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Your blood type is dependent on the type of antigens you have on your red blood cells. If you are blood type A, you have A antigens. Your body produces antibodies that react to B antigens, meaning you cannot receive blood from B-type donors. The opposite is true for type B blood, which has B antigens and produces A antibodies. AB blood has both antigens, and does not produce antibodies for either. O blood does not have A or B antigens on its surface, but there is both A and B antibodies in the plasma. These things are important to know when considering blood and plasma donations.

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I did my poster on blood and its significance and different uses within occult practices. It mainly falls into two distinct categories, positive and negative, which mainly depend on how the blood is perceived. It can be cleansing, and healing, rebirth someone. It could also be used to harm, manipulate, or kill. Blood's dual symbolism plays a key role in these different uses, as it can be seen as both life and death, sickness and heath, purity and impurity.

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This was an image I found when researching for our article presentations. It is a depiction of the collection of cadaver's blood. Cadaver's blood has to be collected 6-8 hours from the time of death, and the donor has to have been previously healthy and spontaneously die in order for their blood to be harvested. This technique for increasing blood supply never caught on in America, and tests mainly took place in Russia and some parts of Europe.

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Lectins are proteins that bind to carbohydrates, and have been used for blood typing. They are common in many organisms, including plants such as:

– Ulex europaeus (Anti-H lectin)
– Dolichos biflorus - extract made from seeds of this plant agglutinates with A1 antigens, but not blood with just common A antigens.
– Vicia graminea
– Arachis hypogea
– Salvia sclarea

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Erythrocytes-RBC

Biconcave disks 7 to 8 μm in diameter and 1.5 to 2.5 μm thick. Their primary purpose is to carry oxygen to tissues and exchange CO2 in the lungs.

Leukocytes-WBC

Granulocytes: Neutrophils-kill bacteria. Eosinophils-kill parasites. Basophils-kill parasites (allergies).

Monocytes-phagocytosis-when they move into tissues they are called macrophages.

Lymphocytes: B cells-secrete antibodies. T cells-mediate immune responses. NK cells-kill infected & tumor cells.

Thrombocytes-Platelets

No distinct, constant shape, ~1 to 4 μm in diameter. Have molecules needed for hemostasis, and aggregate in clotting reactions.

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I got the results of my blood analysis back, and all was normal except for I had a higher level of neutrophils. Looking into this a little, it seems it can be caused by many things, from serious illness to just being stressed. I presume (and hope) it is more of the latter, considering final exams are approaching soon.

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Reading this made me think of how scary it would be to have only 40 other people in the world that could donate blood to me if I needed it. How careful I would have to be, even more so considering how useful it is to other people. The precautions I would have to take, like having that confirmation of my blood type in my wallet and avoiding high risk activities.

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The Most Precious Blood on Earth Article

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First named Rh for Rhesus, as in Rhesus monkeys. Landsteiner and Wiener discovered an antibody that reacted with over 80 percent of human red blood cell samples.

Causes adverse reactions to other blood types, has many polymorphic antigens.

The D antigen is the most immunogenic.

This can cause issues during pregnancy when the child is Rh positive but the mother is not, and her immune system responds. This results in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

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2 million babies - The man with extraordinary blood

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This is a long paper that goes over many things regarding blood in Europe. How it was viewed, how that is affected by religion, the fear of the witch, how blood is represented in myths like fairies, vampires and werewolves. It also goes over both negative and positive uses of blood in witchcraft at the time.

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A more negative look into how witchcraft was perceived during this time period. Mentions some possible uses of blood during this time that could be interesting to include, as well as views on blood and holiness that could be useful.

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Witchcraft and black magic : Summers, Montague, 1880-1948 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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A more modern take on blood practices within the occult, the ways this practitioner uses it and her views on it as well as the world. It is a unique insider look into the world that is often viewed so negatively.

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Blood Sorcery Bible : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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An occultic text pertaining to the use of one’s own blood in magical workings. This should only be used for research purposes.

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I met with Dr. Rhees during his office hours to look at my blood slide. It was pretty interesting. We were able to find an eosinophil, as well as a developing neutrophil (if I remember correctly). It was interesting to see the size difference between the different cells, how much bigger monocytes are compared to platelets. I also found a red blood cell with platelets stuck all over it which was pretty interesting.

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A story about a man slowly driven mad by an invisible being that steals his life force and sanity. It has ties to late stage syphilis and the degrading of the brain that can sometimes happen. It can cause changes in personality, hallucinations, and paranoia, decades after initial infection.

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Early stage syphilis - happens between 3-6 weeks - markers are pustules and sores

Late stage - nose decay, as well as mouth and palette damage

eventually leading to death

Late stage can occur decades after initial infection.

It can also affect neurological functioning, and impair mental processes.

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Our small group decided that an altruistic gift is something that is generally good and selfless and beneficial, but you still get something from it. A pure altruistic gift is one with zero expectation of reciprocity, there is nothing to gain and maybe even something to lose by doing it but you do it anyways.

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A story about Bella, a young woman hired as a companion to elderly Lady Ducayne. Bella begins to feel increasingly weak.

Over time, Bella discovers that Lady Ducayne has been using blood transfusions from her young companions, to prolong her life. With help from a doctor, Bella escapes before she becomes the next victim.

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A story about Count Kostaki, who falls for a mysterious woman, Hedwig, revealed to be a vampire. Drawn into her deadly allure, Kostaki’s obsession with her leads to his downfall.

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Tom Jones is a doctor upset his patient won't let him perform bloodletting. He storms out of the house despite his patient's reasonable concerns and calm demeanor about the issue. The Poem is about an old leech gatherer in a swamp.

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Excerpt from The History of Tom Jones and Poem by Wordsworth

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Originating in Romania their myths have spread far and wide. The blood they drink is representative of many things, including vitality, life, and youthfulness. But by the same coin, blood is something supernatural and hidden away, just like vampires in Romania's mountains.

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"Clarimonde" by Théophile Gautier is a story about Romuald, a young priest, who falls in love with beautiful Clarimonde on the day of his ordination. Though she is a vampire, Romuald leads a double life, priest by day and indulging in a life of luxury with her by night. Eventually, with help, he breaks free from her spell, but the memory of her haunts him, torn between his spiritual duty and lost passion.

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This is an artwork that I believe was originally published in the book Astronomy for All by Cassell Burgel in 1911. I could not find any credit to the original artist, unless it was Burgel himself. The image depicts a bloodletting man, or "little leech", highlighting different areas for bloodletting in relation to the zodiac signs. I think it is really interesting to see how bloodletting was common enough that it worked its way into astrological literature.

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This was really interesting to see in class, because it is hard to picture how some of the first blood transfusions occurred. It makes sense thinking about it now that it would have to be direct, or as direct as possible, but seeing it this viscerally was cool.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQZKBX6sQXM&t=187s

https://www.tastinghistory.com/recipes/cookiesofjoy#recipe

https://historydollop.com/2016/08/25/salat-an-aromatic-medieval-salad/

https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/roots/

https://vintagerecipesandcookery.com/unusual-sandwiches-from-the-1800s/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666267/

This is a group of olden recipes and medicines that used to be used. Looking through these it was surprising to see how many of the ingredients were so similar to what we use today. Particularly the salads, I would not be shocked in the slightest to see that exact thing on a menu at a restaurant.

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The first argument was concerning the parasite avoidance theory (PAT) of disgust. It covers the growth of the theory, and the breakdown of disgust into distinct categories. It also dives into the roots of disgust, and how it plays a role in the continuation of species and living. The second reading went over the history of disgust, or at least what we know of it. It says that disgust is an innate reaction in all of us, and yet there is little recorded research on disgust. Though from looking at old literary works we can see that disgust or disgusting things slowly became a part of theater, and later Hollywood. He describes how disgust comes to regard aesthetic, and how many decisive decisions are made with disgust.

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We talked about expressions using the word blood, and there was surprisingly a lot that we came up with. Some of the ones I remember are bloodlust, blood money, blood boiling, bloodthirsty, bloodline, and bad blood. Notably there were a lot of different meanings behind each of the expressions, despite the fact that they all use the word blood.