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1. Why do humans talk but animals do not?

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1. Why do humans talk but animals do not?

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Answer :

Humans have a highly developed brain, particularly the areas responsible for language (like Broca's and Wernicke's areas). This, combined with our unique vocal anatomy, allows us to produce and understand complex speech. Animals, while capable of communication, lack the same neural and anatomical structures for speech

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2. What is the function of the velum and the uvula?

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2. What is the function of the velum and the uvula?

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Answer :

The velum (soft palate) helps close off the nasal passages during swallowing and speech, preventing food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity. The uvula assists in speech and helps guide food during swallowing.

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3. What is the difference between oral and nasal sounds?

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3. What is the difference between oral and nasal sounds?

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Answer :

Oral sounds are produced with the velum raised, blocking air from escaping through the nose, so the sound exits through the mouth. Nasal sounds are produced with the velum lowered, allowing air to escape through the nose.

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4. Why are the vocal folds important for speech?

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4. Why are the vocal folds important for speech?

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Answer :

The vocal folds (or vocal cords) vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound. This vibration is essential for phonation, which is the basis of speech sounds.

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5. When the VOT of a consonant is 0.31, is the sound voiced or voiceless? Why?

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5. When the VOT of a consonant is 0.31, is the sound voiced or voiceless? Why?

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Answer :

A VOT (Voice Onset Time) of 0.31 seconds indicates a voiceless sound. Voiceless stops typically have a positive VOT, meaning there is a delay between the release of the consonant and the onset of vocal cord vibration.

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6. Draw a facial diagram and write down all the names of the speech mechanism.

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6. Draw a facial diagram and write down all the names of the speech mechanism.

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Here are the main parts involved in the speech mechanism:

1. Lungs: Provide the airflow necessary for speech.

2. Trachea: The windpipe that carries air from the lungs to the larynx.

3. Larynx: Contains the vocal folds (vocal cords) which vibrate to produce sound.

4. Pharynx: The cavity behind the nose and mouth that connects them to the esophagus.

5. Oral Cavity: The mouth, including the tongue, teeth, and palate, which shape the sounds.

6. Nasal Cavity: The space above the oral cavity that can add resonance to sounds.

7. Tongue: A major articulator that helps in shaping sounds.

8. Lips: Help in forming sounds by controlling the airflow and shaping the mouth opening.

9. Teeth: Assist in the articulation of certain sounds.

10. Soft Palate (Velum): Raises and lowers to direct airflow through the mouth or nose.

These components work together to produce the wide range of sounds used in human speech.

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Answer :

The alveolar ridge is a bony ridge located just behind the upper front teeth. It plays a crucial role in speech production by providing a surface against which the tongue can press to produce certain sounds, known as alveolar sounds. Examples of these sounds include /t/, /d/, /n/, and /s/.

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8. Identify the oral and nasal sounds below.

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8. Identify the oral and nasal sounds below.

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Answer :

- a. /m/: Nasal sound

- b. /k/: Oral sound

- c. /a/: Oral sound (vowel)

- d. /n/: Nasal sound

- e. /d/: Oral sound

- f. /ŋ/: Nasal sound

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9. When you want to produce the sound [u] as in food, what do you do with your tongue? What about [i] as in meet?

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9. When you want to produce the sound [u] as in food, what do you do with your tongue? What about [i] as in meet?

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Answer :

-[u] as in food : To produce this sound, you raise the back of your tongue towards the soft palate (velum) and round your lips.

- [i] as in meet : For this sound, you raise the front of your tongue close to the hard palate and spread your lips

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1. when we say that language is rule-govermed what do we mean really?

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1. when we say that language is rule-govermed what do we mean really?

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Answer :

Language is a symbolic system that is governed by a set if conventions that distance how words relate to one another.

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4. When we see [m] are we referring to a phone or a phoneme?

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4. When we see [m] are we referring to a phone or a phoneme?

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Answer :

When we see [m], we are referring to a phoneme

Reason : Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, and [m] represents one such unit.

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2. What is different between phonetics and phonology?

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2. What is different between phonetics and phonology?

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Answer :

Phonetics is the study of the production and perception of speech sounds, and phonology concerns the study of more complex and abstract sound patterns and structures.

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3. Which phonetics symbol are used for phonemes vs allophones?

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3. Which phonetics symbol are used for phonemes vs allophones?

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Answer :

The phoneme /t/ is represented using a slash. the allophones [T^h] for the phoneme /t/ are represented using square bracket.

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6. When we talk about how the sound [g] is produced, are we talking in terms of articulatory, auditory, or acoustic phonetics? Why?

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6. When we talk about how the sound [g] is produced, are we talking in terms of articulatory, auditory, or acoustic phonetics? Why?

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Answer :

Articulatory phonetics.

Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced by the movement and coordination of the vocal tract, including the tongue, lips, and other speech organs

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7. How many sounds are there in each of the following words: a. goes b. tough c. asks d. bring e. sixth f. brought

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7. How many sounds are there in each of the following words: a. goes b. tough c. asks d. bring e. sixth f. brought

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Answer :

Here are the number of sounds in each word:

a. goes - 3 sounds

b. tough - 3 sounds

c. asks - 4 sounds

d. bring - 4 sounds

e. sixth - 5 sounds

f. brought - 4 sounds

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8.  Which statement refers to a phonotactic rule: a. The sound [p] is made by having the two lips in contact with each other. b. In English a cluster with three initial consonants always begins with [s]. c. The sound [p] is aspirated at the beginning of a word. d. The sound [p] can occur as the first sound in a consonant cluster e. The English sounds [skt] can be found only at the end of a word.

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8.  Which statement refers to a phonotactic rule: a. The sound [p] is made by having the two lips in contact with each other. b. In English a cluster with three initial consonants always begins with [s]. c. The sound [p] is aspirated at the beginning of a word. d. The sound [p] can occur as the first sound in a consonant cluster e. The English sounds [skt] can be found only at the end of a word.

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Answer :

Statement b is correct

In English, a cluster with three initial consonants always begins with [s].

Phonotactic rules govern the permissible combinations of sounds in a language, and this rule specifies a constraint on the structure of consonant clusters in English

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9. Which ones constitute minimal pairs? Read them aloud first. a. tie-die b. bed-bad c. cheap-jib d. coal-goal f. pat - mad g. men - bang h. jeep - cheap i. need - speed

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9. Which ones constitute minimal pairs? Read them aloud first. a. tie-die b. bed-bad c. cheap-jib d. coal-goal f. pat - mad g. men - bang h. jeep - cheap i. need - speed

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Answer :

The following pairs are minimal pairs:

a. tie-die

b. bed-bad

d. coal-goal

h. jeep-cheap

Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ by only one phonological element and have distinct meanings.

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10. Draw the human tongue and indicate the parts involved in sound production.

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10. Draw the human tongue and indicate the parts involved in sound production.

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This image shows a detailed diagram of the human tongue with the various parts labeled. Here's a brief explanation of the parts involved in sound production:

1. Tip: The frontmost part of the tongue, crucial for producing sounds like "t" and "d".

2. Blade: Just behind the tip, helps in making sounds like "sh".

3. Front: The middle section, involved in sounds like "y".

4. Back: The rear section, used for sounds like "k" and "g".

5. Root: The base of the tongue, which connects to the floor of the mouth.

These parts work together with other structures like the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, teeth, and lips to produce different speech sounds by altering airflow and creating various points of contact.

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Phonetics

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the physical properties of speech sounds. It deals with the way sounds are produced by the vocal organs (articulatory phonetics), how they travel as sound waves through the air (acoustic phonetics), and how they are perceived by the listener’s auditory system (auditory phonetics). Phonetics is concerned with the actual sound waves and the biological mechanisms of sound production and perception. It focuses on:

1. Articulation: How sounds are made using different parts of the vocal apparatus (tongue, lips, teeth, etc.).

2. Acoustics: The physical properties of sound waves, such as frequency, duration, and amplitude.

3. Perception: How sounds are interpreted by the ear and brain.

Phonetics looks at individual speech sounds, called phones or segments, and describes them using various tools, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), to classify the specific properties of each sound.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of how sounds function within a particular language or languages. It focuses not on the physical sounds themselves, but on how those sounds are organized into systems and patterns that convey meaning. Phonology examines phonemes, which are the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word in a specific language (for example, in English, the sounds /p/ and /b/ differentiate "pat" from "bat").

Phonology also explores:

1. Phonemes: Distinct sound units that can change meaning (e.g., /p/ vs. /b/ in "pat" vs. "bat").

2. Allophones: Variants of phonemes that don’t change the meaning (e.g., the /p/ sound in "pin" vs. "spin"—one is aspirated, one is not, but both are perceived as the same phoneme).

3. Phonotactics: The rules governing how sounds can be arranged within a language (e.g., in English, the sound combination "st" can occur at the beginning of a word like "stop," but "ts" cannot).

4. Syllable Structure: How sounds are combined to form syllables and how syllables are structured within words.

5. Stress and Intonation: How the relative emphasis on syllables and the pitch of speech affect meaning.

Phonology is about abstract systems and rules, where the focus is on the function of sounds in language. It seeks to understand how sounds interact with each other, how they are patterned, and how they influence the meaning of words.

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1. Introduction: Presenting the Analogy

Analogy: Phonetics and phonology are like a painter and their work of art.

Phonetics: The painter's tools and techniques, focusing on how the physical aspects create the artwork.

Phonology: The rules and patterns the painter follows to give meaning and coherence to their art.

Purpose: To show how phonetics and phonology, like tools and rules, are interconnected and essential in language study.

2. Explanation of Phonetics

Definition: Phonetics is the study of the physical production and perception of speech sounds.

Focus:

How speech sounds are produced using the mouth, tongue, and vocal cords.

The acoustic properties of sounds and how they are heard by listeners.

Examples of phonetic processes (e.g., articulation, sound waves).

Analogy: Phonetics is like the painter’s tools (brushes, paints, canvas) – necessary for creating the art but not yet meaningful without organization.

3. Explanation of Phonology

Definition: Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and function in a particular language.

Focus:

The rules that govern sound patterns and how they can affect meaning in a language.

The relationship between different sounds (e.g., minimal pairs like /p/ and /b/).

Examples of phonological processes (e.g., assimilation, deletion).

Analogy: Phonology is like the painter’s understanding of composition and balance, where following certain rules gives coherence and meaning to the art.

4. Connecting Phonetics and Phonology through the Analogy

Link:

Just as a painter needs both tools and the knowledge of composition to create a meaningful painting, language requires both phonetic production and phonological structure for meaningful communication.

Phonetics provides the physical sounds, but phonology gives those sounds function and meaning within a language.

Conclusion: Phonetics and phonology work together to create a complete system of sound in language, just as tools and rules work together in art creation.

5. Conclusion

Summarize how the analogy of the painter illustrates the complementary relationship between phonetics and phonology.

Emphasize that one cannot fully function without the other, as phonetics without phonology is meaningless, and phonology without phonetics lacks physical form.

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5. Which one of the following statements is correct? Why is the other wrong?a. An allophone may have two phonemes. b. A phoneme may have two allophones.

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5. Which one of the following statements is correct? Why is the other wrong?a. An allophone may have two phonemes. b. A phoneme may have two allophones.

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Answer :

Statement b is correct : A phoneme may have two allophones.

A phoneme is a distinct unit of sound in a language, and it can have multiple allophones, which are variations of that sound depending on the phonetic context.

Why a is wrong? An allophone cannot have two phonemes because allophones are variations of a single phoneme, not the other way around.