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1.  Adaptions for dispersal:
-Food bodies on seeds which attracts insects to collect and then disperse them when done with digesting the food bodies, also can shake plant when obtaining these seeds
- Bees collecting resin tree, which in return can disperse the sticky seeds from resin, that are attached to their feet.

2. How do these adaptions support dispersal
-The seeds sticking to bees legs helps the facilitation of seeds from distances up to 1 km
-Seeds can also be dispersed away from the parent plant, via insects digesting food bodies of seeds that they have been carrying
-  Better access to resources of sunlight, water and other nutrients from the same area without competition

3. Examples from nature?
- Meliponinine bees ( stingless) and Cadagi Eucalpyt plant (Melittochory): Collect resin from tree for nest building, in return seed contained in resin can be dispersed
-Seed dispersal by ants ( Myrmecochory):
Ants attracted to elaisomes ( food bodies) of seeds for nutritional benefits and chemical attachments that encourage ant collecting behavior, which is then discarded in a new location away from parent plant

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-Spines (burs) hook onto animals.
-Sticky coating.
-Shrub height si they have the perfect height to stick to animals.
- Tough outer shell so it protects the seed.
E.g. Cockle Burrs and Cadaghi.

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Allow even a gentle breezes to carry seeds farther. Increase the chances for seeds to travel longer distances. Increase resistance to the wind. e.g. Jacaranda and Dandelion

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•Coconut trees reside near the water

•They have a tough outside layer (husk)

•Thick endosperm layer (white fleshy fruit layer)

•Coconuts are light and have buoyancy (hair-like structures), this allows them to float in water hence they are water dispersed.
e.g. water littles and mangroves

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-Turtles assist in seed dispersal im aquatic ecosystems.
-Once food has been digested, seeds are excreted and planted.

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-Small seeds for easy digestion.
-Multiple seeds within fruits.
-Hard outer shell: the shell is digested and when the waste is expelled the seed can grow.

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Animals eat fruits and the spit out or excrete the seeds. E.g. Berries.

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Wing structures allow seeds to travel long distances and provides balance.
Fluff that act as parachutes.
Stalks: spills seeds out of the ponds.
E.g. Sycamore and Columbine.

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wing structures
able to travel long distances
provide balances
easier to glide through the wind
Sycamores

Fluff
weightless
has more volume of seeds
Flora

Stalk
Spill the seed out of the pods

Columbine

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- Hairy structure of coconut (fibrous husk) provides buoyancy so the seed can float

- The hard coconut seed coat protects seed from animals or unfavourable environmental conditions.

e.g. Sea Beet, Yellow Flag, Sea Kale

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Buoyancy is the key factor for fruit and seeds are dispersal by water.

This makes the coconut seed  submerged in the water

Example: water plantain, sea beet , sea kale

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Buoyance enables seeds to float.
E.g. Water Plantain, sea beet, sea kale, sea rocket and Yellow flag.

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- Cattle eats pumpkin seed that sprouts after excreted

-Seeds contain strong seed coat to resist the acids in the digestive tract

- Seeds are usually sweet, or have some aroma or taste. It makes the seed more attractive to animals

E.g. Fruit seeds

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1. adaptation for dispersal
-strong seed coat
-edible
- acts as a food source
2. how do these adaptations support dispersal?
- survive strong acids in digestive tract
-so animals can consume it
- animals rely on it as a food source
3. examples from nature: cattle and horses; blackberries, mango, guava

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Strong seed coat to resist animals internal acids.
Provides food sources for animals to attract them to eat them.
Edible, contain sweet aroma.

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-strong seed coat = resist strong internal acids in the digestive tract
- provide food source - attract animals & chewable
-edible - sweet, aroma taste

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Have strong coat
Help resists the strong internal acids in the animal digestive tract
Blackberry
Provide food sources for animals to attract animal to eat them

Edible

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- Seeds attach to animals to transport themselves
- Uses hooks, teeth and spines to attach themselves
- The hooks, teeth and spines help protect itself from predators

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Easily attached to animals.
Protection from herbivores.
Light seeds.
Burs and hook-like structures.
E.g. Noogara.

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Easily to attach to animals (spreading)
Spine or Hooks (protection, difficult to remove off the host)
Sweet Smell Outer Shell (attracts animals to eat)
Tough Shell
Resistance to temperature (survival in extreme conditions)
Fat or Oily Body (attracts insects)

Example (bindies, figs, cockle burrs, cadaghi, bidens pilosa)

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- Seeds contain hook-like structures (burr) that attach to animals

- Seed do not present a seed coat so being attached to animals provides protection

- Light and versatile seeds

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burs and hooks.

epizoochory= external dispersal

bindis

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easily attached to animals
eg. Noogara
protection from herbivores
e.g Noogara
light and versatile seeds
e.g Bindi plants
nightmare to clean
e.g  Bindi plants

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1. adaptation for dispersal:
- easily attach to animals
- protection from herbivores
- Light and versatile seeds
2. how do these adaptations support dispersal?
- (epizoochory) they attach to the host
3. examples from nature: bindis

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live in open landscape area-warm and dry windy conditions
small and light weight seed-allow even gently breezes to carry seeds farther
wing like structures-blade like structure to whirl or flutter through the air
hairy structure-increase resistance to the wind
abundant seed production-compensate the reduced viability of the seeds due to their size

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1. adaptation for dispersal:
- open landscape areas
- wing-like structures
- hairy structures
2. how do these adaptations support dispersal?
warm, dry and windy conditions
- blade-shaped structure to flutter in the air
- increase resistance to wind
- forms a vortex ring (air bubble) allows to cover a lot of distance
3. examples from nature: dandelion, jacaranda

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- Grows in open landscape areas
- Have small and lightweight seeds
- Disperses a lot of seeds
- Hairy and feathery structure to help them glide in the wind

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lightweight, grows in high altitude places for wind to pick up the seeds.

parachute structures or bladed structures to be picked up by the wind

example jacaranda seeds and dandelion

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Adaptation for dispersal
1. Live in open landscaped area
2. small and light weight seed
3. wing like structure
4. hairy structures
5. Abundant seed production

How do ?

warm dry, and windy condition

allow even a gentle breeze to carry seed farther

bladed shape to swirl or flutter through the air

balance the structure

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Open land scape areas (dry and windy conditions)

Small light weight seed that can be carried by wind

Wing-like structures helps flutter through the air and giver seed balance

Hairy structures

Many seeds are produced at once

E.g. Jacaranda

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1:Migratory birds important for seed dispersal.

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Live in open landscapes areas wth windy conditions.
Small and lightweight seeds.
Wind-like structures that allow seeds to shirl through the air.
Hairy structures that increase resistance to th wind.
Abundant seed production to maximize germination.
E.g. Dandelion and jacaranda.

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Small and Light (travels, buoyancy)
Wing Structure (balance)
Round Structure (rolls easily)
Hairy Structure (parachute, travels distance)
Abundance Seed Production (nutrients)
Bright in colour (attracts animals)

Examples (Jacaranda, Dandelion, tumbleweed plants)

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wing-like structures that can form a parachute, allowing air to flow through the seeds and carry them through the wind

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Increase wind resistance and act as a parachute to protect the seed from fall damage. (e.g. Jacaranda).

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1:1:Adaptation of dispersal tough and protective waterproof outer layer
2:examples from nature: coconut shoots

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long distance travel to disperse seeds.

dominant way of dispersing seeds.

example: quial which is a migtratory bird

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Migratory birds important for seed dispersal.
Birds eat seeds in flowers and the feces contain the seeds.

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example in nature
strawberries and others berries which have seeds that can be consumed

the feces of animals

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Adaptation of dispersal by internal animal

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Adaptation of dispersal by internal animal

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- Fruits have edible seeds
- Seed coat to protect seed from digestive system
- Can have Dormant seeds to buy time
-Dispersed when the seeds are secreted

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tough-protective waterproof out layer
helps by protecting against saltwater
thick endosperm layer
close to water
hairy like structure provides buoyancy

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1. adaptation for dispersal
- fruit with edible seeds
- seed coat to protect seed in digestive system process
- dormant seeds
2. how do these adaptations support dispersal?
- the seeds are consumable
- the seeds aren't digested or broken down in the stomach acids
3. examples from nature: strawberries

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Fruit with edible seeds-would travel through faeces
seed coat protects-from digestive fluids
dormant seed

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1. Fruits with edible seeds for dispersal.
2. Seed coat that protects seed as it passes through digestive system.
3. Dormant seeds.
E.g. Strawberries

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Edible Seeds (travels the seed elsewhere)
- transport seeds
- chewable
Seed Coat
- coats get removed in the gut
- resist the internal acids
Dormant Seed
Small Seeds
- easy digestion
Multiple Seeds
- various seed growing

Example
- strawberries <-- mouse <-- poop
- quail
- cattle <-- pumpkin <-- poop <-- new pumpkin
- horses
- bear <-- fruits <-- feces
- turtle <-- sea grass <-- feces

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1. waterproof layer
air pocket for floatation.
thicker
2. endosperm layer for survival.
3. lotus plant, sea bean, coconut

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The seeds only germinate once they have been excreted by the animal into a suitable environment. (e.g. strawberries).

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1. Adaptation of dispersal
tough and protective waterproof outer layer

strongy/ hair like structures

Presence of air cavity

Thicker endosperm layer

Germination to near to rivers/ oceans

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1. adaptation for dispersal:
- tough, protective waterproof outer layer on the seed shoot.
- presence of air cavity
2. how do these adaptations support dispersal?
- provides protection again saltwater which could damage the embryo
- presence of air cavity helps with buoyancy and dispersal
3. examples from nature: coconut shoots

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Though and protective waterproof layer that provides protection against salt water which could damage the embryo.
Spongy/hair-like structures traps air and provides buoyancy.
Thick endosperm.
They are close to water.
E. g. Coconut and water lotus.

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waterproof layer (protects the embryo)
hair structures (provides buoyancy)
thicker endosperm (to float through the coast)

examples (coconut, sea kale, sea rocket, mangroves, water lilies, lotues)

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The plants are mainly found on coasts or close to bodies of running water because they rely on water for dispersal. (e.g. water lotus)

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waterproof layer - protect against salt water
spongy hair - provide buoyancy
air cavity - for travel long distance & floating
thick endosperm - so they can last for long time
close to water - for germination