# data[].attributes.body
North korea invaded South Korea within weeks it almost had full control.

The UN met to consider action. They told North Korea to withdraw but they failed.

A UN force from 16 countries was put together to help the South. The USA provided 50 percent of the UN troops.
They then completed the UN aim and got the North Koreans out of South Korea but then they did not stop.

Communist China then entered the war- thye did not want to see Americans defeat fellow communists. 300000 Chinese soldiers attacked the UN forces.

The war continued for two years.

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet forces drove Germans out and free elections where held

# data[].attributes.body
As a result there were hard living conditions.
Secret police
No freedom of speech
Censorship
Economy ran for the benefit of the SU

# data[].attributes.body
The Tehran conference established that:
- Britain and the US would invade Nazi-occupied Europe.
- The Soviet Union would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated.
- Poland's boarder would be moved westwards; it would gain prior German territory and lose land to Russia.
- The international body would be established to resolve issues between countries. This was the founding of the UN.

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet forces drove Germans out and free elections where held

# data[].attributes.body
A communist government was elected, and all elected non-communists were executed.

# data[].attributes.body
The objectives of the conference were that:
- Germany, once defeated, would be reduced in size, divided and demilitarised.
- Germany would pay $23 billion in reparations to the allies.
- Europe would be rebuilt along the lines of the Atlantic Charter. Countries would have free elections.
- The United Nations would be founded.
- Once Germany was defeated, Russia would declare war on Japan.
- Poland would be in the 'Soviet sphere of influence' but be governed on a democratic basis.

# data[].attributes.headline
April 12 1945 Breakdown of the grand alliance 

# data[].attributes.subject
April 12 1945 Breakdown of the grand alliance 

# data[].attributes.body
When Roosevelt died, the Grand Alliance began to break down. Roosevelt's successor, Truman, was very distrustful of the Soviet Union and at the Potsdam conference, showed hostility towards Stalin. Britain, having ended the war on the winning side, was economically exhausted and could not afford to stand up to Stalin, and instead chose to ally with the US. Therefore, the cold war became increasingly about the relationship between America and Russia.

# data[].attributes.body
The third conference outlined that:
- A Council of Foreign Ministers was set up to oversee the rebuilding of Europe.
- The Nazi Party was banned and war criminals were to be prosecuted.
- Germany was to be divided up into four zones of occupation governed by Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the USA.
- Berlin would also be divided up into four zones of occupation.
- The Soviet Union would receive 23% of the output from the other zones.

# data[].attributes.body
The iron refers to the impenetrable divide between capitalism in the west and communism in the east. As Churchill gave the speech in the USA Stalin believed that it also reflected the views of the USA.

# data[].attributes.body
A report from Novikov, Soviet ambassador to the USA, told Stalin that:
- The USA wanted world domination and was building up its military strength.
- The Soviet Unions was the only country left after the war that could stand up to the USA.
- The USA was preparing its people for war with the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.body
The communists lost the 1945 election but the communist leader Rakosi took control of the secret police, executed and imprisoned opposition and turned Hungary into a communist state.

# data[].attributes.body
A communist-led coalition took power, however, by 1947 the communists had taken over and Romania became a one-party state.

# data[].attributes.body
Truman gave a speech to outline why the USA should get involved with Russia:
- Countries faced a choice between either capitalism or communism.
- Communism was bad because it meant that people could not be free.
- The USA must do everything to stop the spread of communism.
- The USA should offer economic and military aid to help free governments and stop communist takeovers.

# data[].attributes.body
At Yalta Stalin promised to set up a joint communist/non-communist government, only to then invite sixteen non-communist leaders to Moscow where they were arrested. Thus, the communists 'won' the 1947 elections.

# data[].attributes.body
The Marshall Plan was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, stating that:
- $13 billion would be donated by the US to rebuild Europe.
- US to give countries a steak in the capitalist system as communism was for those who had nothing to lose.
- Countries must trade with the US to get money. 16 Western Europe countries took the money, including Britain, France & West Germany.
The Soviet Union criticised the Marshall Plan as an attack on them as it threatened communism in Eastern Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Cominform stood for the Communist Information Bureau and was founded by Stalin with the objective to govern all communist parties in Europe. Cominform:
- Got rid of any opposition to the Soviet Union's rule in satellite states.
- Encouraged communist parties in Western countries to block Marshall Plan assistance.

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Benes set up coalition government, however, the communists retained control of the army, the radio and the secret police. In 1948, they seized control completely and turned the state into a communist one.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 24 1948 Eastern Germany and the Berlin blockade 

# data[].attributes.subject
June 24 1948 Eastern Germany and the Berlin blockade 

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union wanted Germany to be weak, communist and divided so that it could never attack Russia again. Therefore:
- The Soviet Union has 1.5 million troops in its zone, whereas there were few soldiers in Trizonia.
- Eastern Germany grew almost all the food eaten in the West.
- In June 1948, they closed all rail, road and canal routes through their zone to Berlin.
- The Soviet Union stopped all supplies entering Berlin to prove they could stop a divided Germany from working.

# data[].attributes.body
In response to the Soviet blockade, between 26/06/1948 - 30/09/1949, thousands of tonnes of supplies were flown daily to Berlin. The airlift made America look peaceful and generous, whereas the blockade made the Soviets look aggressive and threatening. The consequences were:
-September '49 Trizonia - West Germany - officially formed.
- October '49 East Germany officially formed as a Soviet State.
- April '49 NATO formed.
- May '55 Warsaw Pact formed to counter NATO.

# data[].attributes.body
A secret report from US ambassador Kennan in Moscow to President Truman said:
- The Soviet Union saw capitalism as a threat to communism that had to be destroyed.
- The Soviet Union was building its military power.
- Peace between a communist Soviet Union and a capitalist USA was an impossibility.

# data[].attributes.body
1945 - US drops two atomic bombc on Japanese cities.
1949 - Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb.
1952 - US develops H bomb.
1953 - Soviet Union develops H bomb. Although at first American military officials believed they could defeat the Soviet Union with nuclear weapons in the event of a war, as Russia developed their own weapons, this changed. It became clear that Mutually Assured Destruction would occur in the event of a war between the two sides.

# data[].attributes.body
The original Soviet zone of occupation in Germany, it became a communist state in October 1949.

# data[].attributes.body
Comecon stood for the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. Stalin established it as an alternative to the Marshall Plan. The countries included...
- Soviet Union
- Bulgaria
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungary
- Poland
- Albania
- East Germany
... and promised to:
- Build up trade links between Comecon countries.
- Prevent Comecon countries form signing up to the Marshall Plan.

# data[].attributes.headline
April 4 1949 the North Atlantic treaty organisation 

# data[].attributes.subject
April 4 1949 the North Atlantic treaty organisation 

# data[].attributes.body
NATO was a military alliance comprised of the US, Britain, Canada, Holland, Belgium, France, Denmark and Norway and West Germany. It was based on the principal of collective security; if one country was attacked other countries had to assist it. Therefore, it can be said that NATO was directed against a military attack from the Soviet Union on Western Europe, as these countries were not going to accept Soviet aggression.
NATO led the Soviets to develop the Warsaw pact.

# data[].attributes.headline
May 23 1949 bizonia/ trizonia and western Germany 

# data[].attributes.subject
May 23 1949 bizonia/ trizonia and western Germany 

# data[].attributes.body
The US wanted a united, capitalist Germany so to achieve this:
- Britain and the USA merged their zones, which was then included in the Marshall Plan.
- France later joined to make Trizonia on 01/06/1948, creating the Federal Republic of Germany - West Germany - on 23/05/1949.
- As this political alliance had not been discussed with Stalin, the Soviets believed it was a violation of the agreements made at Potsdam. Stalin believed the USA was dividing the richer and poorer parts of Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
North korea invaded South Korea within weeks it almost had full control.

The UN met to consider action. They told North Korea to withdraw but they failed.

A UN force from 16 countries was put together to help the South. The USA provided 50 percent of the UN troops.
They then completed the UN aim and got the North Koreans out of South Korea but then they did not stop.

Communist China then entered the war- thye did not want to see Americans defeat fellow communists. 300000 Chinese soldiers attacked the UN forces.

The war continued for two years.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
De-Stalinization: The Secret speech (1956)

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchevs “secret speech” gave the soviet unions satellite states the opportunity to push for relaxations of soviet control in their own countries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
De-Stalinization: The Secret speech (1956)

# data[].attributes.body
As a result there were hard living conditions.
Secret police
No freedom of speech
Censorship
Economy ran for the benefit of the SU

# data[].attributes.body
Stalin died and a ceasefire was agreed.
By the end of the war the boarder was along the 38th parallel

For the USSR the war had been a failure as they wanted the whole of Korea

For the USA it had been a success as they wanted the policy of containment

# data[].attributes.body
The USA had suffered through the war.
It cost 120 billion dollars and 58000 Americans Died.
The USA became involved in the war to contain the spread of communism within Asia. North Vietnam was under socialist leadership and was supported by china and the USSR. South Vietnam was u dear capitalist leadership. The war was very unpopular with Americans.

They needed north Vietnam to agree to a ceasefire

One reason for the detente was the USA wanted better relations with China and the USSR so it could extricate itself from Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.body
1950 - 2.8 million soldiers in the red army
1955- almost 5.6 million

# data[].attributes.body
Established in 1955. It was a military alliance of communist countries. It relied on the theory of collective security. If one Warsaw pact member state was attacked. The other member states would help defend it.

# data[].attributes.body
The Southeast Asia treaty organisation. Set up as an anti-communist alliance. Was made up of the us britian, France, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan.

# data[].attributes.body
Discontent in Hungary. There had been protests.
Reno Gero asked to provide soviet troops to crush these demonstrations.

Khrushchev responded and gave 30000 troops.
He then appointed Nagy as a replacement leader as the governments authority was under threat

Navy’s reforms were: free elections, removal of the secret police, removal of free speech restrictions.

# data[].attributes.body
Nagy announced withdrawal from Warsaw

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev could not accept this idea and sent soviet troops a cross border. Bitter street fighting

2500 Hungarian casualties and Nagy was executed

# data[].attributes.body
USA and then the USSR created ICBMs

# data[].attributes.body
Because west Germany had received financial aid they were doing a lot better and there was a high standard of living.  East Germans chose to move. Many valuable workers left. There was a brain drain.

# data[].attributes.body
The whole of Berlin should be part of the surrounding territory of East Germany. He demanded that western countries recognise east Germany as an independent country.

He demanded that

Berlin should be de-militarised and western troops withdrawn
Berlin should be a free city governed by its own independent goverment

If they did not agree he would hand over control of all routes into Berlin to the goverment of east Germany.

# data[].attributes.headline
January 1959 Batista goverment overthrowed 

# data[].attributes.subject
January 1959 Batista goverment overthrowed 

# data[].attributes.body
Cuba had been an American ally. General Batista (a dictator) was supported by America as he was opposed to communism.

In January 2959 Batista goverment was overthrown by social revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.

Castro was a nationalist who did not want his country to under American control.

# data[].attributes.body
Both side made proposals for how Berlin should be governed, but no agreement was reached.

President Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to the USA for further talks

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviets agreed to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum.
This meeting appears to establish better relations.

# data[].attributes.body
The ussr shot down an American spy plane that flew over the USSR. They had captured its pilot, under interrogation he admitted he was spying on a mission. The ussr demanded an apology but the USA refused. They tried to claim it was a weather plane that had flown off course. Later they admitted

At the Paris summit Khrushchev walked out so no descisions could be made.

# data[].attributes.body
New President - John F Kennedy.

Khrushchev thought that Kennedy was inexperienced so he took an aggressive approach. He demanded that Kennedy should accept the Berlin ultimatum. Kennedy refused.

Kennedy increased army spending by two billion.

# data[].attributes.body
President Kennedy approved a plan for the invasion of Cuba.

The CIA trained 1400 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and equipped them with weapons . Sending Cuban exiles looked like a Cuban counter attack instead of a US invasion.

The invasion was a disaster and failed. The exiles were poorly trained and inexperienced in less than 24 hours they surrendered.

Castor knew about the attack prior and had assembled 20000 soldiers.

100 + invaders died
1189 were taken prisoner.

The USA refused to send support to distance themselves

Now Castro knew the USA was an enemy he made closer connections with the ussr.

# data[].attributes.body
Castro position became more secure- the Cuban people had united behind him. It was evidence of the popularity of communism.

It was an embarrassment for Kennedy- he authorised massive increases in military spending and US forces began training for a full scale invasion. He was new to his presidency and was embarrassed.

Khrushchev gained confidence - despite of the invasion it showed the USA were not prepared to get directly involved.

# data[].attributes.body
Anyone caught trying to cross would be shot

Relations worsened becuase

The west hoped for a reunification of Germany. Now it was clear this would not happen.
It showed how easily war could start. Soviet troops were used to guard checkpoints along the wall the USA objected. Us troops and tanks were brought to guard the western side. Soviet tanks were brought up to their side of the checkpoint. There was an eighteen hour standoff. Eventually tanks pulled back.

Relations improved becuase

Refugee crisis was resolved
It paved the way to improve relations.

# data[].attributes.body
Negative outcomes
For the USSR
The wall showed that Khrushchev had been forced to accept western control in West Berlin.
He had to abandon plans to unite Germany under soviet control.
The wall showed that the ussr had to lock people into east Germany to stop them from leaving. It was a propaganda fail.

For the USA

The Soviet Union had closed the boarder without consulting the USA.

Positive outcomes

For the USSR
The wall stopped refugees leaving for the west through east Berlin.
The people who wanted to escape from communism were no longer able to.

For the USA
West Berlin became a symbol of freedom and defiance against communism.

# data[].attributes.body
A U2 spy plane took pictures of missile sites in Cuba

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy formed the executive committee to advise him and they formed two groups the hawks and doves.

Dives wanted diplomacy
Hawks wanted military action

# data[].attributes.body
Executive committee agreed to quarantine Cubs. The US navy would stop all ships coming to Cuba and check for weapons. It was called a quarantine becuase a blockade was an act of war.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy recieved a letter from Khrushchev announcing that soviet ships would continue to Cuba

# data[].attributes.body
The ships approached the bloackade then turned around and stopped

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev sent a long letter. He said that the missiles in Cuba would only be used to defend Cuba. Of the USA promised not to attack Cuba again. There could be negotiations.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy recieved a personal letter from Khrushchev. It stated that the USA would need to remove their missiles from bases in turkey before he would remove its missiles in Cuba.

Kennedy brother Robert made a secret deal agreeing to remove turkey missiles.

Then a USA spy plane was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy was advised to launch an attack but instead announced that they would not attack if the missiles were removed.

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev accepted this deal and said that the Soviet Union would dismantle the missile systems

CRISIS OVER

# data[].attributes.body
Leader of the Czech communist party
He was a devoted communist and committed to Warsaw.
He didn’t think communism should mean misery
He promised SOCIALISM WITH A HUMAN FACE

# data[].attributes.body
Dubcek introduced some reforms,

1) powers of secret police were reduced
2) restrictions of travel reduced
3) controls on free speech and media relaxed
4) trade unions were allowed to argue for better wages and conditions rather than obeying goverment orders
5) farmers were allowed to choose which foods they produced so they could make more money.
6) goverment ministers could be interviewed on TV. Several of them faced difficult questions about the state of the economy and corruption.
7) a ten year plan was proposed, eventually czechoslovakia would have free elections and more than one political party

# data[].attributes.body
The Czech people loved the new reforms
While dubcek assured they would stay in Warsaw Brezhnev was not happy. Other Warsaw states would want timelier reforms. Romania was current,y refusing to attend meetings and so they did not want to loose any more control.

# data[].attributes.body
Brezhnev had tried to intimidate dubcek with military manoeuvres.

He was triggered when dubcek invited Romanian and Yugoslavic officials for talks.

# data[].attributes.body
500,000 Warsaw pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the Prague spring.

Brezhnev ordered the Czech army to remain in its barracks incase it tried to fight back. The Czech people could do nothing but there were small acts of braving such as blocking roads.

# data[].attributes.body
WHEN FORCDS THAT ARE HOSTILE TO SOCIALISM TRY TO TURN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME SOCIALIST COUNTRY TOWARDS CAPITALISM IT BECOMES… A CONCERN FOR ALL SOCIAST.

He used propaganda to convince people the they were under threat of a hostile takeover and that the SU had to invade to save communism.

All eastern bloc countries would be one part stats- communist party
Any attempt to reverse communism would be seen as threat to all communist states
If a communist state was threatened that other communist states would intervene
All communist states in Eastern Europe should be members of Warsaw.

# data[].attributes.body
Arrested and sent to Moscow where he was ordered to reverse his reforms. He was dismissed form office and replaced by gustav Husak. Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow and introduced a clampdown in which over 1000 Czechs were arrested.

# data[].attributes.body
In the mid 1950s to the mid 1960s the USSR used repression and censorship due to Nikita Khrushchev policies of de-stalinisation and peaceful coexistence with other nations including encouraging trade with the west.. This happened after Stalins Death. He wanted peaceful coexistence. However this was made challenging by the U2 crisis, problems over Berlin and the Cuba crisis . Brezhnev took over leadership in 1964 and stopped these reforms.

# data[].attributes.body
A period in the Cold War where tensions were there was A process of reducing tensions in the Cold War. It ended with the ussr invading Afghanistan in 1979. There was an actual attempt to have a more stable relationship. Several actions took place such as SALT 1.

Reasons for the détente included the arms race, oil crisis and the Vietnam war.

# data[].attributes.body
Aimed to limit the number of nuclear weapons that could be launched by each superpower, and to keep both sides balanced so that there was still a mad deterrent.

In may 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev signed this treaty.

Strategic arms limitation treaty

# data[].attributes.body
Anti- ballistic missiles were designed to destroy incoming enemy icbms. Before they could hit the target. Both superpowers invested heavily in this

# data[].attributes.body
Nixon had been trying to improve relations with China

Brezhnev worried that if they become enclose the USSR would become isolated so they tried to make relations better with the USA

# data[].attributes.body
The international price of oil increased by 400 percent. The USA needed oil to meet its energy needs, so higher import prices were making it weaker. The Soviet Union had large supplies of oil and gas and became the world’s largest produces in the 70s. This enabled it to invest more in military spending.

# data[].attributes.body
The leader of west Germany ,Brandt, wanted to reduce tensions between East and West Germany in a policy called Ostpolitik. The Soviet Union supported this because they believed more trade would mean West Germany could become less closely tied to the USA.

# data[].attributes.body
Stalin died and a ceasefire was agreed.
By the end of the war the boarder was along the 38th parallel

For the USSR the war had been a failure as they wanted the whole of Korea

For the USA it had been a success as they wanted the policy of containment

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Understanding the Korean War | GCSE History

# data[].attributes.body
1950 - 2.8 million soldiers in the red army
1955- almost 5.6 million

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Understanding the Korean War | GCSE History

# data[].attributes.body
The communists lost the 1945 election but the communist leader Rakosi took control of the secret police, executed and imprisoned opposition and turned Hungary into a communist state.

# data[].attributes.body
Discontent in Hungary. There had been protests.
Reno Gero asked to provide soviet troops to crush these demonstrations.

Khrushchev responded and gave 30000 troops.
He then appointed Nagy as a replacement leader as the governments authority was under threat

Navy’s reforms were: free elections, removal of the secret police, removal of free speech restrictions.

# data[].attributes.body
Nagy announced withdrawal from Warsaw

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Benes set up coalition government, however, the communists retained control of the army, the radio and the secret police. In 1948, they seized control completely and turned the state into a communist one.

# data[].attributes.body
Brezhnev had tried to intimidate dubcek with military manoeuvres.

He was triggered when dubcek invited Romanian and Yugoslavic officials for talks.

# data[].attributes.body
Dubcek introduced some reforms,

1) powers of secret police were reduced
2) restrictions of travel reduced
3) controls on free speech and media relaxed
4) trade unions were allowed to argue for better wages and conditions rather than obeying goverment orders
5) farmers were allowed to choose which foods they produced so they could make more money.
6) goverment ministers could be interviewed on TV. Several of them faced difficult questions about the state of the economy and corruption.
7) a ten year plan was proposed, eventually czechoslovakia would have free elections and more than one political party

# data[].attributes.body
The Czech people loved the new reforms
While dubcek assured they would stay in Warsaw Brezhnev was not happy. Other Warsaw states would want timelier reforms. Romania was current,y refusing to attend meetings and so they did not want to loose any more control.

# data[].attributes.body
500,000 Warsaw pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the Prague spring.

Brezhnev ordered the Czech army to remain in its barracks incase it tried to fight back. The Czech people could do nothing but there were small acts of braving such as blocking roads.

# data[].attributes.body
WHEN FORCDS THAT ARE HOSTILE TO SOCIALISM TRY TO TURN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME SOCIALIST COUNTRY TOWARDS CAPITALISM IT BECOMES… A CONCERN FOR ALL SOCIAST.

He used propaganda to convince people the they were under threat of a hostile takeover and that the SU had to invade to save communism.

All eastern bloc countries would be one part stats- communist party
Any attempt to reverse communism would be seen as threat to all communist states
If a communist state was threatened that other communist states would intervene
All communist states in Eastern Europe should be members of Warsaw.

# data[].attributes.headline
January 1959 Batista goverment overthrowed 

# data[].attributes.subject
January 1959 Batista goverment overthrowed 

# data[].attributes.body
Cuba had been an American ally. General Batista (a dictator) was supported by America as he was opposed to communism.

In January 2959 Batista goverment was overthrown by social revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.

Castro was a nationalist who did not want his country to under American control.

# data[].attributes.body
President Kennedy approved a plan for the invasion of Cuba.

The CIA trained 1400 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and equipped them with weapons . Sending Cuban exiles looked like a Cuban counter attack instead of a US invasion.

The invasion was a disaster and failed. The exiles were poorly trained and inexperienced in less than 24 hours they surrendered.

Castor knew about the attack prior and had assembled 20000 soldiers.

100 + invaders died
1189 were taken prisoner.

The USA refused to send support to distance themselves

Now Castro knew the USA was an enemy he made closer connections with the ussr.

# data[].attributes.body
Castro position became more secure- the Cuban people had united behind him. It was evidence of the popularity of communism.

It was an embarrassment for Kennedy- he authorised massive increases in military spending and US forces began training for a full scale invasion. He was new to his presidency and was embarrassed.

Khrushchev gained confidence - despite of the invasion it showed the USA were not prepared to get directly involved.

# data[].attributes.body
A U2 spy plane took pictures of missile sites in Cuba

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy formed the executive committee to advise him and they formed two groups the hawks and doves.

Dives wanted diplomacy
Hawks wanted military action

# data[].attributes.body
Executive committee agreed to quarantine Cubs. The US navy would stop all ships coming to Cuba and check for weapons. It was called a quarantine becuase a blockade was an act of war.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy recieved a letter from Khrushchev announcing that soviet ships would continue to Cuba

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev could not accept this idea and sent soviet troops a cross border. Bitter street fighting

2500 Hungarian casualties and Nagy was executed

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Episode 10- The Cuban missile Crisis/AQA GCSE History: Cold War Revision Series

# data[].attributes.body
The ships approached the bloackade then turned around and stopped

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Episode 10- The Cuban missile Crisis/AQA GCSE History: Cold War Revision Series

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev sent a long letter. He said that the missiles in Cuba would only be used to defend Cuba. Of the USA promised not to attack Cuba again. There could be negotiations.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy recieved a personal letter from Khrushchev. It stated that the USA would need to remove their missiles from bases in turkey before he would remove its missiles in Cuba.

Kennedy brother Robert made a secret deal agreeing to remove turkey missiles.

Then a USA spy plane was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy was advised to launch an attack but instead announced that they would not attack if the missiles were removed.

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev accepted this deal and said that the Soviet Union would dismantle the missile systems

CRISIS OVER

# data[].attributes.headline
June 24 1948 Eastern Germany and the Berlin blockade 

# data[].attributes.subject
June 24 1948 Eastern Germany and the Berlin blockade 

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union wanted Germany to be weak, communist and divided so that it could never attack Russia again. Therefore:
- The Soviet Union has 1.5 million troops in its zone, whereas there were few soldiers in Trizonia.
- Eastern Germany grew almost all the food eaten in the West.
- In June 1948, they closed all rail, road and canal routes through their zone to Berlin.
- The Soviet Union stopped all supplies entering Berlin to prove they could stop a divided Germany from working.