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The Muslim conquest of Al-Andalus, also known as the Islamic conquest of Iberia, began in 711 when the Muslim forces of North Africa, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic army of Spain and the Visigoth King Rodrigo. Over the following years, Muslim armies continued to expand their control over the region, establishing a new Islamic state known as Al-Andalus. The territory was organized as an emirate.

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Important characters:
- Tariq ibn Ziyad
- Visigoth King Rodrigo

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The Emirate of Al-Andalus was established in 756 after the Abbasid Revolution in the Islamic world. Abd al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad dynasty, proclaimed himself the independent emir of Al-Andalus and established the capital in Cordoba. In this time, they suffered numerous conflicts. Under his successors, the emirate expanded its territory, successfully repelling attacks from both the Franks and Vikings. Finally, the Muladis, who felt discriminated by the Arab minority. In 929, the emir Abd ar-Rahman III declared himself the Caliph of Cordoba, establishing a fully independent Islamic state

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Important characters:
- Abd al-Rahman I
- Abd ar-Rahman III

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The Cordoba Caliphate was the successor state to the Emirate of Al-Andalus, established in 929 by the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman III. He reorganized the army and conducted punitive expeditions against the peninsular Christian kingdoms. His successor, Hisham ll, delegated government to Almanzor. However, the caliphate began to weaken in the 11th century due to internal conflicts and external pressures from the Christian kingdoms to the north, leading to its eventual collapse in 1031.

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Important characters:
- Abd ar-Rahman III
- Hisham II