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Although many Afghans, particularly in the country's capital, Kabul, dress in Western style, there is a basic uniform for men, women, and children that includes pants gathered at the waist, a loose-fitting shirt or dress, and some type of head covering. This mix of attire dates back to the early medieval period and the arrival of Islam, and throughout the years, various variants on this subject have emerged in Afghanistan. Certain garments have social significance within various groups. The turban, for example, is an important male item of attire. Among the Pashtuns and Baluchis, for instance, a boy may mark his passage into manhood by being allowed to wear a turban (Condra, 2013).

Condra, J. (2013). Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing around the World. ABC-CLIO.

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When refugees from Afghanistan arrive in Australia, they may face various health issues. One common health concern would be mental health problems due to the trauma experiences before and during their displacement. Many refugees may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or other mental health conditions (Paxton et al., 2024).

Paxton, G., Singleton, G., Hocking, D., & Gardiner, J. (2024). Mental Health» Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

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I've gained a deeper understanding of domain 1.2 and insight into better ways to provide care that respects and incorporates individuals' cultural backgrounds. Acknowledging different cultures' diverse beliefs, values, and practices is crucial to deliver effective and respectful healthcare services. By embracing cultural responsiveness in clinical practice, I will take on board to approach each person with sensitivity and understanding, ensuring that their cultural perspectives are valued and integrated into care. It's been enlightening to see how this approach fosters trust, improves communication, and ultimately leads to more positive health outcomes for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Munnings, K., Laidler, L., Ramsay Health Care Australia, O’Donovan, K., Patetsos, M., Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia, Phillips, C., Philp, A., Australian Government Department of Health, Schreiber, J., Sdrinis, S., Ward, K., Wright, M., Australian College of Nursing, Abbasova, G., & Sarafian, C. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. In L. Martinez & O. Dandash (Eds.), COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Afghanistan, situated in South and Central Asia, borders Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and China. The Hindu Kush Mountain range shapes the breathtaking vistas of the country; however, their presence presents transportation challenges. Despite the beauty of the country, unfortunately, Afghanistan has a tumultuous history marked by conflicts such as the Soviet Invasion in the 1980’s and a more recent war with the Taliban. Climate change is causing more frequent, intense natural catastrophes to strike areas already ravaged by conflict. Even before the Taliban returned, a severe drought had decimated crops and depleted groundwater (UNHCR Australia -, 2022).

UNHCR Australia -. (2022, December 12). Five things you should know about Afghanistan. UNHCR Australia. https://www.unhcr.org/au/news/stories/five-things-you-should-know-about-afghanistan

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Afghan refugees often believe some ailments are caused by heat and cold imbalances. Hot and cold foods and beverages may be considered necessary in treating illnesses induced by temperature imbalances. Some think that disease might be caused by bad spirits, the evil eye, witchcraft, or God's will. Some Afghan refugees believe that Western medicine is inadequate in curing these unnatural ailments and instead rely on prayer and Koranic verses. Home cures produced from boiling herbs and plants are popular and may be favoured over Western medication, especially among the elderly. Exercise, diet, warmth, and sleep are all considered essential for sickness prevention. Islam also places a high value on personal hygiene (ADHS, n.d).

Arizona Department of Health Services. (n.d.). community profile: Afghan.

Retrieved from www.azdhs.org.

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Afghanistan is a diverse country where many languages are spoken. Pashto and Dari are the official languages spoken, with Pashto predominant in the south and east and Dari prevalent in the west and north. Minority communities also speak various languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, and Balochi. The language variety of Afghanistan reflects its rich cultural legacy and history. There are other more frequently spoken dialects, such as Hazaragi, a Persian dialect similar to Dari (SCA, n.d.).

SCA. (n.d.). Languages in Afghanistan – SCA. https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/language/

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Social Determinants and Non-Discrimination 

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Social Determinants and Non-Discrimination 

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The World Health Organisation underlines social determinants and non-discrimination affect the health of Afghan refugees. These elements have a significant impact on the well-being of the refugees. Social inclusion and nondiscrimination have a beneficial effect on their mental and physical health by providing them with a sense of belonging and ensuring they have extra assistance at difficult times. By fostering an environment that values diversity and combats discrimination, Australia can improve the health outcomes of Afghan refugees. This inclusive approach not only promotes individual health but also helps to establish a better, more united society for all (WHO, 2024).

World Health Organization. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1