrocarbon
2)Water Gas Shift

Major use of Hydrogen in Industrial Preparation
1) NH3 - Haber Process
2)Methanol - Steam Reforming
3)Margarine - Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil
4)Production of metal -Reduction process
5)Fuel

Chemical & Special Properties of Hydrogen
1)Lose electron - H+
2)Gain electron - H-

Reaction of Hydrogen
1)Combustion
2)Reducing agent
3)React with more electronegative element
4)React with more electropositive element
5)Homolytic dissociation
6)Hetrolytic dissociation
7)Radical Chain Reaction

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
-high molecular weigh
-many carboxylic acids are dimeric

Compound of Hydrogen
1)Ionic Hydride (Saline Hydride)
-Hydrogen bond to highly electropositive element
-Hydride to alkali metal and alkaline earth metal
-Hydride of Li (1A) and Be & Mg (111A) have more covalent character

2)Covalent Hydride
-with nonmetal elemnt
i)Neutral, binary XH₄ (Gp 1VA)
ii)Basic, binary XH3 (Gp VA)
iii)Weakly acidic/ amphoteric acid, binary XH₂ (Gp V1A)
iv)Strongly acidic, binary HX (Gp V11A)
-hydride of boron

3)Nonstoichiometric Hydride

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen

Hydrogen
-3rd most abundant element in earth
-exist as diatomic gas (H2)
-produced from hydrocarbon or water
-Hydro (water) + gen (form) = forming water
-the lightest element (1 atomic number)
-located in group lA(alkali metal) in modern periodic table.
-but some argue that hygrogen should located in group llA(halogen).

Similarity with group lA
1. Electronic configuration : has 1 valance electron in s orbital (1s¹)
2. Elecropositive charger : H⁺ , Li⁺, Na⁺,...
3. Oxidation number : +1

Similarity with group VllA
1. Electronic configuration : contain 1 e- less that the nearest noble gas configuration.
2. Non-metal character
3. Atomicity : molecules
4. Formation of similar types of compound
5. Oxidation number : -1

Preparation of Hydrogen
1. In laboratary
i) Reaction of metal with diluted acids
ii) Electrolysis of water
2. In industry
i) By “STEAM REFORMING PROCESS ”
hdrocarbon or coal.
(cheap but not environmental friendly)

Major uses of hydrogen
1. Production of NH3
2. Methanol production
3. Production of margerine
4. Production of metals
5. As fuel

When undergoing chemical reaction, atomic H can :
i) lose e- (H+)
ii) gain e- (H-)
iii) share e- with other atom ( covalent bond)

Reaction of hydrogen
1. Combustion
2. Reducing agent （undergo oxidation）
3. React with more electropositive elements (become H+)
4. React with more electronegative elements (become H-)
5. Homolytic dissociation
6. Radical chain reaction

Special properties of hydrogen
1.  Due to small size:
-form covalent bond with other element except those very electropositive metals
-form interstitial hydrides
2.form hydrogen bonding with F,O and N only
3.Abnormal melting and boiling point (because hydrogen bond)

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
1.Unexpectedly high molecular weight
2.Density of solid is less than liquid
3.Solubility

Compound of hydrogen (hydrides)
1. Ionice hydrides (Saline hydrides)
-Group IA (LiH, NaH, KH, RbH and
CsH)
- Group IIA (CaH₂ , SrH2 , BaH₂)
2. Covalent hydrides (molecule)
-Group lVA :  XH₄ (Neutral)
-Group VA : XH3  ( Basic)
-Group VlA :  XH2  (Acidic / Amphoteric)
-Group VllA :  HX  (Acidic)
3. Nonstoichiometric hydrides (interstitial compounds)
-Compound of H with transition metals

That all from me thank you.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary Hydrogen
- easy to explode
- 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth
- hydro-water ,genes-form (hydrogen = forming water)
- colourless , tasteless. does not smell
- does not dissolve in water

In laboratory
-reaction metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids
((diluted acid is adding from h2o)
-hydrogen will be observed at cathode

In Industry
-STEAM REFORMING PROCESS ( using hydrocarbon or coal)
-the advantages = cheap
disadvantages=  CO , CO2, greenhouse gases release.

Major Uses
- production of NH3
-methanol production ( feed stock)
-margarine ( hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)
-metals
-as fuel

Reaction Hydrogen
-combustion
(release high energy, use in bomb , welding,fuel)
-reducing agent
(reduce oxide of weak electropositive metals)
-react more with electronegative/electropositive
-homolytic dissociation
- radical chain reaction

Compound of hydrogen
-ionic hydride (saline hydride)
-covalent hydride
-nonstoichiometric hydrides

Question:
Dr, for the disadvantage can i answer relase gas that not good for environment instead of mentioned the gas like CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases?

# data[].attributes.headline
ANDERLINA KOAY YING JIA A21SC0027 ( SSCC 1703 )

# data[].attributes.subject
ANDERLINA KOAY YING JIA A21SC0027 ( SSCC 1703 )

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY FOR HYDROGEN

Properties:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless

Does not dissolve in water

Lightest element

Preparation:

1. In laboratory

Reaction of metal and diluted acids

Electrolysis of water

2 . In industry

STEAM REFORMING PROCESS (advantage: cheap; disadvantage: by products CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases)

Uses:

1. Production of NH3 (Haber Process), methanol, margarine and metals

2.  As fuel

Special Properties:

Lose electron → H+

Gain electron → H-

Due to its small size tends to form shorter and stronger covalent bond by sharing electrons

Form interstitial hydrides with transiton metals

Can form bridging hydrogen bonding

Form hydrogen bond with F, O or N

Reaction:

1. Combustion

2. Act as reducing agent

3. React with more electronegative elements, forming H+

4. React with more electropositive elements, forming H-

5. Homolytic dissociation

6. Heterolytic dissociation

7. Radical Chain Reaction

Effect of Hydrogen Bond:

1. Unexpectedly high molecular weights

2. Density of solid < liquid

3. Solubility ( soluble in polar, insoluble in non-polar solvents)

Classification of hydrogen compounds:

1. Ionic Hydride ( Saline Hydride )

H bonded to highly electropositive elements

2 . Covalent Hydride

H bonded with non-metal elements

3 . Non-stoichiometric Hydride

H bonded with transition metals

# data[].attributes.body
This is my summary for hydrogen.

-Hydrogen(1s¹⁾is a colourless gas and does not dissolve in water.why? because hydrogen gas is a non-polar molecule.

-note that hydrogen has 2 oxidation no. which are +1(very electropositive) and -1(apply in hyd

-there are two ways to prepare hydrogen

1.water replacement

2.electrolysis(we obtain the hydrogen from the cathode)

3.hydrocarbon or coal( industry) and we have important eqn!

3.i) CH₄ (g) + H₂O(g) --> CO(g) + 3H₂(g)

ii) CO(g) + H₂O(g) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)

-uses of hydrogen in industrial processes

1.production of fertilizers,plastics(Haber Process)

2.production of metals

3.as fuel

-lose electron=> H+(proton,Hydrogen ion)

-gain electron=> H-(hydride)

-Hidrogen also can share electron(covalent bond)

Reaction of Hydrogen

1.combustion

2.reducing agent(reducing agent=undergoes oxidation)

3.react with more electronegative elements

4.react with more electropositive elements(forming hydride)

5.Homolytic dissociation

6. heterolytic dissociation

7.radical chain reaction

-if hydrogen react with

-special case for N(HN3),O(H20) and F(HF) because they don’t follow the oder of increasing boiling point with increasing molecular. All have high boiling point.why? because more energy is required to break down the hydrogen bond between the molecules.

Efect of Hydrogen Bond

1.unexpectedly high molecular weights

2.density of the solid is less than liquid
3.solubility

WATER

=>Proton can be a donater and acceptor

Lastly,there are a few of Compound of hydrogen Hydride

-Covalent hydride (H+)

-Nonstoichiometric hydrides

- Saline Hydride(H-)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Physical Properties of Hydrogen:
- have 1 valence electron so the electronic configuration is  1s1
-AMU = 1.0079 (usually use 1)
-low melting and boiling point
-density in gaseous < liquid < solid
-colorless gas
- does not soluble in water

2. 3 reasons why it is a resemblance to G IA:
- electronic configuration (contain 1 v.e in s orbital same as other elements in group IA)
-electropositive character
-oxidation state: +1

3. 5 reasons why it is a resemblance to G VIIA:
- contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration
-non-metallic character
-both are diatomic molecules (H2,F2,Cl2,Br2)
-form the similar type of compounds
(halides: CCl4 similar to hydrides CH4)
-Oxidation states: -1

4. Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratory
i. Reaction with metal with diluted acids
ii. Electrolysis of water (H2 obtain in Cathode)

In industry
- by STEAM REFORMING PROCESS using hydrocarbon or coal
*advantage: cheap
*disadvantages: released CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

5. Uses of Hydrogen
-Production of NH3 (Haber Process)
-Methanol production (Stem Reforming)
-Production of margarine
-Production of metals (reduction process)
-As fuel

6. Reaction of Hydrogen
1. Combustion
2. Reducing agent (H2 itself undergo oxidation)
3. React with more electronegative elements
4. React with more electropositive elements (forming hydride)
5. Homolytic dissociation
6. Heterolytic dissociation
7. Radical chain reaction

7. Special properties of hydrogen
-lose electron, (H+)
-gain electron, (H-)
-share electron (covalent bond)
-only form hydrogen bond when coupled with element F,O and N
**Hydrogen Bond
- extremely high melting and boiling point for H20, HF and NH3
reason: need more energy to break down the hydrogen bond between the molecules

8. Effect of hydrogen bond
-unexpectedly high molecular weights of hydrogen
-density of the solid is less than in liquid
(eg: density of ice < density of water) due to open crystal structure)
-solubility

9. Compound of hydrogen- Hydride
- Ionic hydride (H-) or Saline Hydride
-Covalent hydride (H+ or electron shared)
-Nonstoichiometric hydrides(interstitial compound)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY (HYDROGEN)
1. - Lightest element with atomic number 1
- located in the first group (IA)
- since it is colourless gas, no smell, and tasteless, so it can be dangerous because it will react with oxygen and cause an explosion. (if did not store it properly)

2. Position in periodic table (alkali metals or halogens?)
- GROUP IA
a) electronic configuration: 1s1
b) electropositive character: H+
c) oxidation state: +1
- GROUP VIIA
a)electronic configuration- one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration
b) non-metallic character
c) atomicity: diatomic molecules
d) formation of similar types of compounds : halides & hydrides
e) oxidation state: -1

3. Preparation of Hydrogen
In lab:
- reaction of metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with dilute acids
- electrolysis of water
In industry:
-  STEAM REFORMING PROCESS using hydrocarbon/ coal
advantage: cheap
disadvantage: major by products are CO, Co2 and greenhouse gases.

4. Major uses of hydrogen
- production of NH3 (Haber Processs)
- methanol production
- production of margerine
- production of metals
- as fuel

5. Special properties
i) small size
- form covalent bond with other element except very electropositive metals
- Shorter and strong covalent bond
ii) show anomaly
- form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
iii)participate in three-center bonds
- forming bridging hydrogen bonding.
iv) form hydrogen bonding
- with highly electronegatively atom (F,O,N)

*HYDROGEN BOND - higher melting/ boiling point

6. HYDRIDES
• Ionic hydride (H-) , Saline hydride
- H bonded to highly electropositive elements
- ionic substances
~conduct electricity when molten

• covalent hydride (H• or H+)
- compound of H with non-metal element
- neutral, binary XH4 (GROUP IVA)
- basic, binary XH3 (GROUP VA)
- weakly acidic or amphoteric, binary XH2 (GROUP VIA)
- strongly acidic, binary HX (GROUP VIIA)

• nonstoichiometric hydrides
- interstitial hydride
- compound of H with transition metals
- bonding is considered metallic
- element palladium can absorb very large volume of hydrogen, used as hydrogen storage

7. Water (covalent hydride)
-hydrogen bonding
- high bond energy (stable towards thermal decomposition)
- amphoteric ( can be proton donor and proton acceptor)
- density of solid less than liquid (large volume, crystallization takes place)

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Afiqah binti Ahmad Rusli A21SC0210 (SSCC 1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Afiqah binti Ahmad Rusli A21SC0210 (SSCC 1703)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

- easy to explode
- has many uses
- hydro means water and genes  means form
- physical properties
electronic configuration = 1s1
AMU = 1.0079 @ 1.01
melting point = -259.1 degree
boiling point = -252.270 degree
density = 0.08988 gL^-1 (gas)
70.8 gL^-1 (liquid)
70.6 gL^-1 (solid)
colourless, tasteless and odourless gas
does not dissolve in water
- resemblance of group IA
1. electronic configuration
2. electropositive character
3. oxidation state
- resemblance of group VIIA
1. electronic configuration where both contains one electron less to achieve octet electron arrangement
2. non-metallic character
3. atomicity ( diatomic molecules )
4. formation of similar types of compounds
5. oxidation state
- preparation of hydrogen
in laboratory,
i) reaction with metals
ii) electrolysis of water by adding a small amount of H+
in industry,
steam reforming process using hydrocarbon and coal
i) steam reforming
ii) water gas shift
- advantages of using hydrogen using steam reforming process
cheap
- disadvantages
major by products: CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases that can pollute the environment
- industrial processes
1. as a fuel
2. production of ammonia
3. methanol production
4. production of margarine
5. production of metals
- special properties
i. lose electron
ii. gain electron
iii. covalent bond
- reaction of hydrogen
i. combustion
ii. as a reducing agent
iii. react with other more electronegative elements
iv. react with more electropositive elements (forming hydride)
v. homolytic dissociation
vi. heterolytic dissociation
vii. radical chain reaction
- due to its small size, hydrogen tends to form covalent bond with other element
- the shorter the bond length, the stronger the bond
- usually show anomaly
- can form bridging bond with Boron
- have a specific bond called hydrogen bonding where it is only coupled with a highly electronegative atom as F,O and N
- for the hydrogen bonding they have an abnormal melting and boiling points where all these three hydride of F,O and N has a high boiling point as the molecular weight also high
- so to break and overcome the hydrogen bond it needs high energy which leads to a high melting and boiling points for those hyrides mentioned
- effect of the hydrogen bond
i. as the unexpectedly high molecular weights of the hydrogen-containing species are often due to the hydrogen bonding example many COOH acids are dimeric both in hydrocarbon solvents and in the vapour state
ii. solubility
- ionic and polar molecules dissolves in water
- non polar molecules does not dissolve in water
iii. density
- density of the solid is less than in liquid due to its large volume
- ice floats in water due to its open crystal structure that having large volume
1. Saline hydride
- H bonded to the highly positive electropositive elements
- hydrides of groups IA and group IIA tends to have more covalent characteristics as they have a vey small size
- can conduct electricity
2. Covalent hydride
- neutral, group IVA
- basic, group VA
- weakly acidic or amphoteric, group VIA
- acidic, group VIIA
- numerous covalent hydrides of Boron
- hydridic, complex compounds of hydrogen
- show anomalous behaviour because of hydrogen bond
- stable towards thermal decomposition due to high hydrogen bond energy (too stable)
- important reactions
- self ionizations which will produce
- acid and base itself
metallic oxides dissolve in water produce basic hydroxides
non metallic oxides dissolves in water produce acidic solution

# data[].attributes.body
1. Hydrogen
- does not dissolve in water
- tasteless , colourless , no smell
- dihydrogen

ii ) resemblance with alkali metal
- Electronic configuration
- Electropositive character
- Oxidation state +1

iii) resemblance with halogen
- electronic configuration
- non-metallic characteristic
- atomicity
- formation of  similar compund
- oxidation state

iv)preparation of hydrogen
- STEAM REFORMING PROCESS
pros : cheap
cons : CO , CO2 , greenhouse gases

v) uses of hydrogen
- formation NH3
- Fuel
- formation of methanol
- formation of metal
- formation of margarine

vi ) hydrogen bond
- form with (F,O,N)
- abnormal melting and boiling point
- cause the compount to be polar and dissolve in water

vii) compound of hydrogen
- ionic hydride
- covalent hydride
- nonstoishiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN

*most abundant element on the surface of earth.
*produce from hydrocarbon or water
*dihyrogen and located in first group
*also can be in group 17(halogen group)

physical properties
*colourless
*does not dissolve in water
*does not smell

preparation of hydrogen
*reaction of metal with diluted acid
*electrolysis of water

preparation of hydrogen(industrial)
*steam reforming
-using hydrocarbon or coal.

uses of hydrogen(industrial processes)
*prroduce NH3 by Haber process
*produce of metal
*produce margarines(hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)
*as fuel

special properties of hydrogen
*can loss electron and produce hydrogen ion(H+)
*can gain electron and produce hydride
*also share electron with other atom and form covalent bond

reaction of hydrogen
*combustion
*reducing agent
*reaction with other more electronegative or electropositive element
*homolytic dissociation
*radical chain reaction

effect of hydrogen bond
*density of solid less than liquid
*unexpectedly high molecular weight
*solubility
-non polar molecules insoluble
-polar molecules with partial charge(H2O)

compound of hydrogen
*ionic hydride-bond very electropositive metal)
*covalent hydride
*nonstoichiometric hydride

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Amira Najwa Binti Mohamad Azman A21SC0303 (sscc17030

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Amira Najwa Binti Mohamad Azman A21SC0303 (sscc17030

# data[].attributes.body
HYDROGEN
- 3rd most abundant element.
- colourless gass, does not smell, and tasteless.
-does not dissolve in water.
-Dihydrogen and located in first group.
-also can be in halogen group (group 17)
PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN
LAB
1) Reaction of metal with diluted acid
2) Electrolysis in water
INDUSTRY
1) Steam reforming process
Uses
- production of NH3
- methanol production
- production of margarine
- production of metal
- as fuel
REACTION OF HYDROGEN
1) Combustion
2) As reducing agent
3) React with more electropositive/electronegative elements.
4) Homolytic dissociation
5) Radical chain reaction

EFFECT OF H BOND
- unexpectedly high molecular weight
- density of solid less than liquid
- solubility

COMPOUND OF HYDROGEN-HYDRIDE
1) Ionic hydride (H-)
2) Covalent Hydride ( H+)
3) Nonstoichiometric hydrides (interstitial compound)
*hydrogen storage

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY:
-It's easy to memorize the meaning of Hydrogen by knowing the meaning of hydro and genes. (HYDRO=water+ GENES= form => forming water )

-Physical properties:
*low melting and boiling point
*e- configuration=1s1 (that's why H is in the group IA)
*low density in gaseous phase but high density in liquid & solid phase
does not dissolve in water because it's only small amount thst contain in the water(2%)

-Hydrogen perform in diatomic

-3 Reasons that H is resemble with Group IA:
*e- configuration(the last e- configuration in Group IA is ns1, n=1,2,3...)
*electropositive character
*oxidation state: +1

-5 Reasons that H is resemble with Group VIIA:
*e- configuration(when element in this group receive 1 e- => noble gas/ achieve octet rule)
*non-metallic character
*perform as diatomic molecules
*formation of similar types of compounds:
eg: halides:CCl4 ; hydrides: CH4
*oxidation state:-1

-Main uses of Hydrogen:
*Production of NH3
*Methanol production
*Production of margarine
*Production of metals
*Use as fuel

Question:
Good day, Dr. I would like to ask a question. Dr, how do we know the molecule is less polar?
because from the lecturer, I knew that polar molecules will attract terminal partial +ve, and non-polar is insoluble in water, but when I saw the last page of pass year question and read the answer given, I'm confused and I'm afraid that I couldn't differentiate (or explain)which molecule is less polar during the exam.

# data[].attributes.headline
SYAZA HANI BT KHAIRI ANUAR A21SC0371 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
SYAZA HANI BT KHAIRI ANUAR A21SC0371 (SSCC1703)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
-3rd most abundant element on earth. It produced from hydrocarbon or water. In the form of H2O. Hydrogen is combination of the word HYDRO (water) and GENES (form) which means forming water.
-It is colourless,odourless and tasteless
-It also does not dissolve in water
-Lightest element also diatomic molecules

Resemblance Hydrogen with Alkali metals
1.electronic confiduration (1 valence e-)
2.electropositive character
3.oxidation state (+1)

Resemblance Hydrogen with Halogens
1.electronic configuration
2.non-metallic character
3.atomicity(diatomic molecules)
4.formation of similar types of compound
5.oxidation state (-1)

Preparation of hydrogen
1. in laboratory
-reaction of metal
-electrolysis of water
2. in industry
-by "STEAM REFORMING PROCESS"
good-cheap
bad-not good for environment as it                 produce CO,CO2

Use of hydrogen
-production of NH3,methanol,margarine,metals
-as fuel

Special properties
-form covalent bonding (strong)
-form attractive force called "Hydrogen Bond" (F,O,N)
Effect of Hydrogen Bond
-Unexpectedly high
-Density of the solid is less than liquid

Compound of Hydrogen
-Ionic hydride (saline)
-Covalent Hydride (share e-) Ex:WATER
-Nonstoichiometry hydrides (interstitial compounds) transition metal

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
1) colourless gas, no smell and tasteless
2) does not dissolve in water
3) lightest element

Resemblance of hydrogen with
i) alkali metal
- electronic configuration
- electropositive character (H+)
- oxidation state (+1)

ii) halogens
- electronic configuration
- non-metallic character
- atomicity (diatomic)
- formation of similar types of compounds
- oxidation state (-1)

Preparation of hydrogen
In laboratory
i) reaction of metal with diluted acids
ii) electrolysis of water

In industry
i) by steam reforming process using hydrocarbon/coal
ii) water gas shift

Uses of hydrogen
i) Haber Process (production of NH3)
ii) methanol production
iii) production of margarine
iv) production of metals
v) as fuel

Special Properties of hydrogen
i) form covalent bond with element (except electropositive metal)
ii) shorter and strong covalent  bond(small size)
iii) show anomaly
- form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
- forming bridging hydrogen bonding
H2O, HF and NH3 (high melting and boiling point due to hydrogen bond)

Effect of hydrogen bond
i) unexpectedly high molecular weights
ii) density of solid<liquid
e.g. ice (solid) float on water (liquid)
- due to open structure
iii) solubility
H2O- polar molecules with partial charge
non polar molecule- insoluble

Compound of hydrogen
i) ionic hydride (bond to very electropositive metal)
- hydrides of Li, Be and Mg has covalent character ( small size and high charge density)
- conduct electricity in molten
- reactive with H2O and O2
- powerful reducing agent
ii) covalent hydride
- neutral, binary XH4 (Group IVA)
- basic, binary XH3 (Group VA)
- weakly acidic/amphoteric, binary XH2 (Group VIA)
- strongly acidic, binary XH (Group VVIA)
iii) nonstoichiometric hydrides

Water
- show anomalous behaviour (hydrogen bonding)
- stable toward thermal decomposition (high O-H bond energy)
- amphoteric (proton donar & acceptor)
- undergo salt hydrolysis

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

Properties:

colourless

does not smell

tasteless

does not dissolve in water

Special properties: due to small size

tends to form covalent bond (except binds with very electropositive metals)

shorter and strong covalent bond

form interstitial hydrides with transition metals

form hydrogen bonding (F, O, N)

Resemblance with Alkali Metals ( Group IA)

1. Electronic configuration

2. Oxidation state (+1)

3. Electropositive character

Resemblance with Halogens (Group VIIA)

1. Electronic configuration ( both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration)

2. Non metallic character

3. Oxidation state (-1)

4. Atomicity ( diatomic molecule)

5. Formation of similar types of product

Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratory:

1. Reaction of metals with dilute acids

2. Electrolysis of water

In industry

1. Stem Reforming Proses

starting materials:  coals/ hydrocarbon (cheap)
Disadvantage: major by products such as CO, CO2 and green house gases are released.

Major uses

1. Production of NH3

2. Production of margarine

3. Methanol production

4. Production of metals

5. As fuel

Reaction of hydrogen

1. Combustion

2. As reducing agent

3. React with more electropositive/ electronegative elements

4. Homolytic/ heterolytic dissociation

5. Radical Chain Reaction

Effect of Hydrogen bond

Unexpectedly high molecular weight

Density of solid less than liquid ( larger volume crystallization

Solubility ( except non polar molecule)

Classification of hydrogen compound

1. ionic hydrides

conductivity

2. covalent hydrides

neutral ( binary XH4, group IVA)

basic (binary XH3, Group VA)

weakly acidic/ amphoteric (binary XH2, Group VIA)

Strongly acidic (binary HX, Group VIIA)

3. Nonstoichiometric Hydrides (interstitial hydrides)

hydrogen storage

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen
-low melting point and low boiling point
-colourless gas, does not smell and tasteless
-does not dissolve in water
-lightest element (atomic number=1)
-exists as H2 (dihydrogen)
-in Group 1A

Preparation of Hydrogen
LAB
1) Reaction of metal with diluted acid
--hydrogen collected by replacement of water
2) Electrolysis of water
--hydrogen produce at cathode

INDUSTRY
Stem reforming process by using hydrocarbon or coal
--3 molecules of hydrogen from step stem reforming and 1 molecules of hydrogen from step water gas shift

Major uses of Hydrogen
1) Production of NH3 -Haber proses
2) Methanol Production (Feed Stock) -Stem Reforming
3) Production of marjerine -Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil
4) Production of metal -reduction proses
5) As fuel

Special properties of Hydrogen
-lose electron, H+ (hydrogen ion)
-gain electron, H- (hydride)
-share electron (covalent bond)

Reaction of hydrogen
1) Combustion - release high energy
2)Reducing agent
3)React with more electronegative elements ( ex: Cl)
4)React with more electropositive elements (ex: Na)
5)Homolytic dissociation -use for hydrogenation of alkenes, reduction of aldehyde
6)Heterolytic dissociation
7)Radical chain reaction

-Hydride with element (F,O,N) need more energy to break down the hydrogen bond between the molecules

Compound of hydrogen
-ionic hydride (H-)
-covalent hydride (H+)
-nonstoichiometric hydride

# data[].attributes.body
Summary for Hydrogen
1) most abundant element
2)Physical Properties
a)odourless
b)colourless
c)mostly insoluble
3)Chemical Properties
a) similar to halogens
i) non metal
ii) one electron away from having stable electron arrangement (nearest to noble gas)
iii)Atomicity (diatomic molecue)
iv) can form similar compounds
v)can have an oxidation state of -1
b)atomic number 1
4)Production of hydrogen
a) reaction between water and alkaline metal
b)electrolysis of water
c)using hydrocarbon/ coal using Ni as catalyst at 900 C (steam reforming)
Pro and cons
i)cheap
ii)has a lot of waste products
d) using carbon monoxide and water using copper as catalyst at 400 C (water gas shift)
4)uses of hydrogen
a) haber process (makes Nh3 for fertiliser)
b)production of metals
c)Production of methanol
d)Production of margarine (butter substitute)
e)As a fuel source
6) bonds with hydrogen
a) F,O,N (high electronegativity)
b)gives higher density to compound ( requires more energy to seperate
7)Hydrogen compounds
a) ionic hydride( h-)
b) covalent hydride(H+)
c) nonstoichiometric hydrides(compound of H with transition metals (3-14 on periodic table)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

1)colourless gas,doesn’t smell and tasteless
2)does not dissolve in water
3)can be in alkali metal group or halogen group
4)exist as H2
5)Preparation :
(Lab)- metal+diluted acid
-electrolysis of water (+e)

(Industry)- Steam Reforming Process (using hydrocarbon / coal)

6)Uses :
produce-NH3(Haber Process)
-fertilisers
-plastics
-metals
-CH3OH(Steam reforming)
-margarines (hydrogenation of unsaturated oil)

-Used as fuel

7)Properties:
-tends to form covalent bond ( covalent bond short and strong)
-form interstitial hydrides
-FON-hydrogen bonding
~ high molecular  weights
~high boiling /melting point
~density solid (crystal structure)less    than in liquid
~dissolve in water ( ionic /polar molecules)

-compounds of hydrogen:
~ionic hydride
~covalent hydride
~nonstoichiometric hydride

_when undergoing chemical reaction_

-lose electron (H+)
-gain electron (H-)
-share electron( covalent bond)

_____reaction____

-combustion
-reduce oxide is weak electropositive metals
-form acid ( react with more electronegative elements)
-form hydride ( react with more electropositive elements)
-homolytic dissociation ( H2 —> 2H)
-heterolytic dissociation
-radical chain reaction

8)WATER
-hydrogen bonding exist
-stable
-reaction:-self -ionization
-react with:electropositive element,halogen metallic oxides,basic hydroxides,nonmetallic oxides
-proton donor/acceptor
-salt hydrolysis (weak acidic/basic ion )

-ice(hexagonal structure-larger volume lower density)

-more electronegative the X,more H2O can be protonated(H3O+),more acidic the H-C

9)H compound + transition metals = nonstoichiometric compound
~metallic bonding

10)H (small size) can be located in regular intersectices between the metal atoms =>interstitial hydrides

~ use palladium
~way to store hydrogen

# data[].attributes.body
Topic: Hydrogen
Special Properties of Hydrogen
Due to small size, H tends to form covalent bond with other element except those of very electropositive metals. H form unusual attractive force called ‘hydrogen bonding’ when coupled to a highly electronegative atom(F, O, N). H has an abnormal melting and boiling points. This is because more energy/heat is required to break down the hydrogen bonds between the molecules.

Resemblance with Alkali Metals
1.  Electronic configuration: hydrogen has 1 valence electron
2.  Electropositive character: H+
3.  Oxidation state is +1

Resemblance with Halogens
1.  Electronic configuration: Both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration (Ex: ₁H=1s¹ is near to ₂He)
2.  Non-metallic character
3.  Atomicity: Diatomic molecules
4.  Formation of similar types of compounds: Halides(CCl₄, SiCl₄,GeCl₄)
5.  Oxidation state is -1

Preparation of Hydrogen
In laboratory
•  Reaction of metal with diluted acids
•  Electrolysis of water
In industry
•  Steam Reforming Process using hydrocarbon or coal
•  Advantage: Cheap, Disadvantage: produces harmful major by products

Major uses of Hydrogen
1.  Production of NH₃(Haber process), fertilizers, plastics
2.  Methanol production- steam reforming
3.  Production of margarine- hydrogenation of unsaturated oil
4.  Production of metals- reduction process
5.  As fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen
1.  Combustion
2.  Reducing agent
3.  React with other more electronegative elements
4.  React with more electropositive elements- forming hydride
5.  Homolytic dissociation

Effect of H bond
Unexpectedly high molecular weights of hydrogen-containing species are often due to hydrogen bonding. Ionic or polar molecules are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding but non polar molecules are insoluble in water.

Compound of hydrogen- Hydride
1.  Ionic hydride (H-)
2.  Covalent hydride (H+)
3.  Nonstoichiometric hydrides(interstitial compound)

# data[].attributes.headline
Noermah Binti Mohd Sahri A21SC0196 (SSCC 1703)

# data[].attributes.subject
Noermah Binti Mohd Sahri A21SC0196 (SSCC 1703)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

- 3rd most abundant element in the earth. The meaning of hydrogen comes from hydro (water) and genes (form) so it means forming water.
- The colourless gas, does not smell and tasteless. Does not dissolve in water. Have atomic number 1
- Dihydrogen and located first group
- Hydrogen is anomalous in periodic table between alkali metals and halogen
- Resemblance with alkali metals because of the electronic configuration (1s1) , electropositive character and oxidation state (+1)
- Resemblance with halogens due to the electronic configuration (contain one electron less than the noble gas configuration ), non-metallic character, atomicity (diatomic), formation of similar types of compound (CCl4 same with CH4) and oxidation state (-1)
- There are two ways to prepare hydrogen, inlaboratory (reaction with metals and electrolysis of water). Thus, in industry (by steam reforming process using hydrocarbon or coal)
- Major uses of hydrogen
* production of NH3
* methanol production
* production of margarine
* production of metal - reduction process
* as fuel
- Special properties of hydrogen, when undergoing chemical reaction hydrogen can lose electron, gain electron and share a pair of electron with other atom. Can bond hydrogen bonding to high electronegative atom (F, O, N). and it will effect to density which is density of solid is less than in liquid due to its larger volume as crystallization takes place also the solubility where polar molecule dissolve in water but non-polar molecule insoluble in water.
- Compound of hydrogen are classify as
* ionic hydride (H-)
* covalent hydride (H+)
* nonstoichiometric hydrides (compound H with transition metals)