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Social inclusion and non-discrimination WHO 

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination WHO 

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are critical WHO social determinants of health (WHO, 2024), impacting Sudanese refugees arriving in Australia. Social inclusion is vital for mental health as it reduces isolation and develops a sense of belonging (WHO, 2024). Ensuring access to healthcare, education, and employment through non-discrimination leads to improved overall health outcomes (Refugee Council Of Australia, 2023).  For Sudanese refugees, these factors are essential in overcoming barriers to healthcare, mitigating the risk of chronic illness, and enhancing resilience against mental health challenges (Refugee Council of Australia, 2019).

Citation

CYD, A. (2023, June 13). Social Inclusion and non-discrimination day - cyd ingeniería: Proyectos de Construcción e Infraestructura: Servicios de Ingeniería. CyD Ingeniería | Proyectos de Construcción e Infraestructura | Servicios de Ingeniería. https://cydingenieria.cl/social-inclusion-and-non-discrimination-day/?lang=en

Refugee Council Of Australia . (2023, March 28). Refugee response index australia review: Refugees become self-reliant (pillar 4). Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/rri-refugees-become-self-reliant/

Refugee Council of Australia. (2019, December 26). Settling in Australia: The challenges. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/settlement-challenges/

WHO. (2024b, June 17). Social Determinants of Health. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/social-determinants-of-health#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20describes%20social%20determinants,and%20systems%20shaping%20the%20conditions%20of%20daily%20life.

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Many Sudanese refugees practice herbal and traditional health remedies (Karar & Kuhnert, 2017). These practices are often limited by a lack of availability of herbs and a lack of specialists to prepare them; Sudanese refugees may be unfamiliar with a formal health system; 90% of Sudan's population depends mainly on traditional medicine since admission to hospitals and obtaining modern synthetic drugs are limited (Karar & Kuhnert, 2017). Different plant parts, including leaf, stem, root, fruit, seed and bark, aerial part, and whole plant, are used to prepare medicines(Karar & Kuhnert, 2017).

Citation

Karar, M. G. E., & Kuhnert, N. (2017). Herbal drugs from Sudan: Traditional uses and phytoconstituents. Pharmacognosy reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628527/

Yahoo! (2024). Sudanease+Herbal+Medican. Yahoo! https://au.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrO82hCyLFmTdoGxCAL5gt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=sudanease%2Bherbal%2Bmedican&fr2=piv-web&type=E210AU714G0&fr=mcafee#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgenerouspharma.com%2Fimages%2Fblog%2Fexploring-herbal-and-natural-remedies-in-sudanese-traditional-medicine.jpg&action=click

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Health concerns of Sudanese refugees; Schistosomiasis

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Health concerns of Sudanese refugees; Schistosomiasis

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Sudan is included in the Country-specific recommendations for schistosomiasis (Foundation House, 2024). Schistosomiasis is a parasite caused by several species of Schistosoma (Lee et al., 2015). This remains a primary public health concern for the Sudanese people. The veins surrounding the intestines and bladder become host to these worms. The host releases the eggs in their feces or urine, which hatch in water. When people come into contact with contaminated fresh water, they typically become ill (Lee et al., 2015).

The primary method of diagnosis is examining stool and urine for ova  (Lee et al., 2015). Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in the stool, liver and spleen enlargement—hypertension—and hypertension of the abdominal blood (WHO, 2022).

Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide Recommendations (Clifford et al., 2024)

Schistosomiasis serology blood test for people living in or travelling through endemic countries.

If serology is negative, there is no follow-up.

If positive.

Treat with praziquantel in two doses of 20/mg/kg, 4 hours apart, orally. (40mg/kg total, no upper limit) (EBR – A)

Perform stool microscopy for ova.

Urine dipstick for haematuria and end-urine microscopy for ova if haematuria.

If positive for ova on urine or stool, evaluate further for end-organ disease with ultrasound and LFTs.

Seek advice from a pediatric specialist on treating children <5 years.

(Clifford et al., 2024)

Citation

Clifford, V., Phillips, C., & Davis, J. D. S. (2024). Schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/schistosomiasis/

Lee, Y.-H., Jeong, H. G., Kong, W. H., Lee, S.-H., Cho, H.-I., Nam, H.-S., Ismail, H. A., Alla, G. N., Oh, C. H., & Hong, S.-T. (2015). Reduction of urogenital schistosomiasis with an integrated control project in Sudan. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003423

Foundation House. (2024). Country-specific recommendations for malaria and schistosomiasis. Country-specific recommendations for malaria and schistosomiasis " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/malaria-schistosomiasis-and-hep-c-screening/

WHO. (2022). Schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

WHO. (2024). Working together to eliminate schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. https://www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-events/launch2013-schistosomiasis.html#:~:text=An%20estimated%205.8%20million%20people,Sudan%20on%2027%20August%202013.

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Islam is the recognized official religion of Sudan (Evason, 2018), with the vast majority of Muslims following Sunni Islam (Evason, 2018). Religion is a significant part of national politics and significantly impacts daily life. The majority of the public's personal, political, and legal lives are profoundly impacted by it (Evason, 2018). Sudanese people often adhere to strict dietary rules, pray regularly, and wear symbols of faith to demonstrate their religion (Evason, 2018). Other religions practised include Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, Syrian Maronites, Greek Orthodox Christians, and Christians from the Sudanese culture (Evason, 2018).

Citation:

Amin, M. A. (2020). Middle East Eye. Sudan Government Hesitates after Declaration Separating Religion and State. Khartoum. Retrieved 2024, from https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-separation-religion-state-government-hesitation.

Evason, N. (2018). North Sudanese - religion. Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/north-sudanese-culture/north-sudanese-culture-religion

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Sudanese culture has a rich and diverse musical heritage originating in traditional, rural, northeastern African music. It also reflects influences from Arabic, Western, and other African sounds (Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, 2024).

Citation:

Doob, A. (2020, July 29). ReXus - Alila Doob - الليلة دوب | ZR Cover. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBGhyPbTwFI&list=PL2ws2SW3-UXx-Al_TyszbricI41VKZCSG

Embassy of the Republic of The Sudan. (2024). Sudanese Music. Embassy of the Republic of The Sudan | The Hague, The Netherlands. https://www.sudanembassy.nl/sudanese-music/

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Kisra is a traditional staple meal enjoyed in Sudanese culture; more than 50% of the population in Sudan is suffering from poverty and food insecurity (Khalid et al., 2017). Kisra is prepared from sorghum flour, water and all-purpose flour, which is left to ferment overnight. (Nzeribe, 2024) Kisra Is consumed by 99.8% of Sudanese households once a week (Khalid et al., 2017) due to inadequate availability and cost of animal products, fruits, and vegetables (Khalid et al., 2017).

Citation:

Nzeribe, N. (2024, March 9). Kisra. African Food Network. https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/kisra/#recipe

Khalid, F. A., Ali, A. K. M., Ali, S. A., Mosmar, Z. Y. A., Salih, S. S. M., Salman, T. K., Desogi, M. A., Soghaier, M. A., Mohammed, E. E., & Mohammed, A. A. (2017). Households’ dietary habits and food consumption patterns in Hamishkoreib locality, Kassala State, Sudan. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 4(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2017.08.009

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Taste of South Sudan - A South Sudan food recipes, traditions, culture, beauty and mentorship.

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Kisra, Sudanese flatbread recipe - Taste of South Sudan

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Kisra, Sudanese flatbread recipe Taste of a South Sudan presents an easy step by step instructions on how to make kisra. Kisra is the staple food of Sudan, and the second staple food of South Sudan, after Asida. It is a thin leavened bread made from fermented sorghum flour and small amounts of wheat flour.

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(Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership, 2019)

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Having analysed Competency Standard 2.1 (Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership, 2019), I have concluded that obtaining patients' informed consent and educating them about the benefits and risks of procedures is essential to overcome constraints (Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership, 2019). I sincerely appreciate the significance of interpreters and how they help patients comprehend their treatment options. Using a translator helped me overcome the language barrier when I admitted a Sudanese resident to respite care, ensuring clear communication and informed consent. This event clarified my understanding of how crucial it is to overcome cultural barriers to provide outstanding treatment. My professional development and future nursing practice require understanding different cultural backgrounds to provide quality care to my patients and comply with the standards I will endeavour to provide.

Citation

Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally responsive clinical practice: Working with people ... https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf