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This article from Kpedia (Kiddlepedia) is written just for students so should be more accessible.

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In high school, Rudolph became the star basketball player for her team. She also did track for 4 years and never lost a race. When she was 16 years old, she signed up for the Summer Olympics in track. She won the bronze medal in the track events.

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This website page by the Simosonian has information, images, and a video about the life of Ann Lowe a fashion icon. A great example of our young Black girls to look admire.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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Considered one of America's most significant designers, Ann Lowe was born in Clayton, Alabama, around 1898 and reared in Montgomery.

Her mother, Janie Cole Lowe, and her grandmother, Georgia Thompkins, were skilled dressmakers who sewed for wealthy white families in the state. And they taught Lowe to sew as early as age five. By the time Lowe was six, she had developed a fondness for using scraps of fabric to make small decorative flowers patterned after the flowers she saw in the family's garden. This childhood pastime would later become the signature feature on many of her dresses and gowns. By age 10, she made her own dress patterns.

Based on the extensive scholarship of Margaret Powell, there are numerous inconsistencies related to Lowe's early life, including her actual year of birth, age at the time of her first marriage, and whether she was widowed when she left Alabama for Florida. Powell writes that Lowe indicated she dropped out of school at 14 to marry. In the same document, Powell cites U. S. Census records indicating that Lowe was "living in Dothan, Alabama, with her first husband, Lee Cone, in 1910." Based on the 1898 date of birth, she would have been 12 years old at the time of her marriage. In a 1964 Saturday Evening Post article, the reporter noted that Lowe married a man 10 years her senior shortly after her mother died in 1914, when Lowe would have been 16 or 17 years old. Lowe's son and later business partner, Arthur Lee Cone, was born a year after she married.

Lowe's mother's death was unexpected. At the time, her mother was working on four dresses for a New Year's Eve ball, at least one of which belonged to the first lady of Alabama. Lowe's successful completion of the gowns helped establish her as a skilled dressmaker in the state.

In 1916, a chance encounter in a department store with influential Tampa socialite Josephine Edwards Lee changed Lowe's life. Mrs. Lee observed that Lowe's outfit was fashionable and exceptionally well-made. Lowe informed her that she made the ensemble, which prompted Lee to invite Lowe to Florida (as a live-in dressmaker) to make the bridal gowns and trousseau for her twin daughters. After discussing the offer with her husband, who wanted her to remain a housewife, Lowe accepted the offer and moved with her son to the Lee family estate at Lake Thonotosassa in Tampa. She later described the opportunity as ". . . a chance to make all the lovely gowns I'd always dreamed of." In Tampa, she developed a list of loyal clients and supporters.

While reading a fashion magazine, Lowe, who was eager to enhance her skills, learned about the S.T. Taylor School of Design in New York City. With Mrs. Lee's encouragement, she applied for admission and was accepted.

In April 1917, Lowe left Tampa for New York. When she arrived at the S.T. Taylor School of Design, she was shunned by the school's director because of her race. He allowed her to attend the school, but segregated her in another classroom because her classmates refused to be in the same space with an African American. The sad irony was that Lowe's design abilities were far superior to her classmates, and her creations were used as models of exceptional work for the other students. Due to Lowe's advanced skill and ability, she successfully completed the program in half the required time, though accounts differ on the program's length.

Lowe worked briefly in New York before returning to Tampa. According to Powell, there are more incongruities about what she did during this period. In 1966, the Oakland Tribune quoted Lowe as saying she ". . . worked as a finisher in a Manhattan dress shop for several months." A Sepia magazine article in the same year reported that she made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a dress shop in New York after finishing design school.

Lowe returned to Tampa at a time when there were growing demands for ball gowns, cotillion wear, and other formal attire. To respond to those needs, she hired and trained 18 seamstresses and opened her own shop, the Annie Cone boutique.

Around 1920, Lowe married Caleb West, her second and last marriage. A hotel bellhop and day laborer, West and Lowe were officially married until 1942. Although initially supportive of her work, agreeing to establish her shop at their home at 1514 Jefferson St. in Tampa and moving to New York with her in 1928, the difficulties of being a successful dressmaker eventually took a toll on their marriage.

Gasparilla Celebrations, 1924-1929, 1957

Beginning in 1904, the city of Tampa organized numerous festive events named for 18th century pirate Joseˊ Gaspar. These annual celebrations were major social affairs, and each attendee wanted a lavish one-of-a-kind dress to wear. From 1924 to 1929, dressing the elite women who attended the Gasparilla balls was a primary source of creative expression for Lowe. According to information on the Plant Museum website, Lowe designed at least one dress for the Gasparilla festivities in 1957. This suggests she maintained her connections to the Gasparilla events long after she moved to New York.

New York, 1928-1972

Lowe long aspired to establish her own salon in New York, where she could make beautiful, custom gowns for women listed on the Social Registry. She left Tampa to pursue that dream. She also had $20,000 in seed money, an impressive amount of money for the time. During various interviews, she implied that the money was either from her personal savings, the Lees and a few of their friends, or a loan from Alpha Phi Alpha, Inc., an African American fraternity. It was quite possible that her savings were a combination of all those sources.

In 1928, Lowe closed the Annie Cone boutique and permanently moved to New York, where she continued to design for elite women and their families. Over the course of her life, she operated several shops in New York, including Ann Lowe Inc. at 667 Madison Ave. during the late 1940s and early 1950s; Ann Lowe Gowns at 973 Lexington Ave. in 1955; A.F. Chantilly Inc. at 558 Madison Ave. in 1965; and Ann Lowe Originals in Manhattan on Madison Avenue in 1968 until she retired in 1972. The Madison Avenue locations solidified Lowe as the first African American to have a shop on the famed fashion retail strip, and it attested to her significance as an American couturier of note.

Work for Other Design Houses

When Lowe arrived in New York, she rented a workspace at West 46th Street, where she struggled to cultivate patrons. By 1929, she had exhausted her funds. At the same time, the American stock market crashed, plunging the country into the Great Depression which lasted for 10 years. Coupled with her personal financial losses and the national disaster, Lowe was forced to work for other fashion houses, including Hattie Carnegie, Sonia Gowns, Inc., and Chez Sonia. Through those connections, she met affluent clients who were members of the Social Registry and who appreciated her unique designs and the fine quality of her craftsmanship.

Academy Award-Winning Design, 1947

In 1946, when Olivia de Havilland accepted the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the movie To Each His Own, she wore a hand-painted floral Ann Lowe original design. At the time, Lowe was working for Sonia Gowns, Inc., and that fashion house was given high praise for the gown.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Lowe made several trips to Paris fashion shows, not as a designer but as a guest fashion reporter for The New York Age, an African American newspaper. She recounted one instance in which Mrs. Marjorie Merriweather Post, a client, introduced her as "Miss Lowe, head of the American house of Ann Lowe." At the time, she was operating Ann Lowe Gowns on Lexington Avenue.

The 1950s marked a significant turning point in Lowe's life and career. She opened Ann Lowe Inc. with business partner Grace Stelhi, wife of the owner of Stelhi Silks. Located at 667 Madison Ave., Lowe was the first African American to own a couture salon on this fashionable street. By the end of 1953, the partnership had dissolved, and Lowe's son joined her as bookkeeper and supply manager. Her financial affairs improved, as she was less a businesswoman and more a couture artist.

Lowe's fairytale-like gowns appeared in Vogue and Vanity Fair magazines. Her creations were respected by renowned designers such as Christian Dior and Edith Head, and she earned key commissions and obtained greater geographical exposure from high-end luxury department stores such as Montaldo's, Neiman Marcus, and I. Magnin.

The Bouvier-Kennedy Wedding, 1953

Lowe's most historically significant commission was the bridal gown and bridal party dresses for the 1953 wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and then-Sen. John F. Kennedy, who would become president of the United States in 1961.

About 10 days before the wedding, a ruptured pipe in Lowe's building destroyed the wedding gown and 10 of the 15 bridesmaid's dresses. Lowe and her team of seamstresses recreated the dresses, but ultimately, she sustained a $2,200 loss in income. She never reported the loss to the Kennedy family.

Lowe was chosen by the bride's mother, Janet Auchincloss, with whom she had a long-standing relationship. When Janet Auchincloss married Hugh Auchincloss in 1942, Lowe created her wedding gown. She also designed the debut gown of Nina Auchincloss, Jacqueline's stepsister, which appeared in Vogue in 1955. Lowe worked for the Auchincloss family until 1957.

Evyan Perfume, 1957

In 1957, for the launch of their Great Lady perfume, the Evyan perfume house commissioned several designers, including Lowe, to duplicate 29 inaugural gowns of the American first ladies in miniature form. She created six sets of inaugural gowns based on the originals, which are on exhibit in the First Ladies' Hall at the Smithsonian Institution.

While there were many highs during this period, there were an equal number of lows for Lowe. In 1958, her son was killed in a car accident. The tragic loss marked a general decline in her financial stability, her health, and eventually her career. There was no evidence that she hired an accountant or financial adviser after her son's death. And the eyesight in her right eye continued deteriorating as a result of glaucoma. Mounting tax debts forced her to close her business in 1960.

Saks Fifth Avenue, The Adam Room, 1960-1962

In 1960, Saks Fifth Avenue was one of the leading American luxury department stores specializing in debutante and wedding gowns for elite women in the country. In 1956, Saks dedicated a space for exclusive services for these customers. Mrs. Edward Ewen Conner, the founding manager, named the space The Adam Room, in honor of Adam Gimbel, the head of Saks.

Shortly after Lowe closed her salon, Saks invited her to work in The Adam Room. The offer, a prestigious affiliation for Lowe, came with some fanfare. Saks's official ad, with a silhouette of Ann Lowe, publicized the business arrangement, declaring, "Saks Fifth Avenue takes pride in announcing that the Debut and Bridal Gown Collection created by Ann Lowe can now be found exclusively in The Adam Room."

The contract was extremely uneven and not to Lowe's advantage. In exchange for a workroom, she brought with her a coveted list of select clients. She had to purchase her own supplies and fabrics, which were of the highest quality, and she had to pay her staff. Saks set the final sale prices for the garments. Ultimately, Lowe was paid significantly less than the labor and materials she put into the dresses. By the time she realized the extent of her losses, she was deep in debt. In 1962, she left Saks and opened a small workshop on 53rd Street.

Commissioned for Balls and Coronations, 1961-1962

During her tenure at Saks, Lowe designed gowns for several major balls and coronations across the country. The Texas Rose Festival and the Nebraska Ak-Sar-Ben Coronation Ball were two of the most outstanding.

The Texas Rose Festival, Tyler, Texas, 1961 and 1962

Tyler, Texas, was considered the "Rose Capital" of America because the flower was a staple of the community. The first Tyler Rose Festival was organized by the Tyler Garden Club in 1933 to celebrate the rose industry in the area. Three years later, the annual festivities were renamed the Texas Rose Festival.

In 1961, Lousanne (Orr) Wise was chosen as the Texas Rose Festival Queen. Her gown and train were created by Lowe.

In 1962, Harriet Sue (Caldwell) MacArthur, a student at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, was crowned Queen of the Festival. That year was the silver anniversary for the Texas Rose Festival. Lowe created several dresses for Caldwell-a yellow dress for a photo shoot, her coronation gown and train (the most expensive gown created by Lowe), and her queen's ball gown of candlelight satin, accented with gold beading in a floral motif on the bodice and skirt.

Nebraska (Ak-Sar-Ben Coronation Ball), 1961

From the time it was established in 1895, the Ak-Sar-Ben Coronation Ball was one of the most sought-after dress commissions in Omaha. Initially created as a form of family entertainment that coincided with the Nebraska State Fair, Ak-Sar-Ben events evolved into the state's biggest social occasion. Unlike similar events, it was not a beauty pageant or a debutante ball. The festivities celebrated the prosperity of the state's agricultural industry. In 1961, the Ak-Sar-Ben Women's Ball Committee looked for a well-respected couture designer, and Lowe was the designer of choice. She created 33 gowns under The Adam Room brand, and it appears that she was grossly underpaid.

Mounting Debts and Eyesight Problems

In 1962, the U.S. Department of Revenue closed Lowe's New York shop due to $12,800 owed in back taxes. She believed the debt was later paid by Jacqueline Kennedy. She stated, "One morning, I woke up owing $10,000 to suppliers and $12,800 in back Taxes. Friends at Henri Bendel and Neiman-Marcus loaned me money to stay open, but the Internal Revenue agents finally closed me up for non-payment of taxes. At my wits end, I ran sobbing into the Streets." Ongoing issues with glaucoma resulted in the removal of Lowe's right eye, even as she was experiencing cataracts in the other eye.

Madeleine Couture/The Mike Douglas Show

After the foreclosure of her salon, Lowe began working for Madeleine Couture from 1962 to 1965. The small, custom salon, located at 510 Madison Ave., belonged to Benjamin and Ione Stoddard. The Stoddards were instrumental in helping Lowe obtain the risky operation to remove cataracts in her left eye. In addition, they organized a major fashion show at the Berkshire Hotel. The runway models included former clients wearing the designs Lowe created for them. The Stoddards also arranged two television interviews of Lowe on The Mike Douglas Show in 1964.

In late July 1965, Women's Wear Daily reported, "Ann Lowe and Florence Cowell have formed A. F. Chantilly Inc., at 558 Madison Ave. . . ." The magazine said the company provided wholesale, as well as retail clothing, through its boutique, and said Lowe would design the gowns. The publication noted that Cowell, a former retailer in Pennsylvania, would create cocktail dresses, coats, and suits.

Throughout her career, Lowe was a celebrated designer of one-of-a-kind dresses for her powerful and wealthy clients, although some of them did not pay her for the costs of the labor and materials, or they asked her for prices that they knew were substantially below what they would have paid a white designer. Those circumstances left Lowe with a minimum amount of funds after paying her staff.

Sally Mathis, Lowe's beloved older sister, was an integral part of Lowe's success. An expert dressmaker, Mathis was also Lowe's close friend and caretaker. In September 1967, Mathis passed away, having lived and worked with Lowe from the time Lowe moved to New York.

Between 1968 and 1972, Lowe opened and operated the Ann Lowe Originals shop on Madison Avenue until her retirement. At that time, she moved to Queens to live with Ruth Alexander, who formerly worked in Lowe's salon and whom she identified as her adopted daughter.

On February 25, 1981, Ann Lowe passed away in Queens, New York.

Conclusion

Ann Lowe will likely be best remembered for creating the 1953 wedding gown and bridal party dresses for Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, even though Lowe did not receive any public acknowledgment at the time. Her life and work were an incomparable mix of tragedy, triumph, and perseverance that was balanced with the unmatched mastery of her craft.

Her legacy as a couture designer of excellence paved the way for many other Black designers to establish themselves in the fashion world. She continuously invented and reinvented herself, even though she encountered many devastating obstacles-discrimination, financial challenges, loss of close family members, health problems, and people who took advantage of her kindness and lack of business acumen. While she was regarded as elite society's "best kept secret," Lowe was well-known to those for whom it mattered-her clients and peers in the world of fashion. On the surface, being noted as society's best kept secret seemed to be a compliment to Lowe's skill level, breadth of success, and clientele. On the other hand, wearing Dior and Chanel were badges of honor. Given that Lowe's designs rivaled the best of the best, why was there a different standard for her? Ultimately it speaks to the manner in which she was undermined by the world of fashion-and race, and perhaps gender, were contributing factors.

Through it all, she maintained her ambitions to manifest her choices-to work for families on America's Social Registry and to establish salons that bore her name as the creative director of Ann Lowe fashions.

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Considered one of America's most significant designers, Ann Lowe was born in Clayton, Alabama, around 1898 and reared in Montgomery. Her mother, Janie Cole Lowe, and her grandmother, Georgia Thompkins, were skilled dressmakers who sewed for wealthy white families in the state. And they taught Lowe to sew as early as age five.

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How often do we hear about young girls breaking stereotypes today? This young lady did just that and changed her country! This is a trailer for a video about her story. The middle-grade book about her is a wonder window into her world. She is now in her 20s and just graduated college, I believe. I follow her on Facebook and have met her in a Zoom call! ;-)

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The Eagle Huntress | Official HD Trailer (2016)

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A story about a spy is always interesting. I hope the topic will spur my fifth graders to learn about her. The white space and quotes I make this more accessible.

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Virginia Hall is one of the most important American spies most people have never heard of.

Her story is on display at the CIA Museum inside the spy agency headquarters in Langley, Va. - but this is off-limits to the public.

"She was the most highly decorated female civilian during World War II," said Janelle Neises, the museum's deputy director, who's providing a tour.

So why haven't more people heard about Hall? A quote from Hall on the agency display offers an explanation: "Many of my friends were killed for talking too much."

But now - more than 70 years after her wartime exploits in France, and almost 40 years after her death - Virginia Hall is having a moment. Three books have just come out. Two movies are in the works.

British author Sonia Purnell wrote one of the books, A Woman of No Importance, and she explains the irony in the biography's title. "Through a lot of her life, the early life, she was constantly rejected and belittled," said Purnell. "She was constantly just being dismissed as someone not very important or of no importance."

Hall was born to a wealthy Baltimore family in 1906, and she was raised to marry into her own privileged circle. But she wanted adventure. She called herself "capricious and cantankerous." She liked to hunt. She once went to school wearing a bracelet made of live snakes.
College in France
Hall briefly attended Radcliffe and Barnard colleges. Then she went to study in Paris and fell in love with France. She decided to become a diplomat, said Purnell.

"She wanted to be an ambassador. She got pushed back by the State Department. She applied several times," Purnell said, noting that women accounted for only six of the 1,500 U.S. diplomats at the time.

Hall did land a clerical job at a U.S. consulate in Turkey. But while hunting birds, she accidentally shot herself in the foot. Gangrene set in, and her left leg was amputated below the knee.

Recovery was long and painful, as she learned to use a clunky wooden leg. Yet it was also a turning point, said Craig Gralley, a retired CIA officer who has written his own book about Hall - a novel, Hall of Mirrors.

"She had been given a second chance at life and wasn't going to waste it. And her injury, in fact, might have kind of bolstered her or reawakened her resilience so that she was in fact able to do great things," he said.

When World War II erupted and Nazi Germany invaded France, Hall volunteered to drive an ambulance for the French. France was soon overrun, forcing her to flee to Britain. A chance meeting with a spy put her in contact with British intelligence.

After limited training, this one-legged American woman was among the first British spies sent into Nazi-occupied France in 1941. She posed as a reporter for the New York Post.
Chased by the Gestapo
There were failures, especially in the early days, when members of her network were arrested and killed.

The Germans came to realize that they were after a limping lady.

But Hall was a natural spy, keeping one step ahead of the German secret police, the Gestapo.

"Virginia Hall, to a certain extent, was invisible," said Gralley. "She was able to play on the chauvinism of the Gestapo at the time. None of the Germans early in the war necessarily thought that a woman was capable of being a spy."

Hall operated in the eastern French city of Lyon. She initially stayed at a convent and persuaded nuns to help her. She befriended a female brothel owner and received information that French prostitutes gathered from German troops.

Hall organized French resistance fighters, providing them with safe houses and intelligence. This didn't go unnoticed, said Purnell.

"The Germans came to realize that they were after a limping lady," she said.

Hall constantly changed her appearance.

"She could be four different women in the space of an afternoon, with four different code names," said Purnell.

The man in hot pursuit was none other than the Gestapo's infamous Klaus Barbie, known as "the Butcher of Lyon" for the thousands in France tortured and killed by his forces.

Barbie ordered "wanted" posters of Hall that featured a drawing of her above the words "The Enemy's Most Dangerous Spy - We Must Find And Destroy Her!"

The Nazis appeared to be closing in on Hall around the end of 1942. She narrowly escaped to Spain, embarking on a harrowing journey that included walking three days for 50 miles in heavy snow over the forbidding Pyrenees Mountains.

While researching his book, Gralley, a marathon runner, made a part of that walk and found it exhausting.

"I could only imagine the kind of will and the kind of perseverance that Virginia Hall had by making this trek," he says, "not on a beautiful day, but in the dead of winter and with a prosthetic leg she had to drag behind her."

When Hall reached Spain, she was arrested because she didn't have an entrance stamp in her passport. She was released after six weeks and made her way back to Britain.

She soon grew restless and wanted to return to France. The British refused, fearing it was too dangerous.
Back to France
However, the Americans were ramping up their own intelligence service, the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which had virtually no presence in France.

The Americans needed Hall, yet the Nazis were everywhere, making it even more difficult for her to operate, said Purnell.

"She got some makeup artist to teach her how to draw wrinkles on her face," she said. "She also got a fierce, a rather sort of scary London dentist to grind down her lovely, white American teeth so that she looked like a French milkmaid."

Hall's second tour in France, in 1944 and 1945, was even more successful than the first. She called in airdrops for the resistance fighters, who blew up bridges and sabotaged trains. They reclaimed villages well before Allied troops advanced deep into France.

At its peak, Hall's network consisted of some 1,500 people, including a French-American soldier, Paul Goillot - who would later became her husband.

Hall's niece, Lorna Catling, is now 89 and lives in Baltimore. She recalls meeting her aunt after the war.

"She came home when I was 16, and she was pale and had white hair and crappy clothes," Catling said.

And what did Hall say about the war?

"She never talked about it," Catling added.

The British and the French both recognized Hall's contributions - in private. President Harry Truman wanted to honor Hall at a public White House ceremony. Hall declined, saying she wanted to remain undercover.

William Donovan, the OSS chief, gave Hall the Distinguished Service Cross - making her the only civilian woman to receive one in World War II. Hall's mother was the only outsider present at the ceremony.

"I do think that she became America's greatest spy of World War II," Gralley said of Hall.

Hall then joined the newly formed CIA, which succeeded the OSS, and worked there for 15 years, mostly at headquarters. These were not her happiest days. She thrived on the adrenaline of acting independently in the field during wartime. Now she was largely confined to a desk.

"As you get higher in rank, now it's all about money and personnel and plans and policy and that sort of bureaucratic stuff," said Randy Burkett, a historian at the CIA.

And Hall faced discrimination as a woman.

"Was she treated properly? Well, by today's standards, absolutely not," said Burkett.

Hall retired in 1966 and never spoke publicly. She died in 1982 in Maryland, her story still confined to the intelligence community.

Purnell said it was a challenge piecing together Hall's story.

"It was detective work," she said. "So many files, papers, documents have been lost, destroyed or misfiled. She operated under so many different code names that people hadn't really pulled together all the strands."

Now the books are on the shelves. The movies are coming. And at the CIA, recruits train in a building recently named The Virginia Hall Expeditionary Center.
Greg Myre is a national security reporter. Follow him Editor's note on April 22: The audio file on this page has been updated to fully identify Janelle Neises, deputy director of the CIA Museum, and Randy Burkett, a CIA historian. Earlier, they had been identified by their first names only. The CIA initially said that was necessary to protect their identities. Later - but not in time to make the change before broadcast - the CIA agreed they could be fully identified..

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'A Woman Of No Importance' Finally Gets Her Due

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Virginia Hall is one of the most important American spies most people have never heard of. Her story is on display at the CIA Museum inside the spy agency headquarters in Langley, Va. - but this is off-limits to the public.

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This article on Pebble Go Next requires a login and is accessible by my students. It is written at a 3-5th grade level and can be read by the students, making it accessible for emerging readers.

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My young Muslim girls from Afghanistan are all wanting to research Malala. She is an inspiration to many. This Kiddle article should make her life story more accessible.

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Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald; 3 June 1906 - 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, activist, and French Resistance agent. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. During her early career she was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in Paris. Her costume, consisting of only a girdle of bananas, became her most iconic image and a symbol of the Jazz Age and the 1920s.

Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France. "I have two loves," the artist once said, "my country and Paris."

Baker was the first person of color to become a worldwide entertainer and to star in a major motion picture, the 1934 Marc Allégret film Zouzou.

Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. In 1968 she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.

She was also known for aiding the French Resistance during World War II. After the war, she was awarded the Croix de guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle.

Later years and death

In her later years, Baker converted to Roman Catholicism.

Baker was on stage at the Olympia in Paris in 1968, in Belgrade in 1973, at Carnegie Hall in 1973, at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium in 1974, and at the Gala du Cirque in Paris in 1974.

On 8 April 1975, Baker starred in a revue at the Bobino in Paris, Joséphine à Bobino 1975, celebrating her 50 years in show business. The revue, financed notably by Prince Rainier, Princess Grace, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, opened to rave reviews. Demand for seating was such that fold-out chairs had to be added to accommodate spectators. The opening night audience included Sophia Loren, Mick Jagger, Shirley Bassey, Diana Ross, and Liza Minnelli.

Four days later, Baker was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance. She was in a coma after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. She was taken to Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, where she died, aged 68, on 12 April 1975.

She received a full Roman Catholic funeral that was held at L'Église de la Madeleine. The only American-born woman to receive full French military honors at her funeral, Baker's funeral was the occasion of a huge procession. After a family service at Saint-Charles Church in Monte Carlo, Baker was interred at Monaco's Cimetière de Monaco.

Place Joséphine Baker in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris was named in her honor. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame, and on 29 March 1995, into the Hall of Famous Missourians.

In 2015 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named for her.

Darren Royston, historical dance teacher at RADA credited Baker with being the Beyoncé of her day, and bringing the Charleston to Britain. Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York City. It celebrates Baker's life and works.

Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. It is open to the public and displays her stage outfits including her banana skirt (of which there are apparently several). It also displays many family photographs and documents as well as her Legion of Honour medal. Most rooms are open for the public to walk through.

Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, Angelina Jolie cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption". Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the Fashion Rocks concert at Radio City Music Hall in September 2006.

On 3 June 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, Google released an animated Google Doodle, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements.

Images for kids

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Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald; 3 June 1906 - 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, activist, and French Resistance agent. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. During her early career she was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris.

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When one of my black 5th graders saw this linked in our assignment, she exclaimed - "She's 11! " She was excited to see someone who looked like her and was close to her age. The power of a mirror!

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'I Am Here To Say Never Again': 11-Year-Old At March For Our Lives

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Another young black girl is breaking stereotypes. This NPR article should help students learn about this current women changing traditional jobs.

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Ever since Lucy Nabiki Takona was a young girl growing up in a village not far from the Masai Mara game reserve in Kenya, she knew she wanted to have a career in education.

So when her father told her at age 14 that she would have to drop out of school to marry the son of her father's friend, she ran away. It took her three days to walk through the bush to her aunt's house.

"I was used to walking - getting water is far and collecting firewood is far - so for me it was not something big," Takona, 26, says. "It was more scary to get married than walk on your own in the bush."

Schooling for many Masai girls ends in their early teen years. Many undergo female genital mutilation and are married off for a dowry of cattle.

But Takona's aunt talked to some influential elders in the community who were able to persuade her father to let her continue her schooling - while another sister of Takona's was married off to the young man.

That was only Takona's first obstacle on her path to becoming a safari guide, a profession dominated by males. As a woman, she has fought an ongoing battle for education - and against harassment.

As a child, Takona says, she thought her only career option as a woman was to be a teacher. She didn't see women working in any other professions - and few, even, were educators. But during a trip to the Nairobi National Museum in her last year of high school, she realized there were other possibilities.

"A woman took us around the museum and she really had knowledge, so from that day forward I knew girls could be something more than teachers," Takona says.

So she went to study at the Koiyaki Guiding School for two years on a scholarship from the volunteer travel organization African Impact. She then worked for the group as a guide for 18 months in return.

Takona has since gone on to work for a number of safari camps dotted across the southern Mara.

"There is still an element whereby women are often looked down upon among the [Masai] community with the perception that they cannot perform as well as men," says Lincoln Njiru, a project manager with African Impact. "I would say [Takona] is a role model in the Masai community."

But on the road to success, she has had to make personal sacrifices. Takona is the single mother of a 4-year-old boy who lives with a nanny several villages away from the safari camp. She is not in touch with his father.

On Nov. 23, Takona hopes to add one more credit to her résumé. She's taking an exam to earn a silver guide's badge. Of the 4,302 members of the Kenya Professional Safari Guide Association, only 404 members have silver badges, just 15 of whom are female.

Results from the exam are announced after three days. If Takona passes, she will be only the second Masai woman to reach this qualification. Sample question: List five differences between common and Grevy zebras.

"It's unique in a [Masai] community to be an independent woman," says Evaline Sintoya Mayetu, who in March 2015 was the first Masai woman to get the silver guide qualification. "I would like to see more Masai women go for not only silver [but] go to school, to have a career of their own and break some barriers of traditional culture."

Overall guests and other guides are impressed that Takona is working in a male-dominated profession. But she says she still encounters prejudice.

"The boss at one place where I worked said, 'You cannot guide unless someone drives you.' And I asked why and he said, 'You are a lady,' " she recalls. "And I said, 'I am a lady but I am telling you, I am capable of doing it.' "

Another time, when she was speeding across the savannah to check out a leopard sighting with some guests, she overheard on the radio a few other guides questioning her ability to get her jeep through a deep gully.

"One guide said he wanted to take his vehicle before me," she says. "I told him 'No, I will cross first.' And he was talking on the radio after saying, 'Oh, she has made it. That girl's tough.' "

Ginanne Brownell Mitic writes about arts, culture and education and is the co-founder of the women's webzine she-files.com. Find her on Twitter @ginannebrownell

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Female Safari Guide: 'I Am A Lady But I Am Telling You, I Am Capable'

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If Lucy Nabiki Takona passes the silver guiding exam this month, she will be only the second Masai woman to reach this level.

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Kiddle for the win for an accessible article on this amazing Senator, fighting for women and veterans todayl

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Lieutenant Colonel

Ladda Tammy Duckworth (born March 12, 1968) is an American politician and retired Army National Guard lieutenant colonel serving as the junior United States senator from Illinois since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she represented Illinois's 8th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2017.

Born in Bangkok, Thailand and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, Duckworth was educated at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and George Washington University in Washington, D.C. A combat veteran of the Iraq War, she served as a U.S. Army helicopter pilot. In 2004, when her Black Hawk helicopter was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired by Iraqi insurgents, she lost both legs and some mobility in her right arm. She was the first female double amputee from the war. Despite her injuries, she was awarded a medical waiver to continue serving in the Illinois Army National Guard for another ten years until she retired as a lieutenant colonel in 2014.

Duckworth ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2006, then served as director of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs from 2006 to 2009 and as assistant secretary for public and intergovernmental affairs at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs from 2009 to 2011. In 2012, Duckworth was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she served two terms. She was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016, defeating Republican incumbent Mark Kirk.

Early life and education

Duckworth was born in Bangkok, Thailand, the daughter of Franklin Duckworth and Lamai Sompornpairin. Although born outside the United States, Duckworth is a natural-born citizen through her father's status as an American citizen. Her father, who died in 2005, was a veteran of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps who traced his family's American roots to the American Revolutionary War. Her mother is Thai Chinese and originally from Chiang Mai. Her father was a Baptist who worked with the United Nations and international companies in refugee, housing, and development programs, and the family moved around Southeast Asia. Duckworth became fluent in Thai and Indonesian, in addition to English.

Duckworth attended Singapore American School, the International School Bangkok, and the Jakarta International School. The family moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, when Duckworth was 16, and she attended Honolulu's McKinley High School, where she participated in track and field and graduated in 1985. Because of a difference in the grade levels between the school systems she attended, Duckworth skipped half of her ninth grade year and half of her tenth. She was a Girl Scout, and earned her First Class, now called the Gold Award. Her father was unemployed for a time, and the family relied on public assistance. She graduated from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1989 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. In 1992, she received a Master of Arts in international affairs from George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. She began a PhD program at Northern Illinois University, which was interrupted by her war service. She completed a PhD in human services at Capella University in March 2015.

Military service

Following in the footsteps of her father, who served in World War II and the Vietnam War, and ancestors who served in every major conflict since the Revolutionary War, Duckworth joined the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps in 1990 as a graduate student at George Washington University. She became a commissioned officer in the United States Army Reserve in 1992 and chose to fly helicopters because it was one of the few combat jobs open to women at that time. As a member of the Army Reserve, she went to flight school, later transferring to the Army National Guard and in 1996 entering the Illinois Army National Guard. Duckworth also worked as a staff supervisor at Rotary International headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, and was the coordinator of the Center for Nursing Research at Northern Illinois University.

Duckworth was working toward a Ph.D. in political science at Northern Illinois University, with research interests in the political economy and public health of southeast Asia, when she was deployed to Iraq in 2004. She lost her right leg near the hip and her left leg below the knee from injuries sustained on November 12, 2004, when the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter she was co-piloting was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired by Iraqi insurgents. She was the first American female double amputee from the Iraq War. The explosion severely broke her right arm and tore tissue from it, necessitating major surgery to repair it. Duckworth received a Purple Heart on December 3 and was promoted to the rank of major on December 21 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, where she was presented with an Air Medal and Army Commendation Medal. She retired from the Illinois Army National Guard in October 2014 as a lieutenant colonel.

In 2019, Duckworth participated in the National Air and Space Museum's "The Military Women Aviators Oral History Initiative (MWAOHI)" project alongside fourteen other veteran women aviators, including Olga Custodio, Sarah Deal, Stayce Harris, Jeannie Leavitt, Nicole Malachowski, Sally Murply, Tammie Shults, Jacqueline Van Ovost, Lucy Young, and Kim "K. C." Campbell.

Government service

On November 21, 2006, several weeks after losing her first congressional campaign, Duckworth was appointed director of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs by Governor Rod Blagojevich. She served in that position until February 8, 2009. While director, she was credited with starting a program to help veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and veterans with brain injuries.

On September 17, 2008, Duckworth attended a campaign event for Dan Seals, the Democratic candidate for Illinois's 10th congressional district. She used vacation time, but violated Illinois law by going to the event in a state-owned van that was equipped for a person with physical disabilities. She acknowledged the mistake and repaid the state for the use of the van.

In 2009, two Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs employees at the Anna Veterans' Home in Union County filed a lawsuit against Duckworth. The lawsuit alleged that she wrongfully terminated one employee and threatened and intimidated another for bringing reports of abuse and misconduct of veterans when she was head of the Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs. Duckworth was represented in the suit by the Illinois Attorney General's office. The case was dismissed twice but refilings were allowed. The case settled in June 2016 for $26,000 with no admission of wrongdoing. The plaintiffs later indicated they no longer wanted to settle, but the judge gave them 21 days to sign the settlement and canceled the trial.

On February 3, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Duckworth to be the Assistant Secretary of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). and the United States Senate confirmed her for the position on April 22. As Assistant Secretary, she coordinated a joint initiative with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to help end Veteran homelessness, worked to address the unique challenges faced by female as well as Native American Veterans, and created the Office of Online Communications to improve the VA's accessibility, especially among young Veterans. Duckworth resigned her position in June 2011 in order to launch her campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in Illinois's 8th congressional district.

U.S. House of Representatives

Main page: 2006 Illinois's 6th congressional district election

In July 2011, Duckworth launched her campaign to run in 2012 for Illinois's 8th congressional district. She defeated former Deputy Treasurer of Illinois Raja Krishnamoorthi for the Democratic nomination on March 20, 2012, then faced incumbent Republican Joe Walsh in the general election. Duckworth received the endorsement of both the Chicago Tribune and the Daily Herald. Walsh generated controversy when in July 2012, at a campaign event, he accused Duckworth of politicizing her military service and injuries, saying "my God, that's all she talks about. Our true heroes, the men and women who served us, it's the last thing in the world they talk about." Walsh called the controversy over his comments "a political ploy to distort my words and distract voters" and said that "Of course Tammy Duckworth is a hero ... I have called her a hero hundreds of times."

On November 6, 2012, Duckworth defeated Walsh 55%-45%, making her the first Asian-American from Illinois in Congress, the first woman with a disability elected to Congress, and the first member of Congress born in Thailand.

In the 2014 general election, Duckworth faced Republican Larry Kaifesh, a United States Marine Corps officer who had recently left active duty as a colonel. Duckworth defeated Kaifesh with 56% of the vote.

Duckworth was sworn into office on January 3, 2013.

On April 3, 2013, Duckworth publicly returned 8.4% ($1,218) of her congressional salary for that month to the United States Department of Treasury in solidarity with furloughed government workers.

On June 26, 2013, during a hearing of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, Duckworth received national media attention after questioning Strong Castle CEO Braulio Castillo on a $500 million government contract the company had been awarded based on Castillo's disabled veteran status. Castillo had injured his ankle at the US Military Academy's prep school, USMAPS, in 1984.

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services

Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces (2013-2017)

Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (2013-2015)

Subcommittee on Readiness (2015-2017)

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Health Care and Entitlements (2013-2015)

Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Job Creation and Regulatory Affairs (2013-2015)

Subcommittee on Transportation and Public Assets, Ranking Member (2015-2017)

Subcommittee on Information Technology (2015-2017)

United States House Select Committee on Benghazi (May 2014-July 2016)

Main page: 2016 United States Senate election in Illinois

On March 30, 2015, Duckworth announced that she would challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Mark Kirk in the 2016 Senate election in Illinois. She defeated Andrea Zopp and Napoleon Harris in the March 15, 2016, Democratic primary.

During a televised debate on October 27, 2016, Duckworth talked about her ancestors' past service in the U.S. military. Kirk responded, "I'd forgotten that your parents came all the way from Thailand to serve George Washington." This led the Human Rights Campaign to rescind its endorsement of Kirk and switch it to Duckworth, calling Kirk's comment "deeply offensive and racist."

Duckworth was endorsed by Barack Obama, who actively campaigned for her.

On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk, 55% to 40%. She and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono, who was elected in 2012.

Main page: 2022 United States Senate election in Illinois

In March 2021, Duckworth announced her candidacy for reelection in 2022. On November 8, 2022, she was reelected, defeating Republican nominee Kathy Salvi. The win made Duckworth the first woman reelected to the Senate from Illinois.

First term (2017-2023)

According to The Center for Effective Lawmaking (CEL), a joint partnership between the University of Virginia's Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy and Vanderbilt University, Duckworth's "Legislative Effectiveness Score" (LES) is "Exceeds Expectations" as a freshman senator in the 115th Congress (2017-18), the 11th highest out of 48 Democratic senators.

GovTrack's Report Card on Duckworth for the 115th Congress found that among Senate freshmen, she ranked first in favorably reporting bills out of committee and "Got influential cosponsors the most often compared to Senate freshmen." GovTrack also found that in the first session of the 116th Congress, Duckworth ranked first in favorably reporting bills out of committee and "Got influential cosponsors the most often compared to Senate sophomores."

During the 115th Congress, Duckworth was credited with saving the Americans with Disabilities Act. Specifically, she led public opposition to a controversial bill, H.R. 620, and led 42 senators in pledging to oppose any effort to pass H.R. 620 through the Senate. The Veterans Service Organization and Paralyzed Veterans of America recognized Duckworth's leadership in defending the Americans with Disabilities Act.

In 2018, Duckworth became the first U.S. senator to give birth while in office. Shortly afterward, the Senate passed Senate Resolution 463, which she introduced on April 12, 2018, by unanimous consent. The resolution changed Senate rules so that a senator may bring a child under one year old to the Senate floor during votes. The day after the rules were changed, Duckworth's daughter became the first baby on the Senate floor.

On April 15, 2020, the Trump administration invited Duckworth to join a bipartisan task force on the reopening of the economy amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Duckworth was publicly critical of Trump's decision to nominate Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court in September 2020. A devout Catholic, Barrett is a member of a group that considers in vitro fertilization immoral. Duckworth said that Barrett's membership in such an organization was "disqualifying and, frankly, insulting to every parent". Both of Duckworth's children were conceived by IVF.

The Center for Effective Lawmaking, a joint initiative of the University of Virginia and Vanderbilt University, ranked Duckworth the fifth-most effective Democratic senator in the 116th Congress and the most effective Democratic senator on transportation policy. Craig Volden and Alan Wiseman, co-directors of the Center for Effective Lawmaking, said, "While still in her first term, Senator Tammy Duckworth has risen to the top five among effective Democratic lawmakers in the Senate. She sponsored 77 bills in the 116th Congress, with four of them passing the Republican-controlled Senate and two becoming law."

On January 3, 2021, Duckworth received a vote for Speaker of the House of Representatives from Jared Golden despite not being a member of that legislative body and therefore not a serious candidate.

Duckworth was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol. In the wake of the attack, she called Trump "a threat to our nation" and called for his immediate removal from office through the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or impeachment. Two days later, on January 8, she also called for the resignation of Representative Mary Miller, who had quoted Adolf Hitler during a speech on January 5.

Duckworth is the sponsor of S. 3635, the Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022, which would provide line of duty death designation to law enforcement and other public safety officers who die as a result of traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and other "silent" injuries. The bill is based on the death of Washington, D.C. police officer Jeffrey Smith in the aftermath of the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack. Smith died of post-concussive syndrome after suffering repeated attacks at the Capitol.

Second term (2023-present)

Committee assignments

Committee on Armed Services (2019-present)

Subcommittee on Airland

Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support

Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

Committee on Foreign Relations (2023-present)

Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy (chair)

Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation

Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy

Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Caucus memberships

Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus

Expand Social Security Caucus

Senate Whistleblower Protection Caucus

National politics

Duckworth spoke at the 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020 Democratic National Conventions. She was the permanent co-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention. At the 2020 convention, she called Trump "coward-in-chief" for not supporting the American military.

Duckworth was vetted as a possible running mate during Joe Biden's vice presidential candidate selection. Kamala Harris was selected instead. Biden nominated Duckworth as vice chair of the Democratic National Committee, along with Gretchen Whitmer, Keisha Lance Bottoms and Filemon Vela Jr.

Political positions

Environment

In April 2019, Duckworth was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in viable options to capture carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that include carbon capture research.

Foreign policy

During her unsuccessful congressional campaign in 2006, Duckworth called on Congress to audit the estimated $437 billion spent on overseas military and foreign aid since September 11, 2001.

On September 30, 2006, Duckworth gave the Democratic Party's response to President George W. Bush's weekly radio address. In it, she was critical of Bush's strategy for the Iraq War.

In October 2006, The Sunday Times reported that Duckworth agreed with General Sir Richard Dannatt, the British Army chief, that the presence of coalition troops was exacerbating the conflict in Iraq.

In May 2019, Duckworth was a cosponsor of the South China Sea and East China Sea Sanctions Act, a bipartisan bill reintroduced by Marco Rubio and Ben Cardin that was intended to disrupt China's consolidation or expansion of its claims of jurisdiction over both the sea and air space in disputed zones in the South China Sea.

On June 6, 2021, Duckworth and Senators Dan Sullivan and Christopher Coons visited Taipei in an U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport to meet President Tsai Ing-wen and Minister Joseph Wu during the pandemic outbreak of Taiwan to announce President Joe Biden's donation plan of 750,000 COVID-19 vaccines included in the global COVAX program.

Duckworth was rated by the National Rifle Association as having a pro- gun control congressional voting record. Duckworth, who is a gun owner herself, cites violence in Chicago as a major influence for her support of gun control. She supports universal background checks and the halting of state-to-state gun trafficking.

Duckworth participated in the 2016 Chris Murphy gun control filibuster. During the sit-in, Duckworth hid her mobile phone in her prosthetic leg to avoid it being taken away from her since taking pictures and recording on the House floor is against policy.

In a 2016 interview with GQ magazine, Duckworth stated that gaining control of the Senate and "closing the gap" in the House would be necessary in order to pass common sense gun laws. She also stated that she believed moderate Republicans, who support common sense gun control, would have more power to influence gun control if they were not "pushed aside by those folks who are absolutely beholden to the NRA. And so we never get the vote."

Health policy

..... After Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022, Duckworth said she was "outraged and horrified." She called the decision a "nightmare", robbing women of their right to make health care decisions.

Duckworth supported the Affordable Care Act.

Immigration

Duckworth supports comprehensive immigration reform with a pathway to citizenship for those in the country illegally. She would admit 100,000 Syrian refugees into the United States.

Awards and accolades

In May 2010, Northern Illinois University awarded Duckworth the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters. In 2011, Chicago's Access Living honored her for her work on behalf of veterans with disabilities, giving her the Gordon H. Mansfield Congressional Leadership Award.

Duckworth is heavily decorated for her service in Iraq, with over 10 distinct military honors, most notably the Purple Heart, an award her Marine father had also received. In 2010, she was inducted into the Army Women's hall of fame.

Former Republican presidential candidate and U.S. senator Bob Dole dedicated his autobiography One Soldier's Story in part to Duckworth. Duckworth credits Dole for inspiring her to pursue public service, while she recuperated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Personal life

Duckworth has been married to Bryan Bowlsbey since 1993. They met during Duckworth's participation in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and served together in the Illinois Army National Guard. A Signal Corps officer, Bowlsbey is also a veteran of the Iraq War. Both have since retired from the armed forces.

Duckworth and Bowlsbey have two daughters: Abigail, born in 2014, and Maile, born in 2018. Maile's birth made Duckworth the first U.S. senator to give birth while in office. Former Senator Daniel Akaka helped the couple name both girls; Akaka died on April 6, 2018, three days before Maile was born. Shortly after Maile's birth, a Senate rule change permitted senators to bring children under one year old on the Senate floor to breastfeed. This was a symbolic moment for Duckworth, as she had previously introduced the bipartisan Friendly Airports for Mothers (FAM) Act to ensure new mothers access to safe, clean and accessible lactation rooms in airports. The day after the rule change, Duckworth brought Maile with her during the casting of a Senate vote, making Duckworth the first senator to cast a vote while holding a baby.

Duckworth helped establish the Intrepid Foundation to help injured veterans.

Electoral history

In Spanish: Tammy Duckworth para niños

List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress

List of United States senators born outside the United States

Women in the United States House of Representatives

Women in the United States Senate

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Another current young Black Woman is making History! This video shows students the events that happened in their lifetime.

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Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce MAKES HISTORY with 5th 100m World title, championship record | NBC Sports

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Kiddle Facts for Kids provides an easy-to-read article about this amazing woman and activist.

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Elizabeth "Bessie" Coleman (January 26, 1892 - April 30, 1926) was the first female African American and Native American pilot ever to hold an international pilot license. She fought discrimination to follow her dream of becoming a pilot. She became a skilled barnstormer (a pilot that travels to perform stunts and give rides) and an aviation educator.

Coleman was born in Texas in 1892. Her mother was African American and her father was Native American. She was the tenth of thirteen children. Her parents were sharecroppers. When Coleman was two, her family moved to Waxahachie, Texas, where Bessie later went to school. She loved reading and excelled in math.

Coleman's father believed that the family would be treated better if they moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Unable to convince his wife to accompany him, Coleman's father left the family when she was nine. Coleman's mother worked as a maid. During the cotton harvest, everyone in the family worked in the fields to earn extra money. It was hot, difficult work, and during the harvest, African American children could not go to school. Bessie still managed to finish all eight grades in the local school. Coleman decided that she wanted to go to college, so she saved her money. In about four years, she had enough money to begin college. A year later, she ran out of money.

At the age of 23, Coleman boarded a train and traveled to Chicago, where she moved in with her brothers. Coleman took a class to learn to become a manicurist, and soon found a job at the White Sox Barber Shop in Chicago. There she heard stories of flying during wartime from pilots returning home from World War I. She took a second job at a chili parlor to save money so that she could become a pilot. In early 1917, Bessie Coleman married Claude Glenn, but she never publicly acknowledged the marriage, and the two soon separated.

At the time, aviation (flight) schools in America were not allowing women or black people to attend. Bessie's friend Robert Abbott told her that she could travel to France to fly. She studied the French language after work at night. She got a new job managing a restaurant and saved her money. Robert Abbot and her friends helped her pay for the trip, and in 1920, Coleman sailed to France. She learned to be a pilot at the Caudron Brothers' School of Aviation. In 1921, Coleman became the first female African American pilot and the first female Native American pilot to hold an international pilot license. She earned it from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Coleman went back to the United States to work as a barnstormer, performing tricks and stunts in her airplane. Barnstormers like Coleman flew planes in loops, figure eights, and other patterns while audiences watched. Coleman performed in the United States and Europe. In the 1920s, much of the United States still practiced racial segregation. Coleman refused to perform at places that did not let African Americans watch equally. For one show in Texas, Coleman refused to perform unless the showrunners let everyone in the audience enter through the same gate instead of making one gate for white people and one for black people. She also taught flying lessons and encouraged women to learn to be pilots.

Coleman wanted to open an aviation school in the United States where black students could learn to be pilots.

In April 1926, Coleman and her mechanic, William Will, were practicing for a performance the next day. Will was piloting the plane when it flipped over and started to dive. Coleman fell out of the plane and was killed. William Wills was unable to regain control of the plane and it plummeted to the ground. Wills died upon impact and the plane exploded and burst into flames. Although the wreckage of the plane was badly burned, it was later discovered that a wrench used to service the engine had jammed the controls.

Coleman is buried in Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery.

Atlanta, Texas, has a Regional History Museum that proudly displays a smaller version of Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum display also includes a uniform and other memorabilia regarding the life and times of Bessie Coleman. Outside the regional history museum is a Texas Historical Marker located at 101 N. East Street in Historic Downtown, Atlanta, Texas. The road to the Hall-Miller Municipal Airport in Atlanta, Texas, is named Bessie Coleman Drive in her honor.

A public library in Chicago was named in Coleman's honor, as are roads at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Oakland International Airport in Oakland, California, Tampa International Airport in Florida, and at Germany's Frankfurt International Airport. A memorial plaque has been placed by the Chicago Cultural Center at the location of her former home, 41st and King Drive in Chicago, and it is a tradition for African-American aviators to drop flowers during flyovers of her grave at Lincoln Cemetery.

A roundabout leading to Nice Airport in the South of France was named after her in March 2016, and there are streets in Poitiers, and the 20th Arrondissement of Paris named after her.

Bessie Coleman Middle School in Cedar Hill, Texas, is named for her.

Bessie Coleman Boulevard in Waxahachie, Texas, where she lived as a child, is named in her honor.

B. Coleman Aviation, a fixed-base operator based at Gary/Chicago International Airport, is named in her honor.

Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards have been established for high school seniors planning careers in aviation.

The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman in 1995. The Bessie Coleman Commemorative is the 18th in the U.S. Postal Service Black Heritage series.

In 2001, Coleman was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In 2006, she was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.

In 2012, a bronze plaque with Coleman's likeness was installed on the front doors of Paxon School for Advanced Studies located on the site of the Jacksonville airfield where Coleman's fatal flight took off.

Coleman was honored with a toy character in season 5, episode 11a of the children's animated television program Doc McStuffins.

She was placed No. 14 on Flying's 2013 list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation."

In 2014, Coleman was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

On January 25, 2015, Orlando renamed West Washington Street to recognize the street's most accomplished resident.

On January 26, 2017, the 125th anniversary of her birth, a Google Doodle was posted in her honor.

In December 2019, The New York Times featured Coleman in their Overlooked (obituary feature), "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix."

Bessie Coleman quotes

"I refused to take no for an answer."

"You've never lived till you've flown."

"A woman is like a teabag - you can't tell how strong she is until you put her in hot water."

"Experience is simply the name we give our mistakes."

"The only source of knowledge is experience."

Interesting facts about Bessie Coleman

Bessie was extremely intelligent and fought hard against the assumption that black women were not capable of great things.

She applied to flight schools all across the United States but was not accepted at any of them.

Robert Abbot, who was the founder and publisher of the country's largest black newspaper, the Chicago Defender, heard about Coleman's determination. He published her story in his paper and raised money for her to travel to France.

The Caudron Brothers of France were famous like the Wright brothers of the United States.

Bessie learned to perform airplane stunts from Anthony Fokker.

Bessie was briefly married, but never publicly talked about it.

Coleman's nicknames included "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie."

She survived a plane crash in 1923, in which her plane cut out during a performance.

In Spanish: Bessie Coleman para niños

Images for kids

Coleman's grave at Lincoln Cemetery

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Kiddle provides this among other resources to learn about this amazing lady who was the first Black ballerina with a major ballet

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Kiddle provides this accessible article in the Pedia to learn about this amazing woman

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Dolores Clara Fernández Huerta (born April 10, 1930) is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the United Farmworkers Association, which later merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta helped organize the Delano grape strike in 1965 in California and was the lead negotiator in the workers' contract that was created after the strike.

Huerta has received numerous awards for her community service and advocacy for workers', immigrants', and women's rights, including the Eugene V. Debs Foundation Outstanding American Award, the United States Presidential Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She was the first Latina inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, in 1993.

Huerta is the originator of the phrase "Sí, se puede". As a role model to many in the Latino community, Huerta is the subject of many corridos (Mexican or Mexican-American ballads) and murals.

In California, April 10 is Dolores Huerta Day.

Dolores Huerta was born on April 10, 1930, in the mining town of Dawson, New Mexico. She is the second child and only daughter of Juan Fernández and Alicia Chávez. Juan Fernández was born in Dawson to a Mexican immigrant family and worked as a coal miner. Later, he joined the migrant labor force, and harvested beets in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming. When Huerta was young, she would hear her father tell stories about union organizing. After her parents divorced when she was three years old, she seldom saw her father. He stayed in New Mexico and served in the New Mexico Legislature in 1938.

Chávez raised Huerta and her two brothers in the central California farmworker community of Stockton, California. Huerta's mother was known for her kindness and compassion towards others and was active in community affairs, numerous civic organizations, and the church. She encouraged the cultural diversity that was a natural part of Huerta's upbringing in Stockton. Alicia Chávez was a businesswoman who owned a restaurant and a 70-room hotel, where she welcomed low-wage workers and farmworker families at affordable prices and sometimes gave them free housing. Huerta was inspired by her mother to advocate for farmworkers later on in her life. In an interview, Huerta stated that "The dominant person in my life is my mother. She was a very intelligent woman and a very gentle woman". This prompted Huerta to think about civil rights. Her mother's generous actions during Dolores's childhood provided the foundation for her own non-violent, strongly spiritual stance. In the same interview she said, "When we talk about spiritual forces, I think that Hispanic women are more familiar with spiritual forces. We know what fasting is, and that it is part of the culture. We know what relationships are, and we know what sacrifice is".

Huerta's community activism began when she was a student at Stockton High School. Huerta was active in numerous school clubs and was a majorette and dedicated member of the Girl Scouts until the age of 18.

Dolores Huerta says a school teacher accusing her of stealing another student's work and, as a result, giving her an unfair grade, an act she considers to be rooted in racial bias. Having experienced marginalization during childhood because she was Hispanic, Huerta grew up with the belief that society needed to be changed. She attended college at the University of the Pacific's Stockton College (later to become San Joaquin Delta Community College), where she earned a provisional teaching credential. After teaching elementary school, Huerta left her job and began her lifelong crusade to correct economic injustice:

"I couldn't tolerate seeing kids come to class hungry and needing shoes. I thought I could do more by organizing farm workers than by trying to teach their hungry children."

Career as an activist

In 1955, Huerta along with Fred Ross co-founded and organized the Stockton Chapter of the Community Service Organization (CSO), which fought for economic improvements for Latino/Mexican/Chicano migrant Farm workers. Due to her dedication and willingness to serve, Ross often delegated huge responsibilities to her. He knew she was capable of delivering the organization's message in Spanish and English and promoted the agenda from door to door field organizing. "As she assumed responsibilities and stance that were traditionally held by white males, Huerta encountered criticism based on both gender and ethnic stereotypes".

In 1960, Huerta co-founded the Agricultural Workers Association, which set up voter registration drives and pressed local governments for barrio improvements. In 1962, she co-founded, with César Chávez, the National Farm Workers Association, which would later become the United Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee. Huerta was the only woman to ever sit on the board of the UFW, until 2018. In 1966, she negotiated a contract between the UFWOC and Schenley Wine Company, marking the first time that farm workers were able to effectively bargain with an agricultural enterprise.

But Chavez and Huerta quickly realized that they shared a common goal of helping improve the lives and wages of farmworkers, so they co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. In 1962, after the CSO turned down Chávez's request, as their president, to organize farmworkers, Chávez and Huerta resigned from the CSO. She went to work for the National Farm Workers Association, which would later merge with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to become the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. "Dolores's organizing skills were essential to the growth of this budding organization." The Original UFW house is located in the city of Los Angeles.

At the age of only 25, Huerta was a lobbyist in Sacramento for the Stockton Community Service Organization and trained people to do grassroots organizing.

The foundation was later changed to an affiliated agricultural workers' organization. In an interview, Huerta explained that she decided to join the organization after getting an inside look at the poverty farm workers lived in. She cited that they were being paid little to nothing, had no rights, slept on the floors, had wooden boxes as furniture and unclean water, lacked access to bathrooms, and worked from sunrise to sundown without breaks. Many of these workers would migrate to where the crops were in season, meaning their children did not have a proper education and would often work in the fields alongside their parents.

In 1965, Huerta directed the UFW's national boycott during the Delano grape strike, taking the plight of the farm workers to the consumers. She led the organization of boycotts advocating for consumer rights. The boycott resulted in the entire California table grape industry signing a three-year collective bargaining agreement with the United Farm Workers in 1970.

In addition to organizing, Huerta has been active in lobbying for laws to improve the lives of farm workers. The laws that she supported included the following:

1960 bill to permit Spanish-speaking people to take the California driver's examination in Spanish

1962 legislation repealing the Bracero Program

1963 legislation to extend the federal program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), to California farmworkers

The 1975 California Agricultural Labor Relations Act

As an advocate for farmworkers' rights, Huerta has been arrested twenty-two times for participating in non-violent civil disobedience activities and strikes. She remains active in progressive causes, and serves on the boards of People for the American Way, Consumer Federation of California, and Feminist Majority Foundation.

On June 5, 1968, Huerta stood beside Robert F. Kennedy on the speaker's platform at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles as he delivered a victory statement to his political supporters shortly after winning the California Democratic presidential primary election. Only moments after the candidate finished his speech, Kennedy and five other people were wounded by gunfire inside the hotel's kitchen pantry. Kennedy died from his gunshot wounds on June 6.

In September 1988, in front of the St. Francis Hotel in Union Square, Huerta was severely beaten by San Francisco Police officer Frank Achim during a peaceful and lawful protest of the policies/platform of then-candidate for president George H. W. Bush. The baton-beating caused significant internal injuries to her torso, resulting in several broken ribs and requiring the removal of her spleen in emergency surgery. The beating was caught on videotape and broadcast widely on local television news. Later, Huerta won a large judgment against the SFPD and the City of San Francisco for the attack, the proceeds of which she used for the benefit of farm workers. As a result of this assault and the suit, the SFPD was pressured to change its crowd control policies and its process of officer discipline.

Following a lengthy recovery, Huerta took a leave of absence from the union to focus on women's rights. She traversed the country for two years on behalf of the Feminist Majority's Feminization of Power: 50/50 by the year 2000 Campaign encouraging Latinas to run for office. The campaign resulted in a significant increase in the number of women representatives elected at the local, state and federal levels. She also served as National Chair of the 21st Century Party, founded in 1992 on the principles that women make up 52% of the party's candidates and that officers must reflect the ethnic diversity of the nation.

Dolores Huerta Foundation

Huerta is president of the Dolores Huerta Foundation, which she founded in 2002. It is a 501(c)(3) "community benefit organization that organizes at the grassroots level, engaging and developing natural leaders. DHF creates leadership opportunities for community organizing, leadership development, civic engagement, and policy advocacy in the following priority areas: health & environment, education & youth development, and economic development."

The foundation first got started when Huerta received the $100,000 Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship in 2002, which she then used to create the DHF. Her youngest daughter, Camila Chavez, is the executive director at the foundation. The primary purpose of the foundation is to weave in movements such as "women's rights, LGBTQ rights, immigrant rights, labor rights, and civil rights" into an individual thread.

The DHF has several programs. The civic engagement program focuses on the voting rights of the people. They have protested, with petitions and signatures, to revise property tax loopholes in Proposition 13. Another part of their campaigns was to encourage voters to vote at the California primary elections, and to educate voters on federal issues such as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the White House Budget. They also created a Youth VOTE Campaign, where they were able to reach 1,055 contacts and 809 young voters. The organization has "secured millions of dollars for local infrastructures such as new sewer connections, street lights, sidewalks, and gutters in Lamont and Weedpatch from 2007-2015." The DHF was one of the plaintiffs in a suit against Kern High School District, alleging that African-American and Latino students were unfairly targeted for disciplinary actions; as part of the settlement, the district provides Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports training to staff members.

Awards and honors

Dolores Huerta currently has about 15 honorary doctorates.

On November 17, 2015, Dolores Huerta was bestowed the Order of the Aztec Eagle, the highest decoration a foreign national can receive from the Mexican government. Huerta was lauded for her years of service helping the Mexican community in the United States fighting for equal pay, dignity in the workplace, and fair employment practices in the farms of Northern California like Stockton, Salinas, and Delano.

Huerta received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on May 29, 2012.

Huerta has served on the Board of Directors of Equality California.

Huerta was named one of the three most important women of the year in 1997 by magazine. She was an inaugural recipient of the Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights from President Bill Clinton in 1998. That same year, Ladies' Home Journal recognized her as one of the '100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century', along with such women leaders as Mother Teresa, Margaret Thatcher, Rosa Parks, and Indira Gandhi.

She was awarded the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship in 2002. She was conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from California State University, Northridge on May 29, 2002. On September 30, 2005, she became an honorary sister of Kappa Delta Chi sorority (Alpha Alpha chapter - Wichita State University). She received an honorary degree from Princeton University in recognition of her numerous achievements May 2006. She was lauded in the ceremony: "Through her insatiable hunger of justice- La Causa-and her tireless advocacy, she has devoted her life to creative, compassionate, and committed citizenship." She was co-recipient (along with Virgilio Elizondo) of the 2007 Community of Christ International Peace Award .

In 2008, Huerta received the "Maggie" Award.

She was recognized in 2008 by United Neighborhood Centers of America with its highest individual honor, the Jane Addams Distinguished Leadership Award at its National Policy Summit in Washington, D.C. She was awarded the UCLA Medal, UCLA's highest honor, during the UCLA College of Letters and Science commencement ceremony on June 12, 2009.

In October 2010, Huerta was awarded an honorary degree by Mills College, who lauded her as "a lifetime champion of social justice whose courageous leadership garnered unprecedented national support from farmworkers, women, and underserved communities in a landmark quest for human and civil rights". The same month, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by University of the Pacific, which unveiled an official portrait of her for the Architects of Peace Project by artist Michael Collopy.

Huerta was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters by Mount Holyoke College, where she delivered the commencement address, on May 21, 2017.

Huerta was honored by California State University, Los Angeles in October 2017 with its highest honor, the Presidential Medallion.

Four elementary schools in California and one in Tulsa, Oklahoma; one school in Fort Worth, Texas; a middle school in Burbank, California, and a high school in Pueblo, Colorado, are named after Huerta. Pitzer College, in Claremont, California has a mural in front of Holden Hall dedicated to her. A middle school in the major agricultural city of Salinas, California, which has a dense population of farm workers, was named in 2014 after her. She was a speaker at the first and tenth César Chávez Convocation. In 2013, Huerta received the annual Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, given by Jefferson Awards.

Huerta also gave the keynote address at the Berkeley Law Class of 2018 graduation ceremony.

In July 2018, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 2455, by Assemblymember Eloise Gómez Reyes, designating April 10 each year as Dolores Huerta Day. In March 2019, Washington Governor Jay Inslee signed a measure also designating April 10 each year as Dolores Huerta Day.

The intersection of East 1st and Chicago streets in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Boyle Heights is named Dolores Huerta Square. In Fort Worth, Texas, a portion of State Highway 183 is named in honor of Huerta.

Asteroid 6849 Doloreshuerta, discovered by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Schelte Bus at Palomar Observatory in 1979, was named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on August 27, 2019 (M.P.C. 115893).

Huerta received the Ripple of Hope Award from the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights in 2020.

In March 2021, the Governing Board of the Burbank Unified School District in Burbank voted to rename its David Starr Jordan Middle School as the Dolores Huerta Middle School. Yale University awarded Huerta an Honorary Doctor of Laws in May 2021. In August 2021, a brand new middle school in San Jose was dedicated in Huerta's honor.

Huerta also received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from University of Southern California, the highest honor conferred by the university, in May 2023.

She once served as Honorary Chair in the Democratic Socialists of America.

Representation in other media

Huerta is one of the subjects of the Sylvia Morales film A Crushing Love (2009), the sequel to Chicana (1979).

She is portrayed by actress/activist Rosario Dawson in Diego Luna's César Chávez (2014).

She is the focus of a 2017 documentary called Dolores.

A middle school in Las Cruces, New Mexico is named after her. La Academia Dolores Huerta. The school specializes in bilingual studies, Latin dance and folk music.

Huerta appears with César Chávez in the graphic memoir Tata Rambo La Voz de M.A.Y.O, by Henry Barajas, Bernardo Brice and Gonzo

Women's rights

Huerta championed women's rights in feminist campaigns during her time off from union work. She also fought for ethnic diversity in her campaigns.

Huerta spent three decades advocating for safer working conditions with the UFW. A key part of her platform was reducing use of harmful pesticides. As her movement grew more feminist in nature, this became more important as such pesticides cause pregnancy complications.

Personal life

Huerta married Ralph Head in college after her graduation in 1948. During their marriage, they had two daughters, Celeste and Lori.

After divorcing Head, she married Ventura Huerta, with whom she bore five children. Their son Emilio Jesus Huerta entered politics and ran for Congress. Her second marriage ended in divorce as well, in part because of the significant amount of time that she spent away from the family while campaigning and organizing.

Later, Huerta had a romantic relationship with Richard Chavez, the brother of César Chávez. Huerta and Chávez never married, but the couple had four children during their relationship. Richard Chávez died on July 27, 2011.

Archival collection

The Dolores Huerta Papers are a part of the United Farm Workers Collections at the Walter P. Reuther Library. There is also significant material related to Huerta in the Cesar Chávez Papers at the Reuther Library.

In Spanish: Dolores Huerta para niños

Cesar Chavez

Larry Itliong

Philip Vera Cruz

Mily Treviño-Sauceda

List of civil rights leaders

History of Mexican Americans

List of Mexican Americans

List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

National Organization for Women Woman of Courage Award winners

List of Mills College honorary degree recipients

List of people from Stockton, California

List of Scouts

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