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When molten, heated material cools and solidifies, igneous rocks are created (their name is derived from the Latin word for fire). A few different processes can be used to create igneous rocks. They are referred to be intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks when they are generated deep within the earth. They are referred to be extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rocks if they developed outside of or on top of the Earth's crust.

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Rocks that have undergone extreme heat or pressure and changed from their initial state are known as metamorphic rocks. There are two types of metamorphic rocks: foliated and nonfoliate. Minerals that are flat or elongated line up in layers to form foliation when a rock is subjected to intense pressure. Foliation is the perpendicular alignment of elongated or platy minerals, such as hornblende or mica, under applied pressure. Granite, an igneous rock, serves as an illustration of this change. When granite is subjected to considerable pressure, lengthy, platy minerals that are initially out of alignment move to point in the same direction while being compressed into flat sheets. During this process, which occurs, for example, near a tectonic plate boundary, granite

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Rock fragments from other types of existing rocks or organic material are used to create sedimentary rocks. Clastic, organic (biological), and chemical sedimentary rocks are the three different types of sedimentary rocks. Sandstone is a type of clast sedimentary rock, which is formed from fragments of other rocks. Hard, biological elements like plants, shells, and bones that are compacted into rock are what give rise to organic sedimentary rocks like coal.

The weathering, or disintegration, of the exposed rock into tiny fragments is the first step in the production of clastic and organic rocks. These fragments are separated from their source through erosion and carried to a different area by wind, water, ice, or biological activity. When enough silt gathers and settles in one place, the lowest strata are compacted so firmly that they form solid rock.

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The cooling phase, which happens after rocks are removed from the high heat and pressure settings that induced alteration, is another procedure in the rock cycle.
There are two distinct mechanisms at work as lava cools and solidifies.

Extrusive igneous rock, so named because it is extruded out of the Earth's surface like icing coming out of a decorating bag, is created when lava erupts from a volcano and rapidly cools there. It cools much more slowly and is known as an intrusive igneous rock if the magma is gradually forced up through the layers of the Earth's surface over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years.

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When temperatures are high enough, rocks can melt.
The temperature needed to melt rock only occurs deep under the Earth's crust, which is fortunate for the species that live on the surface. Temperatures can reach as high as 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit as the crust shifts, pulling a rock downward. The rock may melt and transform into an entirely new substance at that temperature.

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Because of changes in the crust itself, rocks frequently move from one layer of the Earth's crust to another. As the rocks descend, temperatures below the surface rise. The temperature can be high enough to melt rocks by the time a rock is between sixty and one hundred miles below the surface. However, the heat would cause a rock to go through a lot of significant changes before that melting happens.

But below the crust's surface, there are other factors besides heat. A lot of pressure from the surrounding rock and earth layers might also result in major changes. Metamorphic rock is created when rocks undergo this combination of heat and pressure.

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                                   Rock Cycle

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                                   Rock Cycle

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A geological concept known as the rock cycle describes the long-term changes that sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks go through. When the environment around a rock is out of equilibrium, it changes or is destroyed. The movement of bodies of water, plate tectonic activity, changes in the atmosphere, and other factors can all result in this kind of alteration in equilibrium.