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According to Charles Darwin (1868), poultry was a practice discovered in South East Asia where Darwin concluded that Gallus Bankiva was an ancestry to the chicken that we’ve been consuming today, which was dated 7,000 years ago.

However, scientists believed that the primary domesticated bird has hybridized with Gallus Bonnaratii throughout the years due to changes in genetics. Moreover, scientific proof has also found that the Grey Jungle-fowl can be seen in the Chinese Brahmas and the Indian Gamebird  also identified as Cornish (The Ohio State University, 2019).

Joris Peters et al (2022), claimed the expansion of poultry began with the history of cockfighting, which was believed to be originated in South East Asia. Additionally, through colonization of countries and trading, the concept of poultry has been broadcasted globally from South East Asia to Middle Eastern and Europe.

Modernised genetics and dietetics research have contributed to poultry farming. As the population has been growing, the demand for the poultry industry has also increased especially in the late 19th and earlier 20th centuries (Naushad Khan, et al,2021).

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The breed type of the chicken can be classified into 5 which are Americal class, Mediterranean class, English class, Asiatic class, Continental class. Some examples include:-

Moreover, these breeds can be further categorized as whether they are broiler or layer production.

Broiler breed - Cornish, Orpington, and Plymouth Rock.

Layer breed - Rhode Island, White Leghorn, and Ancona.

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The main purpose of poultry is the significant role of high-quality protein in the diet of humans. However, a few benefits that might include in terms of the farmers and the economy;

Farmers

Create earnings for the farmers

Poultry faeces can be used as fertilizers

Encourage farmers to educate on research and innovation

Economy

Provides employment possibilities

Generates economic growth as poultry is always in demand

Reducing poverty

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1.    Breeder farm

In the breeder farm, the roosters fertilise the eggs inside the hens.

The hens, then go into a nest and lay the eggs.

The fertilized eggs are then collected by the farmer and transferred into the hatchery.

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2.    Hatchery

At the hatchery, the eggs are first disinfected to prevent contamination.

Then, the eggs are placed inside an incubator for 19 days.

The eggs are rotated 45 degrees every hour to imitate a hen moving the egg in a farm setting.

Rotating the eggs also helps keep the embryo from sticking to the side of the shell.

After 19 days, the eggs are moved to the hatching room.

Once the baby chicks are hatched, the chicks are counted and collected into containers to transfer them into a broiler farm.

Some companies will inspect the chicks first to avoid the chicks from being stressed.

Some companies also use a vaccine mist to protect them from common poultry illnesses.

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3.    Broiler farm

In the broiler farm, the chicks are welcomed by the broiler hatching egg farmers.

The broiler hatching egg farmers raise the hens and also roosters.

There are 2 stages in the broiler farm which are rearing and breeding.

During the rearing stage, the pullet and the young roosters are separated due to their different growth rates and nutritional requirements.

The males and females will later be transferred to the breeding barn.

The age at which hens start laying eggs is roughly 26 weeks. Approximately 35 to 40 weeks later, when their anticipated lay period ends, they will produce between 145 and 150 eggs.

Once the eggs are laid, they slowly roll from the nest box onto a conveyor belt to an egg gathering station in broiler breeder farms' automated egg gathering systems.

Only the best broiler hatching eggs are delivered to the hatchery to be hatched into broiler chicks, which happens numerous times every day.

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The adoption of the fourth industrial revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) technology in poultry farming is capable of helping farmers in managing the breeder farm, hatchery and broiler farm while maintaining high quality production as well as reducing contamination or influence from outside. Industry 4.0 describes the growing trend towards automation and data exchange in technology and processes within the manufacturing industry, including: The internet of things (IoT), The industrial internet of things (IIoT), Cyber-physical systems (CPS), Smart manufacture, Smart factories, Cloud computing, Cognitive computing, Artificial intelligence [1].

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Importance of IR4.0 in poultry farming (cont)

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Importance of IR4.0 in poultry farming (cont)

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How important is IR 4.0 in poultry farming? Based on the videos we have seen, there are 3 different poultry farms with similar management systems where smart and autonomous systems are used. There is broiler breeder farm A, broiler breeder farm B and hatchery, and broiler farm. In farm A, automatic egg gathering systems are used to collect eggs from hens using a rolling fabric belt. This is set to be done four times a day so that the eggs are not clumped together on the belt. Also, it reduces the amount of ‘floor eggs’ which is literally the eggs that have fallen on the floor. Similarly, farm B also has their eggs collected the same way and uses an automated hatching egg packer to assist the breeders in grading and packing the hatching eggs. While this smart system is saving the breeders’ time and energy, it may also reduce the pressure of egg demand.

Moreover, farm B built a ‘curtain wall’ building that senses the outdoor temperature. In conditions where the temperature is warm, the building will convert into a modern tunnel ventilated building, but it will go into a natural ventilation mode where the curtains raise or lower during moderate temperature. This system uses sensors which is an example of a cyber-physical system, to provide optimum temperature for the chickens. A cyber-physical system is a computer system in which a mechanism is controlled by computer-based algorithms [2]. This building is also equipped with a barn scraper that removes the manure from inside the building and is automated through a controller. This gives benefits to the breeder in terms of rodent and fly control as well as air quality.

Furthermore, in the hatchery, after the eggs are incubated, they are passed through an embryo detection machine to check the heartbeats before they go into the hatcher. Additionally, the machine will show on screen which eggs are fertile and which are not. Autonomous transfer system will then pick up only the fertile eggs to ensure there is no bacterial infection from the decomposition of non-viable embryos (non-fertile eggs). We think that this system falls under smart manufacture since it provides efficiency in egg production. Smart manufacturing processes provide better connection and communication across manufacturing systems [3]. Climate controlled hatcher and trailer are also available in hatchery farms where the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide can be controlled with food and water can be accessed by the chicks. With the right climate conditions and viable feeds, the chicks would be less stressed and less likely to scream. This may guarantee that the chicks would grow healthily. Hence, the use of antibiotics in chickens can be avoided if the system in this hatchery is modeled.

Interestingly, in the broiler farm, the married couple are able to monitor the temperature in the barn remotely from home with the help of sensors in the shed. On top of that, they have alarms that are remotely monitored every minute, hour and day as well. In conclusion, Industrial Revolution 4.0 is crucial in poultry farming because not only is it convenient for the breeders and consumers, it is also guaranteeing food security and quality as well as the well-being of chicks and chickens.

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Is animal welfare an important aspect in animal farming? Discuss on animal welfare can be taken care of.

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Is animal welfare an important aspect in animal farming? Discuss on animal welfare can be taken care of.

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Animal welfare is an important aspect in animal farming and this fact cannot be argued with. Whether it concerns the quality of the product they produce where stress factors and poor welfare can lead to increased susceptibility to transmissible diseases among animals or the ethical issues related to the animal themselves as these animals are to sentient beings.

There is knowledge that societal concerns have led to a rise in practices that conform to a standard that is right and good which is in short making sure that animal welfare is well taken care of. There are myriad of ways in which animal welfare is taken care of such taking care of the welfare of the animals during farming, transport, and slaughter.

During the process of farming and keeping animals in a farm, the farmers themselves have to ensure that the animals are given the right diet for optimal growth and health. Areas in which the animal resides in has to be appropriate for the certain animal. Adding on, the right knowledge on the handling the animals on the farm by the farmer should be sufficient as this will be able to ensure a healthy animal.  Moreover, harmful practices that are practiced on pigs, sheep and dairy cattle should be avoided such as tail docking which usually involves cruel methods such as cutting with a knife or scalpel, cutting with a hot docking iron, or application of a constrictive rubber ring.

To add on during the transport process of animals, many essential requirements are to be taken into account such as the fitness of the animal, the age of the animal, the space the animal has during transport and also the morality of the person attending and accompanying the animal. When it comes to the fitness of the animal, they should be of good health taking into consideration heavily pregnant females, any open wounds, and are not carrying diseases that can be spread towards their cell mates. What’s more, it is not encouraged to transport any newborn mammal in which their navel is not fully healed. Additionally, the space in which these animals are transported in need to have appropriate space according to their size, contain bedding and sufficient food and water if the transport is long, hygienic and lastly be sturdy enough as to withstand the weight of the animal. Lastly, the person who attends to the animal must avoid abusing the animal, such as causing the animal mental stress, prodding the animal in a sensitive place, poke the animal with a sharp object on many more.

Following that, during the slaughter of the animal, the most ethical practice would be to minimize the pain, suffering and distress of the animal. Some main principals are killing is instant, the animal is instantly made unconscious, stunned, the method of killing is not aversive or unpleasant. Some main methods of slaughter practiced around the world would be electrocuting the animal by stunning them, percussive in which the head is dealt with a deadly blow, controlled atmosphere in which oxygen gas is limited to the animal and lastly bleeding in which the that varies from species to species.

To conclude animal welfare during the time in which they are alive should be prioritized. These animals are sentient being able to feel emotion such as happiness and distress. Respecting them through providing them a comfortable environment is the least we could do when they provide us humans sustenance.

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