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1. Patient's symptoms
2. Factors that influence symptoms
3. The effects of the symptom experience

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The Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms (TOUS)

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Does the use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to a procedure contribute to antibiotic resistance?

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In post-surgical patients, does the use of prophylactic antibiotics increase the risk of antibiotic resistant infections when compared to early detection and treatment of post-surgical infections?

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The Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms (TOUS) was actually formulated from a collaboration of 4 nurses in 1995. It was a compilation of several concepts and models including fatigue, dyspnea, and disease manifestations. The theorists are listed below:
a. Audrey Gift
b. Elizabeth Lenz
c. Linda Pugh
d. Renee Milligan

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Contenfence. (n.d.). Lenz & Pugh theory of unpleasant symptoms. Retrieved from https://contentfence.com/lenz-pugh-theory-of-unpleasant-symptoms/

Lenz, E.R., Pugh, L.C., Milligan, R.A., Gift, A, & Suppe, F. (1997). The middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms: An update. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(3), 14–27.

UKEssays. (2018). The application of the theory of unpleasant symptoms in pediatric nursing practice. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/application-theory-unpleasant-symptoms-1929.php