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Many kingdoms and States made up a region in Europe that was connected by through the main language being German during the Napoleonic Wars a German confederation was formed but it didn't stop the Rivalry between Prussia and Austria eventually through many wars a northern and A Southern German confederation were made and eventually they become all united as The country Germany

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The Italian Peninsula was divided into many states until Napoleon came along and United them but once he was defeated Italy was separated into five regions all under different power. In 1848 there were many Revolutionary wars that swept across Italy but they all failed, Victor Manuel II would lead the unification. Austria was defeated by Piedmont later central Italy joined Piedmont, and Later so did southern Italy creating the Kingdom of Italy. Many years later Rome was captured and made the Capital of Italy.

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There were 20,000 whites and about 30,000 free people of color in the south, and there was about 500,000 African slaves. Many slaves had escaped and join the Maroons within a few months 100's of plantations were destroyed and 1,000's of white were killed. After the Execution of King Louis the Spanish armed the slaves in the North, many slaves had joined an opposing army because they were promised freedom. In 1794 France had abolished slavery.

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The Unification took place in the late 19th century with the uprise of nationalism united by Camillo di Cavour under the crown of Sardinia, he allied with France in 1859 that included help against Austria if need be, later France defeated Austria trying to invade Sardinia, This Success inspired revolutionary assemblies in Central Italy and they voted for unification with Sardinia in 1859 in 1861 Italy was pronounced a Union Nation-State

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Germany has a bond of language, race, and culture, but due to the lack of unity Germans were often expiated, for the Unification France, Austria, and Russia created the Congress of Vienna then through the Congress of Vienna Austria was deemed the ruler of Germany but Austria created the German diet and this congress has the rights that General Resolution can be passed by two thirds of the Majority and Constitutional and Fundamental change requires acceptance from all states, then a customs Union was created which reduced tariff borders and reduced the number of currencies used, a Second Frankfurt Parliament was created and they created a German Constitution.

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We will now discuss the making of another great modern nation- Germany.

Rise of Germany

The situation of the German States

The German States have a common bond of unity on the basis of language, race and culture. They were also rich in resources like coal and iron. In spite of this cultural and linguistic unity German States were exploited because of lack of unity among Germans. This was the reason of pain for the German nationalists.

Coal and Iron Reserves of Germany

Exploitation by Non-Germans

For many centuries Austria of the Hapsburgs was the leading German Power. Then Prussia came to the front. There was a conflict between these two for the leadership of the German States. Actually, from ancient time German States were having non-german leadership. Example: Holy Roman Empire.

It was the union of German and Italian States. In which the rulers of these states elected their leader who was guided by the Pope. As Pope was under the influence of European powers like Austria and France etc. So, he rarely bothered about the interest of German States.

Napoleon destroyed the Holy Roman Empire. But after, Austria became the leader of the German States. This non-German leadership was the cause of frustration for German Nationalists.

Promotion of Trade and Commerce

Napoleon humbled both Austrians and Prussian Leaders. Napoleon not only destroyed the Holy Roman Empire but in western Germany, he unified the many smaller states. He then established a single state of Westphalia. This gave promotion to trade and commerce.

This also gave the message that political unity would lead to the economic empowerment of the German States. Thus both in Italy and Germany Napoleon, unconsciously and without wishing it, gave an impetus to the spirit of nationalism and the idea of freedom.

Role of Intellectuals

Eventually, Napoleon prepared the ground for German unification. These intellectuals played an important role. One of the leading German nationalists of the Napoleonic period was Fichte, a philosopher, but also an ardent patriot who did much to rouse up his people. Fichte gave the concept of German idealism, glorifying German culture, race. This ideology was taken to its peak by Fredrick William Nietzsche, who gave the concept of superman and also declared God is Dead.

Unification of Germany

Phases of Unification of Germany

Phases of the unification of Germany are described as below,

German Diet

In the , Austria became a leader of the German States. There were 39 states. It was not possible for Austria to individually handle all the states. Therefore, Austria formed Parliament of the German States called the German Diet. This Parliament had certain rights,

1. General resolution can be passed by two-thirds of the majority.

2. Constitutional and fundamental changes require acceptance from all the states. (which was not feasible without political unity among 39 states)

Although Austria denied any type of unity among the German States but the system of German Diet eventually provided formal political unity for the German States. This got strengthen by economic unity created by Prussia through Zollverein.

Zollverein

German nationalists and intellectuals had already got the practical taste of political unity. In 1834, Prussia formed a customs union or Zollverein. They joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

The network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. In this situation, a turning point in European and German history was the outburst of revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

Second Frankfurt Parliament

Revolution of 1830 activated the middle class which wanted the constitution. While the revolution of 1848 ignited labor class who wanted a change in the political order. The Monarchs of Europe feared the unity among the middle class and labor class. So they decided to go for the constitutional arrangement for the people.

In the German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were professionals, businessmen, and prosperous craftsmen came together in the city of Frankfurt. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament.

They drafted a constitution for the German nation with the provision of constitutional monarchy. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it because of two reasons:

The representatives of different states gave the proposal. The kings did not accept this proposal. Prussia did not want to be a nominal head of the German Federation.

In Olmutz Convention, Austria warned Prussia that if Prussia got involved in activities against Austria, it should ready for the consequences.

Finally, this ended the peaceful path of the Unification of Germany. It made clear that war with Austria was the demand of that time to become an independent nation. At this stage, about the middle of the century, there rose a man in Prussia who was to dominate for many years not only Germany but European politics. This man was Otto von Bismarck, a junker- that is a landowner in Prussia. We will discuss this personality in theupcoming post.

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We will now discuss the making of another great modern nation- Germany . The German States have a common bond of unity on the basis of language, race and culture. They were also rich in resources like coal and iron .

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In 1791 a rebellion broke out and very quite successful. An army of the formerly enslaved drove out the Invading Britain and their leader Toussaint l'Ouverture established relations with United States and Britain and Haiti/ Saint Domingue was free from European Power

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A slave rebellion in Haiti helped the United States double in size at the beginning of the 19th century. The uprising in what was a French colony at the time had an unexpected repercussion when the leaders of France decided to abandon plans for an empire in the Americas.

Part of France's profound change of plans was the decision by the French government to sell an enormous parcel of land, the Louisiana Purchase, to the United States in 1803.

In the 1790s the nation of Haiti was known as Saint Domingue, and it was a colony of France. Producing coffee, sugar, and indigo, Saint Domingue was a very profitable colony, but at considerable cost in human suffering.

The majority of people in the colony were slaves brought from Africa, and many of them were literally worked to death within years of arriving in the Carribean.

A slave rebellion, which broke out in 1791, gained momentum and was largely successful.

In the mid-1790s the British, who were at war with France, invaded and seized the colony, and an army of former slaves eventually drove out the British. The leader of the former slaves, Toussaint l'Ouverture, established relations with the United States and Britain. Saint Domingue at that point was essentially an independent nation, free from European control.

The French, in time, chose to reclaim their colony. Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a military expedition of 20,000 men to Saint Domingue. Toussaint l'Ouverture was taken prisoner and jailed in France, where he died.

The French invasion ultimately failed. Military defeats and an outbreak of yellow fever doomed France's attempts to retake the colony.

The new leader of the slave revolt, Jean Jacque Dessalines, declared Saint Domingue to be an independent nation on January 1, 1804. The nation's new name was Haiti, in honor of a native tribe.

While the French were in the process of losing their grip on Saint Domingue, President Thomas Jefferson was trying to purchase the city of New Orleans from the French. Though France claimed much of the land west of the Mississippi River, Jefferson had only really been interested in purchasing the seaport at the mouth of the Mississippi.

Napoleon Bonaparte had been interested in Jefferson's offer to purchase New Orleans. But the loss of the France's most profitable colony made Napoleon's government begin to think it wasn't worth the effort it would take to hold on to the vast tract of land that is now the American Midwest.

When France's finance minister suggested that Napoleon should offer to sell Jefferson all the French holdings west of the Mississippi, the emperor agreed. And so Thomas Jefferson, who had been interested in buying a city, was offered the chance to buy enough land that the United States would instantly double in size.

Jefferson made all the necessary arrangements, got approval from Congress, and in 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Purchase. The actual transfer took place on December 20, 1803.

The French had other reasons to sell the Louisiana Purchase besides their loss of Saint Domingue. One persistent concern was that the British, invading from Canada, could eventually seize all the territory anyway. But it is fair to say that France would not have been prompted to sell the land to the United States when they did had they not lost their prized colony of Saint Domingue.

The Louisiana Purchase, of course, contributed enormously to the westward expansion of the United States and the era of Manifest Destiny.

Incidentally, the French, in the 1820s, did try once again to take back Haiti. France did not reclaim the colony, but it did force the small nation of Haiti to pay reparations for land which French citizens had forfeited during the rebellion.

Those payments, with interest added, crippled the Haitian economy throughout the 19th century, which meant that Haiti was forced to endure miserable poverty. The nation was never able to fully develop as an independent nation due to its crippling debts.

To this day Haiti is the most impoverished nation in the Western Hemisphere, and the country's very troubled financial history is rooted in the payments it was making to France going back to the 19th century.

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How a Slave Rebellion in Haiti Doubled the Size of the United States

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A slave rebellion in Haiti helped the United States double in size at the beginning of the 19th century. The uprising in what was a French colony at the time had an unexpected repercussion when the leaders of France decided to abandon plans for an empire in the Americas.