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Getting ready for your cancer treatment is commonly called prehabilitation, or prehab for short.

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Sandy Bear Children's Bereavement Charity - YouTube

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Sandy Bear Childrens Bereavement Charity

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Sandy Bear is a charity supporting children and young people, and their families coping with the death of a parent or sibling.

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Top tips to help parents with life-limiting illness English

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Top tips to help parents with life-limiting illness Cymraeg

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An Integrated Care Approach to Improve Well-Being in Cancer Patients

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An Integrated Care Approach to Improve Well-Being in Cancer Patients

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Loneliness and isolation - Macmillan Cancer Support

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If you have cancer, you may sometimes feel lonely and isolated. We have information about coping with loneliness and how you can ask for help.

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In some situations you might need feeding through a tube when you have cancer.

Several types of tubes are used for enteral feeding:

Nasogastric (NG) tubes

Nasojejunal (NJ) tube

Jejunostomy tubes ( JEJ, PEJ, or RIJ tubes)

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes (PEG tube)

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In some situations you might need feeding through a tube when you have cancer.

You might have a feed:

through a tube into your stomach or small bowel (enteral nutrition)

into your bloodstream through a drip into your vein (parenteral nutrition)

When you might have it

You are likely to have tube feeding if you:

can't absorb nutrients very well from your gut (digestive system )

are very run down and severely malnourished before surgery

are malnourished before starting chemotherapy or radiotherapy

have problems with swallowing due to a cancer in the head or neck area

have holes (fistulas) or an abscess in the food pipe (oesophagus) or stomach

can't eat or drink as much after an operation or other types of treatment

have a severely sore mouth or throat after a stem cell or bone marrow transplant

Before treatment

Before your operation

Before a major operation, tube feeding might help if you are severely malnourished.

Doctors usually suggest extra high calorie, high protein drinks. You have these from 8 to 10 days before your operation. But they may suggest feeds through a tube into your stomach.

It will help you to recover afterwards if you can build yourself up before your operation. You may not gain weight, but your overall health will improve. This helps you heal faster and cope with the demands of a big operation.

Before chemotherapy or radiotherapy

In some situations, a tube feed into the stomach or bowel before chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment may help you. It could help you put on weight and may improve your general health.

A tube feed is most likely to help you if you have a head and neck cancer. You might already be malnourished and have problems swallowing before you start treatment. There is no evidence that it makes cancer treatment work any better.

During and after treatment

You might need drip or tube feeding during or after your treatment if you can't eat or drink enough. Some treatments can make it difficult to swallow or can make your mouth and throat very sore.

If you have surgery to your digestive system, it can take some time before you can eat or drink normally. You might have a drip or tube feed to stop you becoming malnourished.

Advanced cancer

Tube or drip feeding might help you feel better if you have advanced cancer and can't eat. There is no real evidence that it would reverse cachexia .

Enteral nutrition

Enteral nutrition means you have a liquid feed through a tube into your stomach or small bowel. You might need to take all your food and drink this way. Or you may take some food by eating normally, and then have the rest as a liquid through the tube.

The feeds are specially prepared and different mixtures (formulas) are available. Your dietitian chooses the most appropriate one for you. This depends on your particular nutritional needs.

Enteral feeding is only for people whose stomach and intestines work as usual. This is because the feeds still go through the digestive system.

You can't have enteral feeding if you have:

When you might need it

You might need enteral feeding when:

you have swallowing problems

you have a sore mouth

there is a risk that food and fluid can go down the wrong way

you are unable to eat or drink enough

you are malnourished, or at risk of being malnourished

Side effects

Enteral feeding can sometimes have side effects. These include:

acid from your stomach coming back up (reflux) into the food pipe

vomiting

bloating

diarrhoea

constipation

You might need to have your feeds at a slower rate if this happens. It is common to start slowly and then build up the amount gradually. Your dietitian might also suggest other changes such as the type of feeding you are having or the temperature of the feed.

You may need extra fluids through a drip to prevent dehydration if you have diarrhoea.

Different types of tubes

Several types of tubes are used for enteral feeding:

To put a PEJ tube in you have an endoscopy. The surgeon puts a tube with a camera on the end through your mouth. The tube goes down your food pipe and into your stomach. This way, they can see where to place the PEJ tube. The surgeon then puts the jejunostomy tube through an opening in the tummy (abdomen) and into your jejunum. You have sedation for this procedure.

You may have a RIJ tube put in with the help of an x-ray (radiologically inserted jejunostomy) if you can't have an endoscopy. You might have this procedure under local anaesthetic . Or you might have sedation.

This diagram shows the position of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tube

A detailed diagram of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tube

Parenteral nutrition

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is when you have a feed into your bloodstream through a drip into a vein. The feeds don't go through your digestive system.

When you might need it

You are only likely to need PN feeding when your gut is not working. For example, if you:

have severe sickness

have severe problems with your stomach or small bowel (intestine), or if they have been removed

have severe nutritional problems before surgery and can't have enteral feeding

have a hole (fistula) in your stomach or oesophagus

are losing a lot of weight or not coping well with enteral feeding

How you have it

You have PN through a central line or a PICC line. A PICC line goes up a blood vessel in your arm and into a chest vein. Other types of central lines go into the chest and a major blood vessel. The end of the line sits on the outside of your chest. It is fixed in placed.

When it is not in use, a cap seals the central line. When you have your feed, a nurse removes the cap and connects the line to the drip containing your PN.

When all the feed has gone through, the nurse flushes the line. This is with either sterile salt water or an anti clotting solution. The nurse then seals the line again.

You usually have the line put in under local or general anaesthetic. A specially trained nurse or doctor does this procedure. There can be complications. Sometimes lines get infected or blocked and have to be taken out and replaced.

About PN feeds

The feeds used for PN are very complex. They are carefully made up in a sterile room each day by a pharmacist.

Doctors and dietitians tell the pharmacist about your specific nutritional needs each day. They will check you regularly while you have PN. You will need frequent blood tests to check that your blood is normal. These include your levels of minerals, sugar, salts and other substances.

PN can have side effects. These include a high blood sugar level, or they may affect the way your liver works.

Your doctor gradually reduces your PN feeds when it is time for you to stop having them.

Tube feeding at home

You might need to go on using tube feeding after you leave the hospital. This may feel frightening at first, but most people get used to it. Try not to worry about it. You will have support.

Your nurses will show you and your carers how to run the feeds before you leave the hospital. Most people have daily visits from a district nurse at first. These go on for as long as you need them. And your nurses give you the telephone numbers of people to contact if you need help.

You will also have regular follow up appointments to check on how you are getting on.

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You may need drip or tube feeding if you need extra nourishment as a result of weight loss or your treatment.

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Wales National Exercise Referral Scheme (NERS)

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Wales National Exercise Referral Scheme (NERS)

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Current Job Vacancies Our Values Our Benefits Living and working in Wales Applicant Information and Guidance Making Successful Applications Healthy travel Public Health Specialty Training in Wales The Public Health Practitioner Registration Scheme for Wales Armed Forces Covenant Microbiology Work experience

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Having your PICC line put in (BSL enabled) | Macmillan Cancer Support

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"I direct all my patients to Maggie's. They not only get expert advice but they receive the support and understanding to assist them and their families when dealing with a cancer diagnosis. All my patients tell me how pleased they are that they took that step to visit Maggie's"

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"I direct all my patients to Maggie's. They not only get expert advice but they receive the support and understanding to assist them and their families when dealing with a cancer diagnosis. All my patients tell me how pleased they are that they took that step to visit Maggie's"

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Relaxation and breathing exercises | Maggie’s

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Relaxation and breathing exercises can help you to feel more in control and manage difficult emotions.

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All the cancer support we offer is completely free. When you give or fundraise in your own way, you become a Friend of Maggie’s and help us be here – today, tomorrow and always for everyone impacted by cancer.

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Stomach cancer is cancer that starts anywhere inside the stomach or the stomach wall. It's also called gastric cancer.

The stomach

The stomach is part of the digestive system. It's in the upper left side of the tummy (abdomen). The top of the stomach joins the bottom of the foodpipe (oesophagus) and the other end is joined to the bowel.

It is a muscular bag that has three main parts. They are the:

top (fundus)

middle (body)

bottom (antrum or pylorus)

At each end of the stomach there is a valve called a sphincter. These valves control the movement of food through the digestive system.

They are the:

cardiac sphincter - at the top joining the oesophagus to the stomach

pyloric sphincter - which is at the bottom joining the stomach to the bowel

How the stomach works

Food passes from the oesophagus into the stomach. The stomach then stores the food and breaks it down (digests it) so our body can absorb it. It does this by producing juices and mixing the food up with them so it is easily digestible.

Glands in the wall of the stomach make the juices. These juices are stomach acid and a protein called pepsin. They begin to flow as soon as we smell something.

The muscle wall of the stomach contracts, churning the food with the juices, which changes it to a thick liquid. It takes a couple of hours for this to happen and then it moves into the bowel where the body absorbs it.

Even when it is empty, the stomach continues to produce juices and hormones. So, to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid and pepsin it also produces a thick mucus.

Where stomach cancer starts

Cancer can start in any part of the stomach or the stomach wall. Your treatment depends on where in the stomach the cancer starts.

Most stomach cancers start in the gland cells in the inner stomach lining. These are called adenocarcinomas.

Stomach cancer can start in the wall of the stomach. These are called gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) and are a type of soft tissue sarcoma.

Some cancers can also start in immune system cells in the stomach. These are called non Hodgkins lymphoma.

Or they can start in the hormone cells in the stomach. These are called neuroendocrine cancers.

How common is stomach cancer?

Around 6,500 people are diagnosed with stomach cancer in the UK each year. The number of people in the UK diagnosed with stomach cancer has fallen since the early 1990s.

Who gets stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer is more common in older people. Around 50 out of 100 cases (around 50%) occur in people aged 75 or over.

It is more common in men than women.

Many stomach cancers are linked to lifestyle or environmental factors, including diet. Stomach cancer is linked with a bacteria that lives in the stomach called Helicobacter pylori. But not everyone with Helicobacter pylori will develop stomach cancer.

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Stomach cancer is cancer that starts anywhere inside the stomach or the stomach wall. It's also called gastric cancer. The stomach is part of the digestive system. It's in the upper left side of the tummy (abdomen). The top of the stomach joins the bottom of the foodpipe (oesophagus) and the other end is joined to the bowel.

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The Macmillan Cancer Information and Support Service in Swansea Bay University Health Board offers confidential practical information and emotional support for people living with cancer and their loved ones. This is currently a telephone support service only. Please contact Lynne Adlam- Macmillan Cancer Information and Support Coordinator on 07891 165215. Lynne.adlam@wales.nhs.uk (Available Monday to Wednesday, 9am - 4pm): Please note: You should not call this number if you are unwell. Our co-ordinator will not have access to your medical records or be able to give medical advice.

We offer:

Cancer information materials

Information

Signposting to other services

Find out more:

More about Macmillan Information Centres

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Find out more about Macmillan Cancer Support and stay up-to-date with Macmillan's cancer care services, cancer campaigning and cancer charity fundraising efforts. Browse through information and publications on cancer, get advice and financial help with Macmillan Cancer Support.

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Cancer Information and Support Services (CISS) - South West Wales

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Cancer Information and Support Services (CISS) - South West Wales

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Home - Cancer Information & Support Services

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Maggie’s can help you with financial stress if you or someone you love has cancer. Find out more about Benefits advice at Maggie’s.

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What is the Macmillan Deaf Cancer Support Project?

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What is the Macmillan Deaf Cancer Support Project?

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Macmillan Deaf Cancer Support Project Overview

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If you have cancer or you're close to someone who has, we can help. We bring treatment, emotional support and practical advice to where it matters the most; the heart of the community. Last year...

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Tenovus Cancer Care - giving help, hope, and a voice to everyone affected by cancer.

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Tenovus Cancer Care is a Wales-based charity giving help, hope, and a voice to everyone affected by cancer.

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DID YOU KNOW YOUR GUTS ARE 25FT LONG?! SIGN UP FOR MORE FASCINATING FACTS, THE LATEST RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS AND HOW YOU CAN SUPPORT FURTHER, INCLUDING FUNDRAISING ACTIVITIES AND MORE:
By submitting this form, you are consenting to Guts UK contacting you by email as detailed above. To make any changes to your preferences you can email us on info@gutscharity.org.uk or by calling us on 020 7486 0341. Your details are safe with us. Please read our Privacy Polic y for more details.

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Guts UK - committed to fighting all digestive diseases

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Guts UK's vision is a world where digestive disorders are better understood, better treated and everyone who lives with one gets the support they need.

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Homepage - Cancer Care Map

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An introduction to Cancer Care Map and all the new features

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For Patients & Families - Ochre - The Oesophageal Cancer Charity

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OCHRE offers support for patients and families affected by oesophageal cancer. We provide information and practical guidance.

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"You feel connected to so many people and part of a community"

"The atmosphere is just amazing. People are all there for a reason, usually to remember somebody or support somebody who's going through cancer. When you read the signs on people's backs it makes you feel connected to so many people and part of a community."
Viv, Race for Life Darlington 2022

"I'm excited to support Race for Life and play my part to fund research"

"It's thanks to advances in research and treatments that I'm here and can enjoy more special moments with my family and friends. I'm excited to support Race for Life and play my part to fund research today which I hope will also help beat cancer for future generations."
Carly, Race for Life at home 2020

"Race for Life was an inspiring, uplifting, memorable day"

"Race for Life was an inspiring, uplifting, memorable day surrounded by so many wonderful people each with their own story of how cancer has affected their lives. For me, having my best friend facing stage 4 cancer, the toughest fight of her life all I can do is support her and do what I can to make that journey less daunting and lonely. Race For Life brought people together and with Viv starting the race off, showed the support, care and compassion from the community - it was amazing!"
Tracy, Race for Life Darlington 2022

"I would like to do whatever I can to raise cancer awareness"

"I ran Race for Life in Guildford in August 2022 and raised £800. I will probably run it again next year. I would like to do whatever I can to raise awareness among men not to ignore symptoms, which I think is a tendency. I feel really lucky that although I tried to pretend nothing was wrong at first myself when I found a lump, I did go to the doctors two weeks later and got diagnosed and treated."
Ian, Race for Life Guildford

"I raised £450 and really enjoyed the experience."

"In 2020, I took part in a clinical trial to treat stage 4 colorectal cancer. By October 2021, I was in remission. During the trial I was well enough to do the Pretty Muddy Race for Life in Reading with my best friend. I raised £450, really enjoyed the experience and would have done it again this year had the date not clashed with a holiday I'd booked! I'll probably sign up to do it next year."

Natasha, Pretty Muddy® Reading, 2020

"We all got so muddy on a rainy day. I loved it."

"I had a goal of taking part in an obstacle race, but at the same time wanted to raise money and awareness for Cancer Research UK.  The race was really fun and made me feel really strong and full of energy when I finished it.  A lot of my friends, my dad and teachers also took part to support me, and we all got so muddy on a rainy day. I loved it."
Jasper, Pretty Muddy® Kids

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"You feel connected to so many people and part of a community" "The atmosphere is just amazing. People are all there for a reason, usually to remember somebody or support somebody who's going through cancer. When you read the signs on people's backs it makes you feel connected to so many people and part of a community."

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Common Access Point for Health and Social Care (CAP) - Swansea

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Common Access Point for Health and Social Care (CAP) - Swansea

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Please note that we are currently experiencing an unprecedented volume of calls, but we will try and respond to your enquiry as soon as possible.
Our approach follows the principles of the Social Services and Wellbeing (Wales) Act 2014, which focuses on working with people, in partnership, to meet your needs and prevent things from escalating.

We call it the Common Access Point because it is a place that anyone can contact to access information and advice on health and social care.

Our Common Access Point team has Access and Information Assistants, who will talk to you about your situation and provide you with information, advice and signposting. The Access and Information Assistants can also put you in touch with community based services, such as local groups or charities. Often this may be all the help you need.

If we can't help with information, advice or signposting then the Access and Information Assistants may discuss your circumstances with our Multi-Disciplinary Team. Our Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) is made up of qualified social workers, an occupational therapist, a physiotherapist and other professionals. The Multi-Disciplinary Team will discuss your situation to see if they can offer any specialist advice or if they can help.

You can contact the Common Access Point for Health and Social care by telephone, by email (details below) or by completing an online form (if you are a health and social care professional, please do not contact us by phone or email, but use the online form).

Our opening hours are:

8.30am - 5.00pm Monday to Thursday

8.30am - 4.30pm Friday

If there is an emergency outside of these office hours please contact: Social Services Emergency Duty Team.

Further information

You can also find information and advice on social care and wellbeing pages or on the Dewis Cymru website (opens new window) .

District Nursing Single Point of Contact

The District Nursing Single Point of Contact provides a single point of contact into adult district nursing services, improving discharges from hospital, triaging and prioritising patient care, signposting patients to more appropriate services and giving appropriate nursing advice at the first point of contact. The Single Point of Contact number for referrals is 01792 343360.

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Common Access Point for Health and Social Care (CAP) - Swansea

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We aim to provide adults and their carers with the right support at the right time by the right person.

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Neath Port Talbot Adult’s and children’s single point of contact

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Neath Port Talbot Adult’s and children’s single point of contact

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(Text Relay / Typetalk users please use 18001 first followed by 01639 686802)

Residents can also access information about what support services are provided by community organisations through searching the online directory known as Dewis or by visiting their website.

Young people or parents who want information around what is available locally for young people can visit NPT Young People.

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Adult's and children's single point of contact

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Adult's and children's single point of contact

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Support from your work

If you work for an employer and take time off sick, you may be able to get sick pay. Your employer should also make reasonable adjustments to help you do your job during and after cancer treatment.

If you are self-employed you will not get sick pay. But you can still apply for other benefits if you cannot work or if your income decreases.

Access to Work provides advice and practical support if you have a long-term health condition that affects the way you do your job. This might include help with extra costs caused by your health condition.

Visit Access to Work, or NiDirect if you live in Northern Ireland.

Universal Credit

Universal Credit (UC) is a benefit for people under State Pension age who are on a low income or out of work.

To claim UC, you must:

be aged 18 or over - or 16 or over in certain cases

not be in full-time education or training - unless exceptions apply, such as you get Personal Independence Payment and are not able to work due to ill-health

not have more than £16,000 in savings (between you and a partner if you have one)

accept an agreement called a claimant commitment.

Income tax refund

You may be able to get a tax refund if you give up work, or if your income decreases. It is also worth checking whether you are still paying the correct amount of tax if your situation changes.

Your employer may be able to organise this. You can also apply for a tax refund online or contact HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) on 0300 200 3000.

Keeping a diary

Recording the problems you have every day in a diary can help you show how a disability or illness affects you, or that you have problems looking after yourself.

This may help you complete a claim form for benefits that support people with a disability or illness. You can also send it as supporting evidence along with your claim form. Other evidence could include reports or care plans from your GP, doctor, nurse, or other health professionals.

Disability Living Allowance for Adults

Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for adults has been replaced by Personal Independence Payment (PIP).

DLA for adults was a benefit for people aged under 65 who had problems walking, moving around outdoors safely, or looking after themselves. You may still be getting DLA for adults if you live in England, Scotland or Wales and claimed before June 2013.

Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit

You can claim Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit if you were employed in a job, or on an employment training scheme, that either:

caused you to have a disease

caused you to have an accident.

Help with toilet needs

The National Key Scheme (NKS) offers people with a disability (including cancer) access to public disabled toilets across the UK. You can buy a RADAR (Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation) key for £4.75 (including postage and packaging) from Disability Rights UK or call 020 3687 0790.

In Northern Ireland, these keys can be bought at any local council office.

The Macmillan toilet card

Cancer treatment can affect the way the bowel or bladder works. Macmillan can send you a free toilet card and key ring, which explain why you may need to access a toilet urgently while out in public. We have a general version, and one for people who are experiencing late side effects after pelvic radiotherapy. Visit be.macmillan.org.uk and search for 'toilet card' to order these free resources.

State Pension

The State Pension is a regular payment you can get from the government when you reach State Pension age.

The State Pension age for men and women is increasing in stages.

We have more information about pensions, including private pensions.

Pension Credit

Pension Credit is a benefit for people who have reached a certain age and have a low income. To get Pension Credit, you or your partner if you have one, must have reached State Pension age. Your partner means your husband, wife or civil partner (if you live with them), or someone else you live with as if you were married.

You may be able to get help with housing costs. This could include rent or mortgage payments, council tax and home adaptations.

Universal Credit and Housing Benefit

Universal Credit has replaced Housing Benefit in most circumstances. If you are making a new claim, or there is a change in your circumstances, you may need to apply for Universal Credit instead of Housing Benefit.

Housing Benefit may help you to pay your rent if you are on a low income

Help with council tax or rates mortgage interest and bills

There are other benefits, loans and grants available to help with the costs of housing.

Local council tax reduction schemes can help towards the cost of your council tax if you are on a low income. If you live in Northern Ireland, you may be able to apply for help to pay your rates bill.

If you own your home, you may be able to apply for a loan from the government to help pay your mortgage interest payments.

You may also be able to get help if you need to adapt, repair or improve your home. The help available depends on where you live in the UK.

Carer's Allowance and Carer's Credit

If you look after someone with a lot of care needs, you could be entitled to Carer's Allowance.

If you are entitled to Carer's Allowance, or the carers element of Universal Credit, you will not be affected by the benefit cap.

Carer's Credit helps prevent gaps in your National Insurance record if you have to stop working while you are caring for someone else.

Bereavement benefits

Bereavement benefits can be paid to someone whose husband, wife or civil partner has died.

If your partner died on or after 6 April 2017, you can make a claim for Bereavement Support Payment up to 3 months after their death.

To get Bereavement Support Payment, you must have been under State Pension age when your partner died.

Macmillan Cancer Support Line

The Macmillan Support Line offers confidential support to people living with cancer and their loved ones. If you need to talk, we'll listen.

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Benefits and financial support - Macmillan Cancer Support

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If you work for an employer and take time off sick, you may be able to get sick pay. Your employer should also make reasonable adjustments to help you do your job during and after cancer treatment. If you are self-employed you will not get sick pay.

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Understanding stomach cancer audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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We're delighted to announce the launch of our new helpline service, which aims to provide nutritional information and support to people living with cancer.

> How and when to get in touch
> Free posters and business cards

Both living with cancer and going through treatment can make food seem less appealing. Many people even lose their appetite altogether and experience side effects that can have a significant impact on their quality of life and ability to enjoy their food.

Our expert dietitians are here to help tackle issues such as:

Taste changes and appetite loss

Nausea and constipation

Weight loss, and how to maintain a healthy weight during treatment

The current evidence regarding nutrition and cancer, including myth-busting stories from the press and social media

Interactions between food and medications

Maintaining a healthy diet and making food as appealing as possible

Accessing further evidence-based information

Opening times

Our helpline is available on:

Tuesdays: 12pm-2pm

Thursdays: 6pm-8pm

Call: 0300 102 2523 / Email: helpline@wcrf.org

FREE from all mobile phones and landlines

At World Cancer Research Fund, we believe everyone who has been diagnosed with cancer should be able to access up-to-date and reliable information about the role of nutrition from diagnosis through to treatment and beyond.

That's why we've launched our helpline, staffed by oncology specialist dietitians, to provide this vital service.

Spread the word about our new helpline!

Download and print our free posters and business cards to help us reach people living with cancer.

Show your support and donate

We're aiming to reach over 1,100 patients within 12 months of using the helpline, so please consider donating today and help people with cancer get the vital support they need.

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Cancer and Nutrition Helpline - World Cancer Research Fund

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We're collaborating to launch a much-needed dietary support telephone helpline for anyone who has received a cancer diagnosis.

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Electronic Holistic Needs Assessment (EHNA)

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Non-Emergency Patient Transport Service (NEPTS)

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Non-Emergency Patient Transport Service (NEPTS)

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Transport is available for patients in Wales needing to get to Non-Emergency appointments who have a specific medical need. Tel: 0300 123 2303

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Wales Ambulance Service Non-Emergency Patient Transport Service BSL & English Audio

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If you can’t book online you can telephone 01792 601807, Monday to Friday, between 9am and 4pm.

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Patient Age

For children under the age of 12 requiring a blood test, the paediatric department should be contacted directly to make an appointment. The blood test booking line does not book appointments for under 12s and these cannot be booked via the online booking system at any of the sites . See information regarding children's blood tests in the FAQ section below.

Restrictions for certain tests

The following tests must be performed at a specific site:

Quantiferon: Only available at Singleton, Morriston or NPTH Monday - Thursday mornings.

Cryoglobulins: Only available at Morriston

General information

Blood tests, clinically referred to as phlebotomy, have a wide range of uses and are one of the most common types of medical tests.

A blood test can be used to assess your general state of health, check if you have an infection, see how well certain organs such as the liver and kidneys are working and screen for certain genetic conditions.
You must have a blood form to book your appointment for a blood test
The quickest and easiest way to book is by using the link above to the online booking page.

If you can't book online you can telephone 01792 601807, Monday to Friday, between 9am and 4pm.

There will be a fixed number of appointments available for booked blood tests at each hospital site daily.

Please attend blood test appointments alone. Only children or those who are vulnerable may be accompanied into our hospitals due to Covid-19 restrictions. Please do not arrive in the department more than five minutes before your appointment.

Disabled access: For health and safety reasons we reserve the right to prioritise patients with mobility issues at our clinics.

If you require multiple blood tests at fixed intervals, or need to book a blood test more than four weeks in advance please contact our booking team on 01792 601807.

Please make every effort to attend booked blood test appointments. We keep a record of missed appointments.

Do not attend for a blood test if you have any of the following symptoms:

Temperature or fever in the last 48 hours

A new persistent cough in the last 48 hours

Loss or change to sense of smell or taste

If you live in the same house as someone who has developed the above symptoms or has had a positive COVID-19 test in the last 14 days.

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Blood tests: How to book and more information

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Patient Age For children under the age of 12 requiring a blood test, the paediatric department should be contacted directly to make an appointment. The blood test booking line does not book appointments for under 12s and these cannot be booked via the online booking system at any of the sites .

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South Wales local hospitals contact information

Morriston Hospital -

01792 702222

Withybush General Hospital -
01437 764 545
Glangwili General Hospital -
01267 235 151
Bronglais General Hospital -
01970 623 131

Prince Phillip Hospital -
01554 756 567

Neath Port Talbot Hospital -
01639 862 000

Prince Charles Hospital -
01685 721 721

Royal Glamorgan Hospital -
01443 443 443

University Hospital of Wales -
02920 747 747

Nevill Hall Hospital -
01873 732 732

Royal Gwent Hospital -
01633 234 234

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Blood tests can:

check your general health, including how well your liver and kidneys are working

check numbers of blood cells

help diagnose cancer and other conditions

Your blood sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis. This shows the different types of cells, chemicals and proteins in the blood.

Preparing for your blood tests

You can eat and drink normally before most blood tests. For fasting blood tests you need to stop eating and drinking beforehand. Your doctor will tell you for how long.

What happens?

You sit or lie down to have the test.

A doctor, nurse or phlebotomist (person specialised in taking blood) chooses the best vein to use. This is usually from your arm or hand. Let them know if you are afraid of needles, get unwell with the sight of blood or are allergic to plasters or latex.

They put a tight band (tourniquet) around your arm above the area where they take the sample. You may need to clench your fist to make it easier to find a vein.

They clean your skin and then put a small needle into your vein. Next, they attach a small bottle or syringe to the needle to draw out some blood. They might fill several small bottles.

Once they have all the samples, they release the band around your arm. They then take the needle out and put pressure on the area with a cotton wool ball or small piece of gauze for a few minutes. This helps to stop bleeding and bruising.

Look away when they're taking the blood if you prefer. Tell your doctor, nurse or phlebotomist if you feel unwell.

Types of blood tests

Full blood count

A full blood count (FBC) measures the number of red cells, white cells and platelets in your blood.

Red cells carry oxygen around our bodies. Haemoglobin is the part of the cell that carries oxygen. If you have a low red cell count, your doctor might say you're anaemic (pronounced a-nee-mic). This can make you feel tired, short of breath and dizzy.

White cells fight infections. There are several different types of white cells, including neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Platelets help clot the blood, for example after a cut. Symptoms of a low platelet count include abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding gums and nosebleeds.

There is a range of normal for blood counts. The range of figures quoted as normal varies slightly between laboratories and also differs between men and women.

Urea and electrolytes

These blood tests show how well your kidneys are working. Waste chemicals called urea and creatinine are produced by the body. Our kidneys remove them from our blood and get rid of them in our urine.

Electrolytes are substances such as sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate.

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Liver function tests (LFTs) check how well your liver is working. LFTs look for levels of enzymes and proteins made by the liver or which are cleared by the liver. They include:

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

gamma-glutamyl transferase (Gamma GT)

They might be raised if you have a blockage in your liver or bile duct, or if you drink a lot of alcohol.

LFTs also look at the amount of bilirubin in the blood. This is a chemical in bile . Bilirubin can be raised if you have a problem with your liver or gallbladder. Bilirubin can cause yellowing of your skin and eyes (jaundice).

LFTs also measure albumin. This is a protein in the blood that can be low when you have some types of cancer. You can also have low albumin if you've been eating small amounts and are malnourished.

Tumour marker blood tests

Tumour markers are substances that might be raised if there is a cancer. They're usually proteins. They can be found in the blood, urine or body tissues. You might also hear them called biomarkers or molecular markers.

Doctors might use tumour marker tests together with the results of other tests you have to:

help diagnose a cancer

help plan treatment

monitor how well your cancer treatment is working

check if the cancer has come back

Some tumour markers are only made by one type of cancer. Others can be made by several types. Some tumour markers are found in non cancerous conditions as well as cancer. And some cancers don't have any tumour markers.

For those cancers that may have raised tumour markers, you can find out more in the tests section for that cancer type.

Other blood tests

Depending on your cancer type, you might have other blood tests. For example to check for viruses, hormone levels and changes to genes. Your doctor or nurse will talk to you about the different blood tests you will have. You can read more about the blood tests you need in the tests section for your cancer type.

Possible risks of having a blood test

Blood sampling (phlebotomy) is a safe test. There is a possibility of:

bleeding and bruising - pressing hard when the needle is removed can help to stop it

pain - this is normally mild and can last for a few minutes

swelling (oedema) - ask your nurse, doctor or phlebotomist to avoid an arm that is swollen or has a risk of swelling

feeling faint or fainting - tell the person doing your blood test if you're feeling lightheaded or dizzy at any time

infection - this is very rare

Getting your results

Ask the phlebotomist, doctor or nurse when and how you will get your results. Some results might be available very quickly, such as a full blood count and kidney and liver function tests. Other tests might take several weeks.

More information

We have more information on tests, treatment and support if you have been diagnosed with cancer.

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A blood test is a test to check your general health, the number of blood cells you have and to help diagnose cancer and other conditions. Find out how you have it, the different types there are and the possible risks.

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Having an Endoscopy | Cancer Research UK

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What is it like to have a CT scan? | Cancer Research UK

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The hospital will send you information about the scan so you know what to expect. If you are having a scan of your tummy (abdomen), you might be asked to not eat anything for a few hours before the scan. This helps to get a clear picture.

Some people feel a bit claustrophobic in the scanner. If you are worried about the scan, you may be able to have a sedative to help you relax while you are being scanned. You should ask your GP or doctor about a sedative before you go for the scan.

On the day of the scan, the radiographer will tell you what you need to do. You can ask them any questions you have. You can also tell them if it is difficult for you to lie still, or if you get anxious about being in small spaces. They will give you lots of support.

The scanner is a powerful magnet so you will be asked to complete and sign a checklist to make sure it is safe for you. The checklist asks about any metal implants you have, such as surgical clips, bone pins, artificial joints and heart valves. It also asks about electrical devices, such as a pacemaker, implanted defibrillators, nerve stimulators or cochlear implants. You should also tell your doctor, or the radiographer who does the scan, if you have ever worked with metal or in the metal industry. As very tiny fragments of metal can sometimes lodge in the body, especially in the eyes.

Having metal in your body does not necessarily mean you cannot have an MRI scan. Your doctor and radiographer will decide if the MRI scan is safe for you. If you are not able to have an MRI scan, another type of scan can be used.

You should tell the radiographer if you are pregnant or think you could be.

You can usually wear your own clothes if they do not have metal zips or buttons. Don't worry if you do not have clothes without metal, you can change into a gown.

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The hospital will send you information about the scan so you know what to expect. If you are having a scan of your tummy (abdomen), you might be asked to not eat anything for a few hours before the scan. This helps to get a clear picture.

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What is it Like to Have a PET Scan? | Cancer Research UK

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Laparoscopy is a small operation to look inside your tummy (abdomen) and the area between your hips (pelvis). Laparoscopy is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.

It can help diagnose certain types of cancer. It is also a very common procedure used to treat and diagnose many other non cancerous conditions.

A laparoscopy involves your surgeon making several small cuts (incisions) instead of a large incision across your abdomen. The surgeon places hollow tubes inside the incisions. These are called ports.

Your surgeon puts a thin tube with a light and a camera (laparoscope) through one of the ports in your abdomen. Through another port the surgeon passes the tools they will use. There are several tools they might use and this will depend on what your surgeons sees. So for example they may use an ultrasound probe to look at the deeper layers of the tissue inside your abdomen or pelvis. Or they may use a tool to take samples (biopsies) of any abnormal areas in and around your abdomen and pelvis.

You have the operation while you're asleep, so you have a general anaesthetic . A laparoscopy can take from as little as half an hour to a couple of hours.

You usually have a laparoscopy as a day case, so you can go home later the same day.

Some laparoscopic operations use a robot. This is called robotic surgery or robotic assisted surgery. This is where the surgeon sits at a console and directs the robotic arms to perform the surgery.

Below is a picture of robotic surgery for prostate cancer.

Why might I have a laparoscopy?

You might have a laparoscopy to diagnose your cancer. This includes cancers that start or spread to the:

Before your laparoscopy

You usually have an appointment before your laparoscopy to check that you're fit enough for the procedure and to have an anaesthetic. A nurse weighs you and takes your blood pressure, pulse and temperature.

You might also have:

blood tests to check your blood levels and how well your blood clots

a heart trace (ECG)

a chest x-ray

You might meet your surgeon at this appointment or on the day of your operation. They'll go over the procedure and what to expect, they'll then ask you to sign a consent form. You can ask any questions you might have.

Preparing for your laparoscopy

Tell your doctor if you're taking medicine that changes how your blood clots. These include:

aspirin

clopidogrel

arthritis medicines

warfarin or heparin

apixaban or rivaroxaban

ticagrelor

Your doctor tells you if you need to stop your medicines or change the amount (dose) before the laparoscopy. It's a good idea to take your prescription with them all listed.

You can't eat for 6 hours before the operation. You might be able to have water for up to 2 hours beforehand. The hospital staff will give you instructions about this.

Tell your doctor if not eating could be a problem for you, for example if you have diabetes.

What happens?

On the day of your laparoscopy you first meet your nurse. They go over your medical history you mentioned at the previous appointment and check if you any allergies. They also take the same measurements such as your:

blood pressure

heart rate

temperature

oxygen levels (saturation)

Before the operation you'll meet the surgeon and also the anaesthetist.

You sign a consent form if you haven't done so already.

You change into a hospital gown when it's nearer the time to go to the operating room (theatre). It's a good idea to take along a dressing gown and slippers.

When it's your turn the nurse takes you to theatre.

In the operating room

You lie on the operating bed and the anaesthetist puts a small plastic tube (cannula) into a vein in the back of your hand or arm. At a similar time other staff in the operating theatre attach some monitoring equipment to you. Such as a blood pressure cuff and clip on your finger to measure your oxygen levels and heart rate.

The anaesthetist then injects the medicine to put you to sleep (anaesthetic) through the cannula. You then drift off to sleep.

The surgeon then makes usually 2 or 3 small cuts. These include:

one in or near your tummy button

on one or both sides of your abdomen

Your surgeon first puts gas (carbon dioxide) into your abdomen. This lifts your abdomen off the structures inside your body. It makes it easier for the surgeon to see your organs, including the liver, stomach and gallbladder.

Hollow tubes called ports are placed inside the cuts to hold them open and allow the laparoscope to pass through easily.

Your surgeon puts the laparoscope through one of the cuts. They can see the inside of your abdomen and pelvis on a TV screen. They put other surgical instruments through the other cuts such as an ultrasound probe.

The surgeon looks for signs of cancer in the:

lining of your abdomen and pelvis

surface layer of organs in your abdomen and pelvis

Your surgeon might take biopsies and fluid to send to the laboratory to check for cancer cells if they see any abnormal areas.

After they have finished your surgeon removes the instruments and ports. They close the small holes with stitches.

After the laparoscopy

You wake up in the recovery area and then go back to the ward. You might have fluids through a drip into your cannula. Once you're awake and drinking, your nurse takes the drip out. You should be able to eat and drink normally once you feel able to.

You might have some pain in your:

abdomen for a few days

shoulder for a day or two due to the gas in your abdomen

You usually have paper stitches over the wounds (Steri-Strips) or dissolvable stitches. You also have a waterproof dressing over them or a type of special skin glue.

Check with your nurse how long you should keep your dressing on for.

Because you have had an anaesthetic, you'll need someone to take you home and stay with you overnight. For 24 hours after a general anaesthetic you shouldn't:

drive

drink alcohol

operate heavy machinery

sign any legally binding documents

Possible risks

Most people won't have problems from this type of operation. Your doctor makes sure the benefits of having it outweigh the risks. Some of the possible risks include:

A wound infection

There is a risk of infection at the site where the cuts were made with this operation. Contact your healthcare team if you have:

a high temperature or feel unwell

any redness or swelling around your wound or it's leaking fluid

You will need antibiotics to clear the infection if you have one.

Bleeding

You might notice a small amount of blood from the cuts. This usually heals up on its own. Rarely there might be damage to a major blood vessel. If this happens you might need another operation. You might also need a blood transfusion.

Blood clot

Signs of a blood clot include pain, swelling and redness where the clot is. Feeling breathless can be a sign of a blood clot on the lung.

Contact your advice line or doctor straight away if you have any of these symptoms.

Tummy (abdominal) pain

You may have some cramping or pain in your tummy after the test. This is due to the carbon dioxide they put into the bowel. This should go away after a few hours. You may also experience some pain or tenderness if you had some tissue removed.

Tear in your bowel

Very rarely you might get a small tear (perforation) in the first part of your small bowel. If this happens it's likely you would need surgery to repair the tear.

Your nurse will tell you what to look out for. They'll also give you a number to contact if you have any problems.

An allergic reaction

There is a risk of having an allergic reaction to the anaesthetic. This can cause problems with your breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. If this happens, the staff will give you medicines to control the reaction.

Getting your results

One to two weeks after the test you should get the results from your specialist. Waiting for results can make you anxious.

You might have contact details for a specialist nurse and you can contact them for information if you need to. It may help to talk to a close friend or relative about how you feel.

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Laparoscopy is a small operation to look inside your tummy (abdomen). You might have it to find out if you have cancer. Or to check if a cancer has spread.

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Understanding chemotherapy audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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You can have surgery to:

diagnose cancer

treat cancer (on its own or with other treatments)

reduce your risk of getting a particular type of cancer (if you already have a high risk)

They include:

your cancer type

the size of your cancer, and whether it has spread (stage)

where the cancer is in your body

your general health

Cancer types Whether your cancer has spread
Surgery might not be the best treatment for you if your cancer has spread. It may be better to have a treatment that reaches all parts of your body. For example, chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs or hormone therapy. You might also have radiotherapy to shrink the tumour and help control symptoms.

You might have:

a local anaesthetic to numb the area

a regional anaesthetic to numb a large area or part of your body

a general anaesthetic so you are asleep during the operation

To diagnose cancer, your surgeon usually removes some tissue from the abnormal area. This is called a biopsy. A specialist (pathologist) looks at the tissue under a microscope. This shows whether there are any cancer cells, what type of cancer it is, and how slowly or quickly it might grow (grade).

To diagnose cancer, the surgeon either removes:

part of the lump or a sample of tissue

the whole lump or abnormal area

Surgery can provide more information about the size of your cancer and how far it has spread. This is called pathological or surgical staging.

During surgery, the surgeon examines the nearby lymph nodes and organs to look for signs of cancer. Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system. This is a network of tubes and glands. Cancer can spread into nearby lymph nodes.

After the operation they send any tissue or lymph nodes they remove to the laboratory. A specialist (pathologist) looks at the tumour and surrounding tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. This gives more information about how far the cancer has spread.

Pathological staging is generally the most precise way to find out how far your cancer has spread.

Surgery is one of the main treatments for cancer. It might be the only treatment you need. It aims to cure cancer if cancer is only in one area of your body. And if the surgeon can completely remove all of the cancer.

Usually, the earlier a cancer is found the easier it is to remove it.

Your surgeon removes the tumour and some normal tissue from around it (known as a clear margin). They might also remove the lymph nodes nearest to the cancer.
Other treatments before surgery (neo adjuvant treatment)
Some people have treatment before surgery to help shrink a cancer and make it easier to remove. This is called neo adjuvant treatment.
Other treatments after surgery (adjuvant treatment)
Doctors decide whether you need any further treatment to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. This is called adjuvant treatment and is most often chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Possible problems
During an operation, surgeons sometimes find that a cancer has spread further than they expected. When this happens, the operation might take longer than planned. Or they may have to stop the operation.

If cancer has spread to another part of the body, surgery can't usually cure it. But with some types of cancer, surgery can help people to live for a long time and may sometimes lead to a cure. When a cancer has spread, it might be better to have a treatment that works throughout your body, such as chemotherapy.

It might be possible to have reconstructive surgery if your surgeon removes part of your body. Your surgeon recreates the part of the body using other body tissues or a false body part (prosthesis).

For example, after removal of a breast (mastectomy) it might be possible to have breast reconstruction. Or if you have your bladder removed it may be possible to make a new bladder.

If you are at high risk of a particular type of cancer, you might be able to have surgery to reduce that risk.

For example, people who have a rare inherited condition called Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) have an increased risk of bowel cancer. So they might choose to have surgery to remove their large bowel.

Women who have a high risk of breast cancer may choose to have their breasts removed.

Your doctor gives you advice to help you make the decision to have surgery or not.

Surgery can help to relieve symptoms of advanced cancer. So you might have surgery even if your surgeon can't completely remove your cancer, or cure it with other treatments.

For example, cancers in the tummy (abdomen) can sometimes block the bowel and cause sickness and pain. An operation to remove or bypass the blockage can relieve these symptoms.

Surgery might also help to control pain. For example, the surgeon can remove cancer that is pressing on a body organ or nerve.

Occasionally it is possible to remove cancer that has spread into nearby organs or to another part of the body. For example, people who have kidney cancer that has spread to the lung might be able to have surgery to remove the lung tumours. The surgery is unlikely to cure the cancer but might reduce symptoms and help some people to live longer.

You might have an operation so that you can have other treatments for cancer.

For example, you might have a small operation to put a thin tube called a central line into a main vein in your chest. The tube stays in throughout your treatment. It makes having chemotherapy or targeted therapy easier because you don't need to have a needle put into a vein each time you have treatment. You can also have blood taken from the tube.

You have some operations to help doctors give treatments to areas inside the body. The operation allows surgeons to give treatments such as:

radiofrequency ablation (a treatment using heat made by radio waves to kill cancer cells)

cryotherapy (a treatment using extreme cold to destroy cancer cells)

open surgery - the surgeon makes a large cut (incision) through the skin

keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery - the surgeon makes several small cuts through the skin and uses a laparoscope to look inside your body and remove tissue through the cuts

robotic surgery - the surgeon uses a robotic machine to help with keyhole surgery

endoscopic surgery - the surgeon removes or destroys tissue through a tube (endoscope) which they pass into your body, usually through your mouth or back passage (rectum)

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Surgery means removing tissue from the body. It is one of the main treatments for many types of cancer.

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Understanding radiotherapy audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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Immunotherapy uses our immune system to fight cancer. It's a standard treatment for some types of cancer and is in clinical trials for other types of cancer. Find out more about it.

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Cancer in the food pipe (oesophagus) can partly or completely block it. This makes it difficult to swallow. A stent is a small metal or plastic tube put into the oesophagus. It opens the food pipe and allows you to swallow food and drink more easily.

You have the stent fitted in hospital in the endoscopy department or x-ray department. It usually takes about 30 minutes. You may need to stay in hospital overnight or for a few days.

Before your treatment

Your doctor or specialist nurse explains what happens and how they fit the stent. They ask you to sign a consent form saying that you agree to have the procedure. You can ask them any questions that you have. Tell them about any medicines you are taking.

You shouldn't eat or drink for at least 6 hours beforehand.

A nurse puts a small tube called a cannula into a vein in the back of your hand. They go with you to the endoscopy or x-ray department.

The doctor or nurse injects a medicine to make you sleepy into the cannula in your hand. Or you might have a general anaesthetic, so that you'll be asleep for the procedure.

Having a stent
There are 2 ways of fitting the stent. Your doctor can use a:

long, flexible tube called an endoscope put down your throat

thin wire to fit the tube during an x-ray

Stent using endoscopy

While you are very sleepy or asleep your doctor puts a long flexible tube called an endoscope into your food pipe. It has a light and a small camera on the end so the doctor can see the blockage. They then put the small mesh tube (stent) into the narrowed area.

Stent using x-ray

Your doctor passes a fine wire down into your oesophagus until it reaches the blockage. You then have an x-ray so the doctor can see the blocked area on a screen. They pass the stent down the wire until it is in the right place.

After treatment

You stay in the endoscopy department or x-ray department until the sedation or anaesthetic wears off. You wear an oxygen mask for a short time. A nurse then takes you back to your ward. You might need to stay in hospital overnight or for a few days.

The stent expands over a couple of days. This opens up the oesophagus so that food and drink can pass through again.

Eating and drinking with a stent

You can't eat or drink for the first 2 to 4 hours after having the stent. Your nurse tells you when you can start drinking. You may only have liquids at first. Gradually you may be able to start eating more solid foods.

Your dietitian tells you which foods you can eat. Do ask any questions that you have.

Tips

Eat 'little and often', for example 3 small meals with snacks between meals.

Sit upright while you eat and for an hour after your meal.

Chew food well and remove any lumps or gristle.

If you have dentures, wear them to make chewing easier.

Sip fluids before, during and after eating to help food pass down through the stent.

Avoid tough lumps of meat, wholegrain or crusty bread and stringy fruits and vegetables.

Side effects

Pain

You might feel some soreness as the stent expands. Taking painkillers for a few days helps. After a few days, the pain usually goes away but you might still have some soreness at times.

Tell your nurse or doctor if you still have pain.

Heartburn or acid reflux

You might have some heartburn or acid reflux. Your nurse or doctor can give you anti acid medicine to help.

Sleeping upright in bed helps to prevent heartburn. You can use pillows or cushions to support yourself.

Bleeding

You might have some slight bleeding in the oesophagus. It might give you a metallic taste in your mouth. This usually gets better over a few days.

Tell your nurse of doctor if you cough up blood.

A hole in the food pipe

Damage to the oesophagus can tear it or make a hole (perforation). This is very rare.

Tell your doctor or nurse straight away if you:

have difficulty breathing

get severe chest pain

vomit blood

can't keep food or drinks down

If food blocks the stent

Your swallowing might change or eating and drinking gets difficult or uncomfortable. Or you may find that you suddenly can't swallow. This could mean than the stent has become blocked.

If this happens:

try not to panic

take sips of fizzy or warm drinks to try and clear the blockage

walk around as this sometimes helps

If the stent moves

Rarely the stent might move and food may not be able to pass through. If this happens you won't be able to swallow and food or drink will come back up. Your doctor will remove or replace the stent.

At home with a stent

You have support from community nurses or your local symptom control team.

The hospital or your GP give you any medicines that you need.

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An oesophageal stent is a small metal or plastic tube put into the oesophagus to keep it open.

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The aim of palliative treatment is to relieve symptoms and improve your quality of life. It can be used at any stage of an illness if there are troubling symptoms, such as pain or sickness. In advanced cancer, palliative treatment might help someone to live longer and more comfortably, even if they cannot be cured.

Palliative treatment is not just about medicines to control symptoms - such as painkillers and anti sickness drugs. Cancer treatments can also reduce or get rid of symptoms. For example, they can help to reduce pain by shrinking a tumour and reducing pressure on nerves or surrounding tissues. Treatments used in this way include:

Side effects

You might have some side effects from palliative cancer treatments. But the aim is to make you feel better. So your cancer specialist will choose treatments that have as few side effects as possible.

Palliative care team

If you have advanced cancer, you are likely to also be under the care of the palliative care team. This team can also support people with any stage of cancer. This may be because they have troublesome symptoms or side effects from treatment. Their expertise can help with a range of issues.

Palliative care is sometimes called supportive care. It offers relief, support and comfort to patients, both in and out of the hospital setting.

Palliative care teams are made up of:

specialist doctors and nurses

social workers

volunteers

pastoral care workers

other healthcare professionals, such as dietitians, physiotherapists and counsellors

The palliative care team works together to give you relief from pain and other symptoms. They offer you support to allow you to live as well as possible. They can also help support your relatives and close friends.

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In advanced cancer, palliative treatment might help someone to live longer and more comfortably, even if they cannot be cured. The palliative care team can support people with any stage of cancer and help with symptoms or side effects of treatment.

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Research has shown that exercise is safe, possible and helpful for many people with cancer.

What is physical activity?

Being physically active means any movement that uses your muscles and more energy than when you're resting. Being physically active doesn't have to mean joining a gym or an exercise class. It can also be walking to the shops, walking up the stairs, gardening or dancing.

There are two types of physical activity:

aerobic - this uses more oxygen and improves the way your heart (cardiovascular system) works, for example, running

anaerobic - which increases your muscle strength and mass, for example, weight training

Physical activity can also be of a:

moderate intensity - this is when the activity makes you feel warmer, and breathe faster, but you can still talk; for example, brisk walking, cycling, swimming, gardening or housework

vigorous intensity - this is an activity that raises your heart rate and makes you start to sweat and feel out of breath; for example, running, aerobics, netball, football and fast cycling

How active you are and what type of activity you can and want to do will depend on:

the type of cancer you have

your treatment and any side effects you hvae

how physically active you are already

what activities you enjoy

Why is being physically active important?

Research has shown that moderate and vigorous physical activity reduces the risk of cancers of the:

bowel (colon only)

breast - in women who have had their menopause (postmenopausal)

womb (endometrium)

Being physically active can also help to prevent being very overweight (obese). Research links obesity to a higher risk of getting 13 types of cancers.

Research suggests that just being less sedentary can help as well. So, if you work at the computer get up and move around regularly and when you're watching TV you could get up during advert breaks or between programmes.

There is also evidence that being more physically active can help to reduce the risk of some cancers coming back.

How being more physically active can help

There are very good reasons for being more physically active. It can improve your quality of life and help you feel better. Regular physical activity can reduce stress and give you more energy.

Research has shown that there is strong evidence that certain ways of being active can help people with cancer:

reduce anxiety

improve depression

reduce fatigue

improve quality of life during and after cancer treatment

prevent or improve lymphoedema (a type of swelling caused by treatment to lymph nodes)

improve general physical functioning

Guidelines

It is difficult to write exercise guidelines to cover everyone. Everyone is different in terms of how much exercise they can do. And there are many types of cancer and treatments. In general, if you have cancer, you should check with your doctor before starting any exercise.

International guidelines say that it is safe to be active during cancer treatment and after. Also, people with cancer should try to be active and get back to their normal activities as soon as possible.

The UK government and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) have suggestions to help prevent cancer and other conditions. They say that all adults should try to do at least one of the following ways of exercising:

150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week; for example, 30 minutes 5 times per week

75 minutes of vigorous activity per week

All adults should also try and build strength twice a week; for example, weight training or yoga.

Remember that everyone is different and exercise needs to be tailored to you. Take into account your fitness, diagnosis, and other factors that could affect safety.

When to avoid certain types of physical activity

People with certain types of cancer or having particular treatments might need to avoid some types of exercise. There are some situations where you need to take extra care.

Cancer affecting your bones

If you have cancer affecting your bones, you might be more at risk of a break or fracture. You must avoid putting too much strain on the affected bones. You could try swimming or exercising in water. The water supports your body weight, so the skeleton isn't stressed. Exercise such as yoga generally appears safe for everyone.

Low immunity

People with low immunity due to treatment should try to avoid exercising in public gyms. Ask your medical team when it is safe to start exercising in the gym with other people. This doesn't mean you can't be physically active in other ways.

Peripheral neuropathy

Some people have a loss of sensation, or feelings of pins and needles, in their hands and feet. This can be due to cancer treatments. It is called peripheral neuropathy. If you have this, it might be better to use a stationary bike than to do other types of weight bearing exercise.

After certain types of surgery

After certain types of surgery, you might have to wait before you can exercise like you used to. Talk to your doctor or specialist nurse for advice on what types of exercise you can do.

Getting started

It's fine to start being more active whether:

you have just been diagnosed

you're having treatment

you have recently finished

How much you do depends on how fit you are generally. You can start by making a few small changes. For example you could start by walking around your house or walking around the block or even getting off the bus one stop early.

If you aren't very physically active, you'll need to build up gradually. If you do too much one day, you might feel very tired and sore the next day. Don't feel that you always have to do more than yesterday. Some days you'll have more energy than others.

Start with short chunks (10 to 15 minutes) of gentle activity. Then gradually build up until you reach your target.

Try and stay active. You can break up periods of rest with activities around the house, for example, mowing the lawn or ironing.

Find activities that are enjoyable as you are more likely to stick to it. But try not to let past lack of activity put you off starting altogether. Gentle walking or swimming is fine for just about everyone. You can still build up day by day.

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Research has shown that exercise is safe, possible and helpful for many people with cancer. Find out why exercise is important and how it can help.

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Coping with fatigue audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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Travel and cancer audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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Coping with hair loss audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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There are lots of different ways you can play your part typing really you just type your change and support Cancer Research UK. ​

From raising money, to pledging a gift in your Will, volunteering, or donating, all of us can support the research that will help beat cancer. ​

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There are lots of different ways you can play your part typing really you just type your change and support Cancer Research UK. ​ From raising money, to pledging a gift in your Will, volunteering, or donating, all of us can support the research that will help beat cancer. ​

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Oesophageal cancer - Macmillan Cancer Support

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Oesophageal cancer - Macmillan Cancer Support

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Oesophageal cancer - Macmillan Cancer Support

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Oesophageal cancer - Macmillan Cancer Support

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Neurodiversity and cancer: getting information and support

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Neurodiversity and cancer: getting information and support

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Living with cancer and neurodiversity can make some aspects of managing diagnosis and treatment challenging.

There is lots of support for people with cancer. Your healthcare team can give you information. They can answer your questions and you can tell them if you are worried about anything so they can help.

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Neurodiversity and cancer: getting information and support - Macmillan Cancer Support

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From managing treatment options to asking your healthcare team for extra support, this article shares practical advice for neurodivergent people living with cancer.

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Travel insurance after a cancer diagnosis | Financial Guidance Service | BSL

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Cancer Treatment Alert Card (Triage line)

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Cancer Treatment Alert Card (Triage line)

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Understanding lymphoedema audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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OUTpatients is the UK's Only LGBTIQ+ Cancer Charity. Proudly Led by and for LGBTIQ+ People Affected by Cancer. We Work Hard to Support & Advocate for our Community.

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Oesophageal cancer is a cancer that starts in the food pipe. The food pipe is also called the oesophagus or gullet.

Cancer is when abnormal cells start to divide and grow in an uncontrolled way. The cells can grow into surrounding tissues or organs, and may spread to other areas of the body.

The food pipe

The food pipe (oesophagus) is part of your digestive system. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. It lies behind the windpipe (trachea) and in front of the spine.

At the top of the oesophagus there is a ring of muscle (sphincter). This sphincter opens the oesophagus when food or liquid comes toward it. It also stops food from going down the windpipe.

The lower part of the oesophagus joins the stomach. This is called the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ). There is a ring of muscle (sphincter) close to the GOJ which controls food moving from the oesophagus into the stomach. Between meals, this sphincter closes. This stops stomach contents and acid moving backwards from the stomach into the oesophagus.

Where it starts

The wall of the oesophagus is made of several layers of tissue. These include the inner layer (mucosa), muscle, and connective tissue. Oesophageal cancer starts in the inner lining of the oesophagus and spreads outward through the other layers.

Cell type

There are 2 main types of cell lining the oesophagus:

squamous cells

glandular (adenomatous) cells

Cancer can start in either type of cell. So there are 2 main types of oesophageal cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Parts of the oesophagus

Cancer can develop in any part of the oesophagus.

Upper and middle part

Cancers in the upper part and middle part tend to be squamous cell carcinomas. These develop from cells that make up the inner lining of your oesophagus.

Lower part

Cancers in the lower part of the oesophagus tend to be a type called adenocarcinoma. These cancers start in gland cells.

The gastro oesophageal junction

The lowest end of the oesophagus joins the stomach. The area where the oesophagus and stomach join is called the gastro oesophageal junction (GOJ). Cancers that start here are called gastro oesophageal junction cancers.

It can sometimes be difficult to tell the difference between oesophageal, stomach and GOJ cancers. But we know from research that GOJ cancers are a separate type of cancer. They can behave differently to cancers of the oesophagus and stomach.

How common it is

Around 9,300 people are diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in the UK each year. It’s the 14th most common cancer in adults.

Who gets it

Oesophageal cancer is more common in men than women.

It's more common in older people. In the UK, on average each year around 40 out of 100 (around 40%) of new cases are in people aged 75 and over. It's very rare in people younger than 40.

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What is oesophageal cancer? | oesophageal cancer |Cancer Research UK

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Oesophageal cancer is a cancer of the food pipe. The foodpipe is also called the oesophagus or gullet and is part of the digestive system.

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A team of specialists meets to discuss the best possible treatment plan for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Treatment of a GIST depends on different things, including:

where the GIST is in the body

the size of the tumour

the grade of the GIST (its mitotic rate)

your general health

if the GIST cells have certain genetic changes.

Your doctor and nurse will talk to you about the best treatment for you. They can talk to you about things to think about when making treatment decisions.

The main treatments for a GIST are surgery and targeted therapy drugs. Chemotherapy is not a helpful treatment for GISTs. Radiotherapy is rarely used.

Risk groups

After surgery to remove a GIST, doctors decide whether it is low-risk or high-risk. They look at where the GIST started, its size and mitotic rate. A tumour that bursts during surgery is also high-risk.

Because high-risk GISTs are more likely to come back your doctor will usually advise treatment with targeted therapy after surgery.

Monitoring

Some small GISTs grow very slowly and may not need treatment. If the GIST is less than 2cm and is not causing symptoms, your doctor might suggest monitoring the tumour. You will have regular endoscopies or scans. If the tumour starts to grow, you can then have surgery.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to treat GIST. In more than 8 out of 10 GISTs (about 85%), the tumour cells have a change in a protein called KIT. This change (called a mutation) means the GIST cells constantly get signals telling them to grow and multiply. TKIs block these signals. Tests on the cancer cells are done first to find out how helpful these drugs are likely to be. Imatinib is a TKI drug given:

before surgery, to reduce the size of the GIST and make surgery more effective

after surgery, for 3 years, to reduce the risk of GIST coming back (called adjuvant therapy)

to treat a GIST that cannot be operated on or has spread to other parts of the body.

If imatinib stops working or is causing difficult side effects, you may be given sunitinib (Sutent ®) or regorafenib (Stivarga ®).

Surgery

If the GIST is bigger than 2cm, you may have surgery to remove it. You may have targeted therapy before surgery to shrink the tumour. If the GIST is found to be high-risk, you usually have targeted therapy after surgery.

The surgeon removes the tumour, along with some surrounding healthy tissue. If the tumour has started to grow into other organs close by, the surgeon may also remove these.

Your surgeon will tell you about any possible effects of the surgery. These depend on the size of the tumour and where it is in the body. If the GIST is in the small bowel, you may have an operation to remove part of the small bowel. This does not usually have any long-lasting side effects. If the GIST is in the stomach, you may have part or most of the stomach removed. A specialist dietitian can give you advice and support.

Surgery may also be used to treat GISTs that come back after treatment. We have more information about surgery for soft tissue sarcoma.

You may be offered some treatments as part of a clinical trial.

If a GIST comes back

If a GIST comes back after treatment it may come back where it first started. This is called a local recurrence. Or it may come back in another part of the body which is called secondary or metastatic cancer.

GIST that comes back is usually treated with targeted therapy. Surgery may also be an option if there is only 1 small new GIST. Your doctor or specialist nurse will talk to you about your treatment options

If GIST comes back in the liver it is called secondary liver cancer. The following treatments may be used:

radiofrequency ablation (RFA) which uses heat to destroy the cancer cells

cryotherapy which uses cold to destroy the cancer cells.

These are called tumour ablation treatments.

Some people might have a type of radiotherapy called stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR).

Follow up

You will have regular check-up appointments at the hospital. Your doctor will examine you and ask about any side effects or symptoms. You will also have blood tests. You may also have an x-ray of your chest or CT scan. If you have any new symptoms between appointments, let your doctor or nurse know.

Body image

The effects of your treatment might affect how you think and feel about your body. Talk to your nurse if you have concerns about your body image.

Sex and fertility

Cancer and its treatment can sometimes have an effect on your sex life. If you are worried about this talk to your doctor or nurse. You can read about things that may help in our information on cancer and sex.

Some cancer treatments may affect your fertility. If you are worried about your fertility it is important to talk with your doctor before you start treatment. We have more information about:

Well-being and recovery

Even if you already have a healthy lifestyle, you may choose to make some positive lifestyle changes after treatment.

Making small changes such as eating well and keeping active can improve your health and well-being and help your body recover.

Getting support

Everyone has their own way of dealing with illness and the different emotions they experience. You may find it helpful to talk to your family and friends, or your doctor or nurse.

Organisations such as Sarcoma UK and GIST Cancer UK can provide information and support. Cancer52 works to improve the quality of life for people with rare cancers. Macmillan is also here to support you. If you would like to talk, you can:

Below is a sample of the sources used in our GIST information. If you would like more information about the sources we use, please contact us at cancerinformationteam@macmillan.org.uk

Gronchi A, Miah AB et al. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 2021; 32, 11, 1348-1365 [accessed May 2022].

Casali PG, Blay JY et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 2022; 33,1, 20-33 [accessed May 2022].

This information has been written, revised and edited by Macmillan Cancer Support's Cancer Information Development team. It has been reviewed by expert medical and health professionals and people living with cancer. It has been approved by senior medical editor Fiona Cowie, Consultant Clinical Oncologist.

Our cancer information has been awarded the PIF TICK. Created by the Patient Information Forum, this quality mark shows we meet PIF's 10 criteria for trustworthy health information.

The language we use

We want everyone affected by cancer to feel our information is written for them.

We want our information to be as clear as possible. To do this, we try to:

use plain English

explain medical words

use short sentences

use illustrations to explain text

structure the information clearly

make sure important points are clear.

We use gender-inclusive language and talk to our readers as 'you' so that everyone feels included. Where clinically necessary we use the terms 'men' and 'women' or 'male' and 'female'. For example, we do so when talking about parts of the body or mentioning statistics or research about who is affected.

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Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare cancers that develop in the digestive system. Explore the symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment here.

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What It's Like to Have an MRI Scan | Cancer Research UK

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LGBTQ+ people and cancer audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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The Cinnamon Trust: the national charity for older people, the terminally ill and their pets

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The Cinnamon Trust: the national charity for older people, the terminally ill and their pets

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The National Charity for older people, the terminally ill and their pets

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Goodnight Acid Reflux, Hello Sleep! Bed Wedge special offer from the OPA

Welcome to the OPA Cancer Charity
The OPA has led the fight against oesophageal and gastric cancers for over 30 years. Their purpose is to support patients, families, carers and to raise awareness of these cancers and their prevention. Whatever stage you're at the OPA is here to help you.

With up to 20% of the population experiencing regular Reflux symptoms. Click here for the Eligibility & symptom checker.

Suffering from Gastro Oesophageal Reflux Disease? Click here for the Diagnosis tool questionnaire.

Did you know? LINX surgery can really help to improve life on a daily basis. Click here to read testimonials.

Our Patron Fiona Wade
Watch our patron Fiona Wade - best known for playing Priya Sharma in Emmerdale - talk about her involvement with the OPA.

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The Oesophageal Patients Association - Cancer Charity

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Goodnight Acid Reflux, Hello Sleep! Bed Wedge special offer from the OPA The OPA has led the fight against oesophageal and gastric cancers for over 30 years. Their purpose is to support patients, families, carers and to raise awareness of these cancers and their prevention.

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Barium swallow and meal procedure

The test usually takes about 20 minutes. You can take someone to the hospital with you, but they won't usually be able to come into the X-ray room. A member of staff will explain what's going to happen.

A radiologist will carry out your procedure. This is a doctor who specialises in using X-rays and scans to diagnose medical conditions. A radiographer will help. This is a health professional trained to take X-rays and scans.

Preparing for the test

First, you undress in a private cubicle, remove any metal or jewellery and put on a hospital gown. Your radiographer will take you to the X-ray room. They'll ask you to stand in front of an upright X-ray table, in front of an X-ray camera and make sure you're in the correct position.

Your radiologist will ask you to drink a white liquid that contains barium. The liquid is a bit like a chalky milkshake. They may offer you a choice of flavours, such as chocolate and strawberry, but this isn't always available. Barium isn't all that pleasant to drink, but most people manage without any problems.

If you're having a barium meal, your radiologist may ask you to swallow some granules. These dissolve in your stomach and fizz up to produce gas. This expands your stomach, which helps make the X-ray pictures clearer. You may feel the need to burp, but it's important to hold the air in if you can.

Your radiologist may also give you an injection to relax the muscles of your stomach and stop it moving. Tell the doctor if you have heart problems or an eye disease called glaucoma. It's important that they know, as having one or both of these conditions means you can't have the injection.

During the test

During the test your radiologist will take several X-ray images, or a moving series of images, with you in different positions. The X-ray table may slowly tilt until you're lying down for some of the images. Your radiologist may ask you to hold your breath for a few seconds at times. And they may ask you to swallow more barium. They may also ask you to eat some marshmallow or biscuit to see how it goes down as you swallow.

Throughout your procedure your radiographer and radiologist will explain what's happening, and what they need you to do. If you have any questions or concerns, it's OK to ask.

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Barium swallow and meal: What to expect | Bupa UK

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Find out more information from Bupa about barium swallow and meal. Learn about how to prepare and what happens during and after a barium swallow and meal.

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Cancer is a difficult topic to talk about. You might have doubts or concerns about talking to your kids about a cancer diagnosis. It is not easy to decide what or when to tell them.

The information on this page aims to help you talk to children about cancer. We use the term 'your child' and 'your cancer' on this page. But of course, the information is not only for parents. It is for anyone who is talking about cancer with a child.

Be as prepared as you can be - there are resources to support and help you

Take your time - you don't have to tell them everything at once

You can say "I don't know" to questions for which you don't know the answer

Reassure children that they will still be loved and cared for, whatever happens

Why does talking about cancer help children?

All adults want to protect children from the pain of knowing that someone they care about is ill. You might be struggling to cope with the diagnosis or prognosis. So you may not feel ready to have difficult conversations.

You might also be worried about how your child will react, and about how to answer their questions.

Being open and honest is almost always the best way with children. Remember that uncertainty or not knowing may be harder for them to cope with than the truth.

There are many benefits to being open with children:

Children pick up on things not being right, even if they haven't been told. They notice changes in atmosphere and routine. Not talking about what is happening can leave them worrying on their own.

Children have big imaginations and will fill in the gaps. Their fears about what is going on can be worse than the real situation. The uncertainty or not knowing might be harder to cope with than the truth.

Children might find out another way if friends and family know about the cancer. Keeping a big secret is stressful. It might be that they may feel that they can not trust you, or feel they are not included in the family.

What do children understand about cancer?

As children get older, they can usually understand more about illness and treatment. But it depends on the child. Age is only a general guide to what children understand.

Your child's understanding depends on how they think and learn. It also depends on their previous experience of illnesses such as cancer.

Very young children don't really understand about illness or cancer. But they can pick up on your feelings and will notice physical changes.

Preschool and young primary age children have a basic understanding of illness. They often worry that something they have done has caused the cancer. Or that the cancer is catching (contagious).

Older children have a better understanding of how the body works. They are beginning to understand that people can have serious illnesses.

Teenagers might understand in more detail about cells and body organs. But older children and teenagers can still have mistaken beliefs.

Talking to your children means you can find out if they have misunderstood anything. You can then offer them the correct information, reassurance and support.

How will my child react when I tell them?

You might feel worried about how your child will react to difficult news. Their reaction might depend on many factors including:

their age

their ability to understand, express and control their emotions (emotional maturity)

how they usually cope with difficult situations

their understanding and experience of illness and cancer

their relationship with you

Many children need reassuring regularly that your illness is not their fault. Whether they show it or not, children often feel in some way to blame. And they may feel guilty for a long time.

Young children may not be able to use words to say how they are feeling. They often express their feelings through play or their mood instead. So you might see a change in your child's behaviour. Naughty or unusual behaviour might be their way of showing how upset they are.

Your child might:

seem unsettled and more clingy than usual - for example, at bedtime and school or nursery drop offs

regress back to old behaviours such as thumb sucking, tantrums or bed wetting

appear more withdrawn than usual

develop new worries and fears such as being scared of the dark or dogs

be extra well behaved to mask how they are feeling

develop some physical symptoms such as headaches or stomach pains

have trouble sleeping or have nightmares

be curious and ask questions about your cancer in a way that might feel insensitive

show no reaction at all

Being a teenager can be a time of emotional ups and downs. Teenagers can feel confused and unsure about themselves. This can make the way they deal with a parent's illness very different from that of a younger child.

Although they might be more able to talk about their feelings than younger kids, they might be less forthcoming. Their reactions can be more intense than an adult's. It is very important that they have the time to grieve about the illness and be included in what is happening.

Teenagers can find it hard to cope with cancer in the family. Just when they want to get away and become independent, they feel that they ought to be at home. This can make them feel guilty too.

They might want lots of detail about your illness and ask many questions. But some young people may feel afraid to ask too much.

It can be difficult for teenagers to ask for support. They often prefer being with their friends than their family. So they might become distant from their family and talk to their friends instead. Or they may keep it all to themselves.

You might also see a change in your teenager's behaviour or mood. Your teenager might:

become angry, moody and depressed

pretend that they are coping very well - but actually they might feeling scared and lonely

regress and behave as if they were younger

seem more anxious and withdrawn

develop some physical symptoms such as headaches or stomach pains

seem like they do not care and act as if nothing is happening

When do I tell them?

Some people tell their children as soon as they are diagnosed. You might feel it is better to wait until you have all the test results back and know a bit more about the treatment plan.

There isn't always a right time. But keeping it secret can be stressful. It is likely that your children are aware something is wrong. So, it might be best not to delay telling them for too long.

It is hard to talk to children about things that are painful for you to discuss. You might need some time to cope with your own feelings and process what you have been told.

When you are ready to talk, remember, you don't have to tell them everything straight away. This conversation is just the starting point. You can tell them that you don't know everything yet. But you can reassure them that you will tell them more when you have that information.

Telling your children

Before you tell them

Be as prepared as you can be. You could:

talk to your doctor, nurse or counsellor before you speak to your children - they can help you prepare what to say and how to answer any questions your child might have

rehearse what you are going to say or write it down

say the words 'I have cancer' aloud to yourself so it is less of a shock when you say it to your children

have some resources or props with you - they may help you talk, or may simply make the first conversations less intense

Don't worry if it doesn't go as you planned. You don't know in advance how you or your child will react. This is just the first conversation in a process, and you will have opportunities to talk about it again.

You might feel worried that your child will ask "Are you going to die?". Thinking about your answer to this question in advance can help with your anxiety.

It is important not to dismiss this question as most children will be thinking it, even if they don't say it. But how you answer it will depend a bit on your situation. It is important that you avoid lying to your children.

If you, or someone close to your child is dying, they will probably need a lot of support. You can read more about supporting children in our section about dying with cancer.

Marie Curie provide information about talking to children when someone is going to die.

Choosing the right time and place

Tips:

Try to find a quiet time to talk to your child - it is best to avoid talking before going to school or before bedtime.

The weekends are good as there is time for them to process the news and come back to you with questions

Try to be on the same eye level as them, for example on the floor or sat beside them on the sofa. You can hold their hand or be physically close.

Some people find it helps to have the conversation whilst they are doing something else.

Make sure you tell them in a safe place for them, where they can be upset or angry if they need to be.

Who should be there?

If your kids are a similar age it can be a good idea to tell them together. If you do tell them separately, try to tell them as close together as possible.

If both parents live together, it might be best to both be there. This means both of you know what was discussed, and how much your child has understood.

You could ask someone to be with you who can support both you and the children. This should be someone your child trusts, for example a friend or relative. Or you could ask a nurse or counsellor to be there to help answer their questions.

If someone else tells the children, it might be good idea to be there so you know what was said. But if you prefer not to be there, you should do what is right for you.

What do I tell them?

It might help to ask your doctor, nurse or counsellor for advice about what to say.

Tips:

You don't have to tell them everything. Give them small pieces of news, gradually building up a picture of your illness.

You can find out what they know or ask them what they want to know. Try and explain any misunderstandings.

You can ask them if they have any questions - don't assume that they have the same concerns as you. Try and answer these but you can be honest and tell them you don't know some answers.

Try and keep the conversation about what is currently happening. You don't have to predict the future or what might happen.

You can explain to your children how this might affect their daily life and routines. For example, if you are in hospital, who will take them to school or be there when they come home.

It is important to use words that your child will understand. So what you say will depend on how old your child is. Young children only need a simple explanation. You might need to repeat this. For example:
"Mummy is sick and needs to have some medicine".
You might tell older children a bit more. You can be led by your child, and the amount they want to know. You can tell them the name of the cancer and where it is in your body. You can explain a little bit about what the treatment plan is, and how this will affect you. Remember that many children do not have any fear around the word 'cancer' and they are generally curious to learn about it.

But keep it simple and use clear language. There are some useful books and websites listed on the resources page. These might help you choose words to explain different terms about cancer.

Supporting your child

It doesn't matter if you cry or show them you are upset. In fact it can help them to see that its normal to cry and be honest about feelings.

Show your children that you love them by telling them and hugging them. And remind them that they will always be looked after.

Ask them what they are worried about.

You can reassure them that you will update them when you know anything else.

Practical ways to support your child

Try and stick to normal routines

Make sure they know and understand why any changes need to happen and how these changes will affect them. Keep boundaries in place for teenagers.

Include your children in family decisions

This will help them feel more in control.

Encourage some fun activities or special time

It can be good to write these down and stick them up. This can help if you are feeling weak and tired. Your child can look ahead to a fun time in the future when you are stronger.

Have a calendar or daily timetable

For example, the kids can see when you have hospital trips. This helps them understand the changes, give them a sense of control, and helps them manage their own expectations. Remember to add non-cancer related things.

This is somewhere your children can write down and then place their worries. You can ask your children if you are allowed to look at their worries.

This may help you find out if they have any worries or misunderstandings. Young children use a lot of role play to work out the world around them.

Dealing with separation anxiety

This can be very hard for some children. One suggestion is to have a special soft toy that you wrap in your tshirt for them to cuddle. Or have two soft toys, and you keep one and they keep the other. It forms a connection that can soothe them.

Have different ways of communicating

This is within your family and wider circle. For example you could have a chalk board, family discussions or a closed Facebook group.

Keep your child's school or childcare provider up to date

This will help them know what is happening. Talk to your child first, and ask them which member of staff they would like to know about what's going on at home. Remember some teenagers do not want anyone to know, as school can be seen as a safe place away from cancer. If this is the case, try and help them see that if, for example, homework is late, the school would understand if they know what is happening at home.

Direct your teenagers to reliable websites

This is for them to find cancer information (for example, Cancer Research UK or Macmillan). Remind them not everything they hear or read on unreliable websites is true.

More information

Maudsley Learning, part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, has a set of cancer and mental wellbeing videos for people affected by cancer.

The videos have information and advice on what to do if a cancer diagnosis affects your mental health. They cover several topics, including breaking bad news, managing anxiety, common reactions to a diagnosis, and relationships.

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Cancer is a difficult topic to talk about. You might have doubts or concerns which stop you talking to your kids about a cancer diagnosis. It is not easy to decide what or when to tell them.

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Looking after someone with cancer audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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Cancer and relationships audiobook | Macmillan Cancer Support

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If you need to talk, we're here to listen. With a weekly call or visit from one of our trained Macmillan Buddies, you don't have to face cancer alone.

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Sign up for a weekly phone call or visit from one of our trained Macmillan Buddies. Our volunteers are here to talk so you don’t have to face cancer alone.

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Companions provide the free emotional and practical support you want - at home, in hospital or over the phone.

Marie Curie Hospices help anyone with an illness they're likely to die from, and those close to them, receive the care and support they need.

Hospice care

Marie Curie Nurses, healthcare assistants and palliative specialists provide nursing care and emotional support in the comfort of your own home.

Hospice care at home

We're here to help with practical information and support on all aspects of life with terminal illness, dying and bereavement.

Information and support

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Free emotional and practical companionship for people at or approaching the end of life, and those close to them.

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If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you may be able to get free or discounted travel fares. You may also be able to get a Blue Badge to help with parking costs.

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If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you may be able to get free or discounted travel fares. You may also be able to get a Blue Badge to help with parking costs.

Travelling for medical appointments can be expensive if you are having regular treatment and tests. You may be able to get help with your travel costs. Or you may be able to claim back some of the money you spend when travelling for medical reasons.

Claiming a refund

If you must travel to and from hospital for treatment, you may be able to claim a refund under the Healthcare Travel Costs Scheme (HTCS). This can cover:

your bus or train fares

some petrol costs

taxi fares - in some situations.

If you need someone to travel with you to hospital for medical reasons, you may also be able to get a refund on their travel costs.

Who can claim?

You can claim a refund if you get one of the following benefits:

You can also claim a refund if:

you get, or are named on, a valid NHS tax credit exemption certificate

you have a low income - this means you can get help with travel costs as part of the NHS Low Income Scheme.

How can I claim?

You can usually get your refund at the hospital from the cashier's office. In some cases, you may be able to get an advance payment to help you attend your appointment. You should check before you travel.

You will need to bring the following things to the hospital:

Proof you are getting one of the qualifying benefits. For example, you could bring your benefit award letter, tax credit exemption card or certificate awarded under the NHS Low Income Scheme.

Proof of your travel costs, such as tickets or receipts.

Proof of your appointment, such as your appointment letter or card.

Some voluntary organisations have drivers who can take people to hospital and other places - for example, to the shops. Check at your local library or search online for details of voluntary organisations in your area.

Hospital parking

Hospital car-parking policies are different across the UK:

If you need help when travelling, there are services and schemes available. Some services are national and will be available to you, while others will be different based on where you live.

Services available across the UK

Regional transport services

Patient Transport Services are not available across the UK, but some hospitals offer them. They provide free transport to and from hospital for people with certain needs. This includes:

people who need special medical support during their journey

people who have difficulty walking

parents or guardians of children who are being transported.

A medical professional will need to refer you to any Patient Transport Service at your hospital.

Under this scheme, people from the Highlands and Islands in Scotland can claim a refund on their travel costs to hospital. But you must live or work in the former Highlands and Islands Development Board area. If you need to travel at least 30 miles from your home or more than 5 miles by water to hospital, you can get help with the travel costs.

You must pay £10 of any fare you are claiming unless you are getting certain income-related benefits. If you need someone to travel with you, you can also get help with their travel costs. A healthcare professional must confirm this is medically necessary for you. You should ask your GP or the cash office at the hospital for a claim form.

There are schemes offering discounts on taxi fares in some areas outside London. You can ask your local council or GP what help is available in your area.

If you have problems with moving around, you may be able to get a Blue Badge. This allows you to park in parking spaces closer to where you need to go. You can usually park for free:

on streets with parking meters or pay-and-display machines for as long as you need

in disabled parking bays on streets for as long as you need, unless a sign says there is a time limit

on single or double yellow lines for up to 3 hours, unless there is a no loading sign.

You may have to pay if you are using some private car parks, such as in hospitals or supermarkets. You need to check the signs in the car park.

You must continue to follow the usual parking rules. For example, you can still get a fine if you park somewhere that could put people in danger.

You automatically qualify for a Blue Badge if you have specific medical conditions or get certain benefits. These include the following:

Getting the higher mobility component of Disability Living Allowance (DLA).

Scoring 8 points or more in the 'moving around' area of your Personal Independence Payment (PIP) assessment.

Scoring 10 points in the 'planning and following a journey' area of your Personal Independence Payment assessment, due to psychological distress. This only applies if you live in England

Scoring 12 points in the 'planning and following a journey' area of your Personal Independence Payment assessment, due to psychological distress. This applies if you live in Scotland or Wales.

For the full list of criteria to automatically qualify for a blue badge, visit GOV.UK or speak to your local council.

If you do not automatically qualify, you can still get a Blue Badge in some situations. These include if you have long-term problems with walking or severe problems using both arms.

How to apply for a badge

Your healthcare professional or a welfare rights adviser may be able to help you fill out the application forms. A Blue Badge costs up to £10 in England, £20 in Scotland and £10 in Northern Ireland. It is free in Wales.

Blue Badges usually last up to 3 years. You must reapply before your current Blue Badge expires.

Special badge schemes

There are special badge schemes for people with restricted mobility who live, study or work in areas where the Blue Badge Scheme does not apply. For example, in London there is a:

green badge for Camden

red badge for the City of London

purple badge for Kensington and Chelsea

white badge for Westminster.

Visit Disabled Motoring UK's website for more information.

Tunnels bridges and toll roads

Blue Badge holders and other disabled people pay a reduced rate, or no fee, at some river crossings, bridges and tunnels. In most cases, you must apply in advance to get a discount. Toll discounts can change, so check before you travel.

Contact your local council for advice. If you live in Northern Ireland, call the Blue Badge Unit on 0300 200 7818.

London Congestion Charge and Ultra Low Emission Zone Charge

There is a charge of £15 a day to drive within central London at certain times. If you have a Blue Badge, you do not have to pay the charge. But you must make a one-off payment of £10 to register for this discount.

If you need to pay the Congestion Charge to get to a medical appointment, you may be able to claim this money back from the hospital. A healthcare professional, such as your cancer doctor or nurse, would need to confirm you are too ill to travel on public transport. Remember to keep your receipt for the Congestion Charge so you can claim your refund.

For more information, visit tfl.gov.uk or call 0343 222 1234. You can also use textphone 020 7649 9123.

To help improve air quality, an Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) runs all the time in central London. If your vehicle does not meet certain emissions standards, you must pay a daily charge to drive within this zone. This is £12.50 a day for most types of vehicles. It is payable on top of the Congestion Charge.

If you have a Blue Badge, you still need to pay the ULEZ Charge. There is an exception if your vehicle is registered with a disabled or disabled passenger vehicle tax class. This exception applies until 26 October 2025.

You may qualify for free road tax or a scheme that helps you buy or rent a car, scooter or powered wheelchair.

Road vehicle tax exemption

You may be able to get free road tax if you are disabled. You may qualify if you get any of the following:

If you get the mobility component of PIP at the standard rate, you may qualify for a 50% discount on your road tax.

For more information, call the DVLA vehicle tax service on 0300 123 4321, or visit GOV.UK. You can also speak to your local Post Office.

Motability Scheme

Under this scheme, you can get help to hire a new car, scooter or powered wheelchair instead of getting the cash benefit of:

Contact the Motability Scheme to apply.

Seat belts

If you cannot wear a seat belt for medical reasons, you can get a medical exemption certificate from your doctor. There are also aids and adaptations that make it easier for people with disabilities to wear a seat belt. For more information, speak to your doctor or contact Living Made Easy.

There are special rates for bus, coach and train travel for eligible older people and people with disabilities.

A bus pass gives you a reduced price, or often free travel, on local buses. You can apply for a bus pass if you:

have reached State Pension age in England

are aged over 60 in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

are disabled and meet the eligibility requirements.

If you live in London, you can travel free on buses, tubes and other transport if you are aged 60 or over. This only applies to travel within London.

There may also be local support towards taxi costs.

How to apply for travel discounts

Contact your local council. You can also ask at your local bus or coach station.

The Disabled Person's Railcard gives people with mobility needs one-third off their rail fares. If you are travelling with another adult, they will also get the same discount.

A Senior Railcard allows people aged 60 or over to save one-third on rail fares. You can buy a Senior Railcard online at senior-railcard.co.uk, at a station ticket office, or by calling 0345 3000 250.

Call Translink on 028 9066 6630, or use textphone 18001 028 9066 6630.

People with mobility needs can get 50% off their bus and rail travel. To get this discount, you must apply for a travel card called a Half Fare SmartPass. A 60 Plus SmartPass allows people aged between 60 and 64 to travel free throughout Northern Ireland. A Senior SmartPass allows people aged 65 or over to travel free throughout the island of Ireland. Visit translink.co.uk.

To get an application form for a SmartPass, visit your local Translink bus or rail station, call 028 9066 6630, textphone 18001 028 9066 6630 or email smartpass@translink.co.uk.

For more information about reduced rail fares, you can check at your local train station or visit the National Rail. This website covers rail travel all over the UK.

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Transport and parking - Macmillan Cancer Support

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If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you may be able to get free or discounted travel fares. You may also be able to get a Blue Badge to help with parking costs.

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Ray of Light Wales Cancer Support was set up in 2009, for and by people who are affected by cancer.

Ray of Light recognises and understands the uncertainty, fear and change that comes with a cancer diagnosis. Every year in Wales over 19,000 are diagnosed with cancer but the impact of this diagnosis is felt by far more.

We provide a confidential, safe and non-judgemental space to support people affected by cancer, and
through the turmoil of their loved one's diagnosis, whilst trying to cope with daily family life. For many this support can be a lifeline.

What we do:

We deliver a confidential service and a listening ear in a friendly, relaxed environment.

We are planning more sessions and welcome any suggestions or ideas of activities you would like to see. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram for updates.

We're celebrating 14 years!!

We rely on volunteers to support our work. All our volunteers have first-hand experience of cancer themselves and have supported a loved one through difficult times.

A big thank you to our wonderful Volunteers and Group Members.....We wouldn't be here without you!
We welcome new Volunteers - Find out more...

Our Groups

Our Groups are friendly and informal, please come along and join us for a cuppa in a friendly and supportive environment.

We provide support both online and have groups in several areas including Cardiff, Rhondda Cynon Taff, The Vale and Bridgend. We meet on a regular basis, for more information, please check our Groups page or on our Facebook page.

The Warblers,
Our Choir

Open to anyone affected by cancer, no singing ability needed, just a sense of fun! For more information, upcoming concerts and how you can get involved.

Read More...

Latest News

And the winners are...

A huge thank you to everyone who entered our Easter Online Raffle. We are pleased to announce our winners are (drum roll...) First prize of Afternoon Tea for Two at Pettigrew Tea Rooms - SYBIL FOWLER Second prize of our Easter Egg and Chocolate Hamper - ELERI DAVIES Third prize of £20 B&Q Voucher - [...]

Read more...

Resources and links

We're all in this together! We have collected together a wide range of resources and links to support groups for all types of cancer.

Read more...

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Ray of Light Cancer Support provides free support to patients, carers, friends and families affected by cancer - Ray of Light Wales

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Ray of Light Wales Cancer Support was set up in 2009, for and by people who are affected by cancer. Ray of Light recognises and understands the uncertainty, fear and change that comes with a cancer diagnosis. Every year in Wales over 19,000 are diagnosed with cancer but the impact of this diagnosis is felt [...]