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Tietz, T. (2021) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and his theory of Colours, SciHi Blog. Available at: http://scihi.org/goethe-theory-colours/ (Accessed: January 1, 2023).

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Text: Change for an order that a customer requires back. On the coins states how much each is worth.

Event and Practice: Giving change and making sure that the amount the customer receives is the correct amount that is displayed on the till screen.

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Text: Poster on black background with green and white text to make it stand out more Tietz (2021) with picture of drink that has a tablet dropped in it. South Wales Police logo along the bottom along with contact information.

Events and Practice: Because of the importance of knowing the symptoms of spiking this poster is located across the venue and is in direct sight of customers. I would refer to this information if I feel like someone has possibly been spiked and take further action.

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Text: The text displays information to find out on StopTopps.com with a QR code for easier access to the site. The text also is in big red font to emphasise the importance and draws your eyes to it.

Events and Practice: The StopTopps are used on top of glasses upon customer request as part of the Union's action against spiking. These anti spike devices are located on all 3 bars that we have in the Students' Union.

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Text: A poster with information about getting fast help if a person doesn't feel safe and to ask bar staff for 'Angela'. The text is in blue, black and pink in a font that is more associated with appearing handwritten.

Events and Practice: With student safety being at the heart of the Union’s values, plastered around the bar, in the toilets and other communal spaces are the Ask for Angela posters. The intended audience for these posters are primarily students, as this is their building and pub but to any visitors too.

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Text: There are various menu and management functionality options displayed on the screen to assist in searching for a specific item. Very useful when putting through orders for convenience, These can include "Standard Spirits" and "Alcopops"

Events and Practices: These functions are used consistently within the role as our till is our point of sale, it assists us with cashing up to make sure our intake is accurate with the reports (helping our numeracy skills), the till also informs us of prices so there is no need to have handwritten or printed labels on any of the products as we are able to do a price check on different units like singles and doubles of any spirits. All while being efficient and not having to worry about writing everything we sell into a note pad it is all stored on the system for us - this will reflect the stock levels when a stock take is done at the end of every month.

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Text: A real customer order displayed on the till system separated by item and  by line next to the quantities and prices. Along with additional information about the specific transaction numbers, timestamp etc. for administrative purposes.

Event and practice: An essential part of my role is using the till system, without this I wouldn't be able to do my job as efficiently as I am now. There would be an endless paper trail and would not be beneficial for the environment to stick to paper, with digital receipts and transactions we are able to keep track of items we have charged for incase we accidentally overcharge a customer we are able to check quickly and easily.

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Text: A written copy of following on from taking the customer's order along with the table 'peg' (Number)

Events and Practice: I would now write down all their requests onto a singular ticket to pass through and communicate with the kitchen staff. The paper used is carbon paper which means two tickets are technically written at once, one to keep in the kitchen and the copy of it is handed over alongside the food so that we are aware of what order it is and what table in the bar it is going to.

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A selection of alcohol and add ins for drinks

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Text: Different brand names on bottles using various fonts for brand identity Understanding what each product is in the bottle

Events and Practices: I would often know what alcohol is what depending on the shape, colour and look. By then associating these with the logo and designs on the front labels. If there was to be a new bottle of something that I had never seen before it could take me a little while before I could then start associating all of its characteristics and linking it to the type of alcohol that the customer wants without the need to read it before pouring.

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Text: Poster to display information about the 'Challenge' policies found at all licensed premises.

Events and Practice: When I feel that a customer is under the age of 21 I have the duty to challenge them and ask them to present their ID.  The numeracy behind that is by checking the year against their date of birth just to confirm that they are old enough to purchase age restricted products at the venue.

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Text: The text shows the full measurement of 25ml in that section.

Events and Practices: Understanding the differences between a 'single' and 'double' measurement that the customer desires is the first thing to be done when fulfilling an order. The 25ml writing assures us that the alcohol stored in there is the correct measurement and is able to be poured if it appears full. To get a double I would just put the cup under the optics and wait for it to refill from the bottle and repeat the process making a total of 50ml / double.

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Designworkplan (no date) Signs and color contrast, designworkplan. Available at: https://www.designworkplan.com/read/signage-and-color-contrast (Accessed: January 6, 2023).

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Signs and color contrast

This article is an introduction to signage color and contrast. You will learn about the contrast ratio for displaying text on a colored background for signs.

Color contrast

The article will explore the meaning of color and how to differentiate color in information layers.

Contrast between the foreground and background is one of the most important factors for the ease of reading. If coloured text is used on a bright background the contrast will be weak, for optimal contrast results is white text against dark colored backgrounds. In signage & wayfinding design color is the combining factor to harmonize the sign with the environment. Color programs will distinguish signs from each other and can offer an indication of the message without having to be able to understand the language of the sign.

Basics of color groups: Color wheel

Swiss painter and designer Johannes Itten created a color wheel that is a organization of 12 color hues around in a circle showing relationships between the colors. The colors are presented in the following way:

Primary colors: Blue, red & yellow

Secondary colors: Green, orange & violet

Complementary colors: Red-orange, red-violet, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-violet & blue-green.

Goethe's Theory of Colours provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color (1810). His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel, "for the colours diametrically opposed to each other... are those which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye." (Goethe, Theory of Colours, 1810)

A Color Wheel is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle that shows relationships between primary colors, secondary colors and complementary colors. Knowing the relationship between colors is the first step in developing a color scheme for signage and wayfinding systems.

Color contrast by science

Arthur & Passini described in their book Wayfinding from 1992 a reliable calculating method to calculate the contrast difference between two colors. The formula is based on the light reflectancy (LR) readings in percentages for each of the two colors involved. By substracting the darker color from the lighter color, divided by the difference by the lighter, and multiplying by 100, we get brightness differential. When the brightness differential is 70 percent or higher the legibility is assured. When it is less, the legibility cannot be assured and those colors should not be using in that combination.

Color examples and meaning

Black is associated with power, elegance, formality, death, evil, and mystery.

With a black background the lettering tends to stand out more onto to background than with other colored backgrounds. Black is one of the few surfaces that lets other colored text work great together. Beware of too small lettering with too high contrast (white lettering), these will lead to less legibility of the text because of overwhelming background. With large lettering white on black works great. Also yellow on black is a good combination.

Advisable work areas: Airport signage, office building signs, visual overwhelming environments, hotel signage, indoor usage.

Silver (metal) is an often used color as background in sign systems. With metal signs you are able to gain a robust look & feel for the signage system. Metal has a different surface when looking at it from different angles, making it not always a good contrast with the lettering.

On a silver background almost all colors work well, even white. In future articles I will go deeper into using silver as background. Metal signs are frequently used in office signage, with black lettering it will create a very stylish look and feel.

Advisable work areas: Office signage, nameplate design, public spaces, indoor & outdoor usage.

Typography & color contrast

Not only is the contrast important also the chosen typeface will make the difference in a good or bad sign. When using too bold weighted typefaces the text will look like its expanding of the sign, when using too light weighted typefaces the text will fall back into its background. Medium or Regular weights are usually the best options to choose for a good and readable sign.

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Signs and color contrast - /designworkplan wayfinding design studio

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Signs and color contrast This article is an introduction to signage color and contrast. You will learn about the contrast ratio for displaying text on a colored background for signs. The article will explore the meaning of color and how to differentiate color in information layers.

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Text: The text shows all of the different food options that we have available throughout the day next to the prices and ingredients that the items are served with. Alongside a notice about allergens and any questions should be asked towards staff for clarity.

Events and Practices: I often find myself reading this menu everyday while taking customer orders to ensure that I am prompting the correct questions for example with the gammon, would the customer like egg or pineapple or both. This is a precautionary measurement to assist me with my job so that the customer doesn't have to return to the bar and say they did or didn't want a certain ingredient.

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Text: List of products needed from stock to be brought upstairs to the bar from doing a stock count.

Events and Practices: I use stock lists whenever I am in the bar to ensure that there is enough of each products for customers to enjoy and a great way to keep track of this is by writing a list of everything needed so it can all be obtained in one go to be ready to put on display.