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- white rhinos
kept in captivity as they are going extinct

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good and bad conditions: unkempt
suitable: conducive, adverse effects on growth
unethical/ morally wrong or reprehensible/ goes against one’s principles
Prohibition

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Sage, Debbie, Kiera, Ting Wei

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Give your own personal opinions, suggestions/ look to the future (where applicable) 

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Give your own personal opinions, suggestions/ look to the future (where applicable) 

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the laws regarding animal abuse could be tightened and consequences made more severe. surprise checks can also be conducted to ensure that the animals in captivity are treated well

Although they are placed in captivity, laws can be enforced to ensure that the enclosed area looks like their natural home, where there is enough space for them to roam about and for them to find their own food, so that they will learn how to survive by themselves, just like the same species in the wild.

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Show awareness of societal trends/ current affairs  

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Show awareness of societal trends/ current affairs  

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https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/nov/21/animals-bred-in-captivity-develop-physical-changes-that-may-hinder-survival-in-the-wild-research-finds

https://petkeen.com/animals-in-captivity-statistics/#4_Its_estimated_that_of_all_animals_held_by_the_World_Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums_75_of_them_have_been_abused

https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/mauling-escapes-and-abuse-6-small-zoos-80-sick-or-dead-animals/2015/09/18/dff46f10-2581-11e5-b77f-eb13a215f593_story.html

It’s estimated that of all animals held by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, 75% of them have been abused.

furthermore, research shows that animals bred in captivity are more likely to experience significant physical and behavioural changes which may disadvantage themselves in the case where they are released into the wild.

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Animals bred in captivity experience significant physical and behavioural changes that may disadvantage their survival chances once released into the wild, a wide-ranging research review has found.

Analysis from the Australian National University shows "captive environments drastically alter selection pressures on animals", with documented differences in many species.

The ANU's Dr Dejan Stojanovic, a study co-author, said that "seemingly isolated examples of major changes to animal phenotypes" were part of a trend that had gone unnoticed for decades. "It's a global thing that affects everything from butterflies through to elephants," he said.

The review drew together existing international and Australian research. Captive-bred lions and other carnivores, for example, have differing skull bone shapes and weaker bite force, likely due to a diet of ground meat. In captivity, monarch butterflies, whose migrations normally span thousands of kilometres, lose their migratory tendency, are unable to orient south, and have different wing shape and weaker grip strength.

Australian examples included:

The critically endangered orange-bellied parrot, whose wing shape has changed in captivity.

Male regent honeyeaters - also critically endangered - whose songs are shorter and less complex when captive-bred, making them less attractive to mates when released.

Northern quolls - which are endangered - that lost their aversion to predators within 13 generations (roughly 13 years) of being introduced to a predator-free offshore island.

Stojanovic, who has studied the conservation and breeding biology of orange-bellied parrots for years, said captive birds had less pointed and shorter wings. "That shape is less suited to migration."

Orange-bellied parrots are highly dependent on captive breeding. "Wild birds are fully mixed with the captive birds genetically," Stojanovic said. He and his collaborators are now investigating whether the changes in wing shape are linked to high mortality rates seen when the parrots migrate between Tasmania and the Australian mainland.

The review's authors pointed to the success of "adaptive management", an iterative process Stojanovic described as "learning by doing, where every effort should be treated as a mini-experiment with a long-term aim in mind".

He cited lessons learned from earlier efforts in parrot conservation. "Between 1999 and 2009, 423 orange-bellied parrots were released at Birch's Inlet near Strahan in western Tasmania, and all of them died," Stojanovic said.

"In the subsequent years approaches have been adapted and ... here we are [now] with the largest population in the wild of orange-bellied parrots that there's been in a really long time - with a clear positive contribution from the captive populations."

Dr Ben Pitcher, a behavioural biologist at the Taronga Conservation Society who was not involved in the review, said it reflected discussions already under way in the field of conservation breeding.

"If we could avoid having to do a breeding program in the first place, we would," Pitcher said. "The most successful and cost-effective method is to do early intervention so that a species never gets to the point where [it needs] reintroducing."

Dr Marissa Parrott, a reproductive biologist at Zoos Victoria said captive breeding was now an essential tool.

"The IUCN [International Union for Conservation of Nature] recommends more than 2,000 species globally will need captive-breeding programs to not become extinct," she said.

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The eastern barred bandicoot was reclassified from 'extinct in the wild' to 'endangered' after a decades-long breeding program. Photograph: Zoos Victoria/AFP/Getty Images

Parrott cited Zoos Victoria's decades-long eastern barred bandicoot program - which involved genotyping animals, and predator recognition and avoidance training - as a successful example of adaptive management. Last year, the species was reclassified from "extinct in the wild" to "endangered" - the first time such a status change has occurred in Australia.

"Our captive-breeding program, which we've had for 33 years, could be shut down," she said.

Scientific advancements over the past few decades had resulted in conservation efforts that better approximated the wild environment and biology of a species, Parrott said. As an example, research she co-authored found that wild and captive Tasmanian devils had similar patterns of tooth wear, albeit at slightly different rates.

Pitcher, who has worked on regent honeyeater conservation efforts, says the program is combating song loss in captive-bred honeyeaters by playing them recorded songs sung by wild birds. "We've got a group of tutored zoo-raised birds that are singing pretty well, and we're hoping that they might be able to become tutors for the next generation."

"The thing we've got to remember when we're releasing these animals is there's a reason they're not in the environment," Pitcher said. "The No 1 challenge for any reintroduction program is addressing those key threatening processes in the wild," he added, citing invasive predators as an example.

Eric Woehler, convener of BirdLife Tasmania, added that habitat loss and fragmentation have been the primary drivers of biodiversity loss in Australia for almost half a century.

"It's pretty clear that as we are facing an ever increasing extinction crisis ... we need to come up with new methods to protect what we have left," he said. "Captive-breeding programs must be one component of a repertoire of methods that we have available to us."

The ANU analysis was published in the journal Biological Reviews.

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Animals bred in captivity develop physical changes that may hinder survival in the wild, research finds

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Animals bred in captivity experience significant physical and behavioural changes that may disadvantage their survival chances once released into the wild, a wide-ranging research review has found. Analysis from the Australian National University shows "captive environments drastically alter selection pressures on animals", with documented differences in many species.

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Supported with personal experiences/ observations 

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Supported with personal experiences/ observations 

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example where animals in captivity is okay: in the zoo
- although animals are kept somewhat in captivity, animals in the singapore zoo are still free to roam around their large enclosures that mimic their natural environments and do whatever they desire. they also receive very good care with zookeepers understanding each animals’ different needs.
-animals that have a condition that causes them to be unable to thrive in their natural habitat can be cared for in the zoo as well, instead of getting killed in the wild quickly
-a japanese zoo allows penguins to roam about the zoo outside their enclosure which is good to keep them healthy as they can exercise in this way and have some enrichment

examples where animals in captivity is bad:
-circuses that train animals such as elephants and bears often
do not take good care of them and force them to do tricks to amuse the audience that they would not naturally do. they are also kept in captivity in unfavourable conditions, such as a cage that is too small for them
- some countries’ governments round up many wild horses by scaring them with helicopters and keep them in captivity. the horses are not treated well, and they would starve and suffer until their death unless they get bought by someone.

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Point: What is your stand in response to the question? 

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Point: What is your stand in response to the question? 

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i am not against animals being kept in captivity, especially the endangered, injured or disabled ones, unless it harms their instincts or if they are mistreated or abused