# data[].attributes.body
Beginning of history

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2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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Native Americans had such good sleep patterns that nearly no one suffered from sleeping issues. There is no word for insomnia in any of their languages.

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In most Native American languages, the women were called squaw. Squaw was usually used as a general word for women.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement Names And Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement Names And Works

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.

William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  fact #1

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The Puritans founded Harvard in 1636 because they were very big on education.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement   fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement   fact #2

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The Puritans were the people who held the witch trials where they would kill women thinking they were witches.

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1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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A few British soldiers were actually actors by night.

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There were 200 original copies of the Declaration of Independence made

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"The Age of Reason"

"The Enlightenment"

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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in the Revolutionary War a Women named Deborah Sampson dressed up like a man in order to fight

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Many women were spies in the revolutionary war, because they could not fight.

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"The American Renaissance"

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Transcendentalism took progressive steps on improving women's rights

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Transcendentalism advocated the idea of a personal God.

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Iran protest over a girls murder for not wearing a hijab met with 5 rounds of tear gas

Works Cited:
Iran Protests: Police Fire on Mahsa Amini Mourners - Witnesses Published 2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63397159.

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Two people threw soup at a Claude Monet painting and glue their hands to the wall to protest oil.

Works Cited:
Treisman, Rachel. “Protests at Art Museums Are Nothing New. Here Are 3 Famous Examples from History.” NPR, NPR, 26 Oct. 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/10/26/1131377513/museum-protests-famous-artworks-history.

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1800-1860
1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style) | Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
(find the date)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Romanticism emphasized nature over industry

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Romantics believed that the advancement of science following the Industrial Revolution was the cause of the major divide between humankind and the natural world.

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The Puritans believed in a judgmental God (rewards good/punishes evil)

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Puritanism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism. Accessed 6 March 2023.

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The Puritans founded Harvard 1663

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Puritanism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism. Accessed 6 March 2023.

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The fear of Communism led to McCarthy's power that ended poorly.

Works Cited:
12 Facts about McCarthyism - Owlcation. https://owlcation.com/humanities/Facts-About-McCarthyism.

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The term "McCarthyism" comes from McCarthy's damaging policy ideas.

Works Cited:
12 Facts about McCarthyism - Owlcation. https://owlcation.com/humanities/Facts-About-McCarthyism.

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Maya Angelou's original name was Marguerite Annie Johnson

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Maya Angelou". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maya-Angelou. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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Maya Angelou was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2000.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Maya Angelou". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maya-Angelou. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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Angelou spent a lot of her childhood in the care of her grandmother

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Maya Angelou". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maya-Angelou. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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Emily Dickinson wrote nearly 1,800 poems

Works Cited:
Habegger, Alfred. "Emily Dickinson". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Dec. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Dickinson. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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As a kid Emily was seen as frail by her parents and others and was often kept home from school.

Works Cited:
Habegger, Alfred. "Emily Dickinson". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Dec. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Dickinson. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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Emily Dickinson is one of the leading 19th-century American poets

Works Cited:
Habegger, Alfred. "Emily Dickinson". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Dec. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Dickinson. Accessed 16 March 2023.

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Walt Whitman exerted a strong influence on American and foreign literature.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Walt Whitman summary". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Oct. 2003, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Walt-Whitman. Accessed 17 March 2023.

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Walt Whitman had powerful influence in the 20th century

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Walt Whitman summary". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Oct. 2003, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Walt-Whitman. Accessed 17 March 2023.

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Whitman lived in Brooklyn as a boy and left school at age 12.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Walt Whitman summary". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Oct. 2003, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Walt-Whitman. Accessed 17 March 2023.

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

Civil War
1861-1865

Reconstruction Era
1865-1877

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Realism included little sculpture or architecture as part of its movement

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "realism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/realism-art. Accessed 2 June 2023.

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Gustave Courbet was the first artist to self-consciously claim to make Realism art.

Works cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "realism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/art/realism-art. Accessed 2 June 2023.

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Mark Twain worked in Virginia City as a miner.

Works Cited:
Quirk, Thomas V.. "Mark Twain". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Twain. Accessed 1 August 2023.

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Mark Twain was the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens. (that's a lot of siblings!)

Works Cited:
Quirk, Thomas V.. "Mark Twain". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Twain. Accessed 1 August 2023.

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Mark Twain loved learning independently.

Works Cited:
Quirk, Thomas V.. "Mark Twain". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jul. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Twain. Accessed 1 August 2023.

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Sandra Cisneros is one of the first Hispanic-American writers to succeed commercially.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sandra Cisneros". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros. Accessed 3 August 2023.

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Sandra Cisneros loves collaborating with other artists.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sandra Cisneros". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros. Accessed 3 August 2023.

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Sandra Cisneros worked as a teacher and counselor to high-school dropouts.

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sandra Cisneros". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros. Accessed 3 August 2023.

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

World War I
1914-1918

The Great Depression
1929-1939

World War II
1939-1945

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Modernists helped promote new forms of artistic expression.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Modernism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Modernism-Roman-Catholicism. Accessed 30 August 2023.

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Modernists rejected the "old social structures," for example, marriage and religious institutions, regarding them as outdated forms of oppression.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Modernism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Modernism-Roman-Catholicism. Accessed 30 August 2023.

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The Statue of Liberty is the standard icon of the American Dream.

Murtoff, Jennifer. "American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Dream. Accessed 15 September 2023.

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The American dream has changed slowly over the years.

Murtoff, Jennifer. "American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Dream. Accessed 15 September 2023.

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30's and 40's: The American Dream Fact 1#

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30's and 40's: The American Dream Fact 1#

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The phrase “American dream” was invented during the Great Depression.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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30's and 40's: The American Dream Fact 2#

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30's and 40's: The American Dream Fact 2#

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Establishing stability was very important to the American Dream, especially after the hard couple of decades. The American dream was to own a house in the suburbs, have a steady job, and have a good family.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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The American dream in the 1950s was mainly nuclear families living in modern, suburban homes.

Works Cited

Murtoff, Jennifer. "American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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The chance to have a house, a car, a dog, and 2.5 kids was very important in the 1950s

Murtoff, Jennifer. "American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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"The Jazz Age"
"The Roaring 20s"

"The New Negro Movement"
1919-1925

Prohibition
1920-1933

James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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The most influential movement in African-American literary history was the Harlem Renaissance, including musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

Works Cited:
Hutchinson, George. "Harlem Renaissance". Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Harlem-Renaissance-American-literature-and-art. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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The Harlem Renaissance celebrated African heritage and embraced self-expression.

Hutchinson, George. "Harlem Renaissance". Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Harlem-Renaissance-American-literature-and-art. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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Women gained the right to vote, and freedom of speech became much more valued.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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The Industrial Revolution allowed for aviation, and Henry Ford's use of the assembly line allowed many more low-income families to gain wealth.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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many movies displayed the American dream, making it even more desirable

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

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In movie theatres, there were advertisements for home builders. These advertisements showed off buying or building a house, which was very important to the American dream in the 1980s

Works Cited:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-American-Dream. Accessed 16 September 2023.

# data[].attributes.headline
 90's and early 2000's The American Dream Fact 1#

# data[].attributes.subject
 90's and early 2000's The American Dream Fact 1#

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Pulling yourself out of poverty, buying material goods, and having a loving family.

Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/facts/The-American-Dream. Accessed 17 September 2023.

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 90's and early 2000's The American Dream Fact 2#

# data[].attributes.subject
 90's and early 2000's The American Dream Fact 2#

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Buying all the new gadgets

Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia. "The American Dream". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/facts/The-American-Dream. Accessed 17 September 2023.

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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Korean War
1950-1953

Vietnam War
1954-1975

Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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reconsideration of the entire Western value system

Duignan, Brian. "postmodernism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy. Accessed 17 September 2023.

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shattered established ideas about art

Duignan, Brian. "postmodernism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy. Accessed 17 September 2023.

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The Hunger Games describes a world where catastrophe has taken place. The government abuses its power and its people. The hunger games is a well-written novel about a cruel government game.

Cunningham, John M.. "Suzanne Collins". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suzanne-Collins. Accessed 17 September 2023.

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Current time