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The Louisiana Purchase was the start of the United States journey in becoming a much larger, and more powerful country. In 1803, the United States bought the land from France for $15 million, which in today's time is over a trillion dollars. During this time, Napoleon, the leader of France, needed money to pay for his wars. He decided that his territory in America was no longer benefitting him and was too large to manage. The land stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. This purchase doubled the land of the United States at the time.

The Louisiana Purchase was a crucial part of westward expansion and Manifest Destiny. The decision made by the US to buy this land really benefitted the country in many different aspects. With the extra land, farmers were able to grow more crops which increased the amount of resources in the country. However, some people were worried that the president, Thomas Jefferson, had gone about this purchase in the wrong way because there was something in the constitution that didn't clearly allow for such a purchase. This purchase also created a lot of controversy on how the Native Americans who lived on the land before he purchase it should be treated. Overall, the Louisiana Purchase was an essential part of the growth of our country and a turning point in Americas history.

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Louisiana Purchase - Westward Expansion - Manifest Destiny - Lewis & Clark - Social Studies Video

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The temperance movement was a social effort to reduce or stop the use of alcohol. People in the movement believed alcohol caused problems like poverty, crime, and broken families. Many supported the banning of alcohol to better society and health. This movement grew throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, and was most  in the Prohibition era through the 18th Amendment in the year 1920. These actions caused other problems, such as the sale of illegal alcohol and organized crime. The movement had an immense effect on U.S. history even after Prohibition ended.

The temperance movement attempted to uplift society by lowering the intake of alcohol, but there were also positive and negative impacts to it. On one hand, it helped draw attention to serious issues like addiction, poverty, and domestic violence. This also encouraged healthier lifestyles for some people. However, banning alcohol through Prohibition caused new problems, like illegal alcohol trade and more organized crime. Many felt that their personal freedoms were being taken away. Whereas the goals of the movement were to make a better society, its methods and results were always in debate, which left lasting debates on freedom and government control.

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The Monroe Doctrine was a US policy announced in 1823 by President James Monroe. It warned European countries not to interfere in the Americas. The US said it would stay out of European affairs if Europe stayed out of the Western Hemisphere. This policy aimed to protect new nations in Latin America from being controlled by Europe. At first, the US was too weak to enforce it, but it became important later. The Monroe Doctrine showed the US wanted to stop European influence in the Americas. It was a key step in the US becoming a leader in the region.

The Monroe Doctrine was bold but had limits at first because the US wasn't strong enough to back it up. Over time, the tool became a means for the U.S. to raise its influence in Latin America: if it saved smaller states from European influence, it meant an opportunity for the US itself to interfere in their affairs. Some perceived this as protection against enslavement, others saw it as the highway for the US toward leadership. The doctrine was indeed representative of America's greater assurance, but at the same time, it led to mistrust on the continent. It was both a statement of independence and a sign of US ambition.

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Monroe Doctrine 101 | What is the Monroe Doctrine?

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Before the year 1830, Native Americans lived in the southeast region of the United States. The Indian Removal Act was a law passed that forced all Native Americans to move from their home land to the areas west of the Mississippi River. The Government thought that by passing this act, there would be more room for settlers. This would give the settlers and the Native Americans space form each other in the hopes of avoiding conflict. The Indian Removal Act led to the "Trail Of Tears" which was a hard and deadly journey. This Act benefitted the settlers but had an awful impact on the Native Americans.

The Indian Removal Act was put in place so that the southeast region of the United States would be clear of all Native Americans and the settlers could move there to start new lives. However, it wasn't as simple as it sounds. Some Indians refused to move and instead tried to assimilate into American culture which ultimately didn't work out so well. Another issue with the Indian Removal Act was that it led to the Trail of Tears. This was the path that the thousands of Indians had to take to get west of the Mississippi River. On this path many people died due to starvation, harsh wether, and conflicts along the way. In the end, the Indian Removal Act caused death to many Native Americans but also increased the amount of resources in America because of the farming opportunities the settlers had on their new land.

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The Indian Removal Act Explained in 5 Minutes: US History Review

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Manifest Destiny was the belief in the nineteenth century that the United States was meant to expand westward. Many Americans thought it was their job to spread their culture and values across America. This idea encouraged people to move westward and start new lives filled with economic opportunity. Another thing that made people want to move westward was the California Gold rush. Manifest Destiny also started many conflicts with Native Americans. At first, many people were skeptical about the move. However, with the Homestead Act many people decided that it was worth trying. Manifest Destiny was first talked about by an editor names John O'Sullivan, and led to the actions of westward expansion.

Manifest Destiny had both positive and negative effects on the Unites States. It encouraged westward expansion which helped the country expand and grow. However, it led to unfair treatment towards Native Americans. The belief of manifest destiny led to wars and conflicts over land. One example of the is the Mexican-American war, which led to the annexation of Texas. Some people saw Manifest Destiny as a way to spread democracy and American culture, but others saw it as a control problem that led to peoples cultures and lives being at risk. What started out as an idea called Manifest Destiny, led to Westward Expansion.

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2 1848, ended the Mexican-American War. Under the terms of that treaty, Mexico ceded a sizeable portion of its northern terrain to the United States, including what becomes California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and even parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. In return, the US paid $15 million to Mexico and agreed to observe the rights of Mexican citizens resident in the newly acquired territories. The compromise was one major territorial expansion for the United States, the realization of which, by very many people, represented one very serious advance toward the idea "Manifest Destiny."

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought long-term consequences to both countries: for the United States, this meant adding a large amount of new land, opening up further settlement and economic growth. However, in Mexico's view, this was quite a loss of territory and wealth, weakening the nation. Many Mexican citizens who still remained in the ceded territories found themselves discriminated against and struggling to retain their property and rights. The treaty did remain a milestone in American history, representing westward expansion; however, it also presents concerns about fairness and justice.

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The Gold Rush, starting in 1848, was a time where people were moving west in hopes to find gold and make lots of money. This started off in Northern California, when gold was found in Sutter's Mill, but was later also found in other states in the midwest. Towns near the mines quickly grew and small businesses started selling tools to help in the mines. People from Europe and Asia even immigrated to California when they heard about this. Unfortunately, many people didn't succeed in finding gold. Even though the Gold Rush was unsuccessful on many parts, it helped lead to the establishment of California as a state (1850) and brought new industries westward.

The Gold Rush had many positive and negative impacts on America. Many people saw this opportunity to make money, however the people searching in the mines weren't the ones making the money. It was very rare to find gold and so instead, the people who were selling the tools for mining made the most amount of money. When many people from different countries, it brought diversity to America, which also led to discrimination, unfair treatment, and immigration laws. The Gold Rush helped California become a state and was a big factor in westward expansion.

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The Homestead Act was a law that was passed in 1862 encouraging people to move westward. With all the new land that America now had, it was important that people moved to live there so that the country was able to successfully expand. This act allowed all Americans, including freed slaves, to acquire 160 Acres of free land. Although the land didn't cost any physical money, there was till one condition that the citizens had to abide by. This was that they must improve the land and live on it for at least five years. This act helped many people achieve their dreams and start new lives, while it also impacted some people in a negative way.

The opportunity granted by the Homestead Act interested many people from different economic levels. Many people wanted the chance to start over and build a new life. However, this was much easier said than done. Although the land was free and came with no cost, the physical journey to move westward was a long, hard, and expensive one. Harsh weather conditions and starvation led a lot of people to not succeed. This is why the richer classes had an easier time moving westward. Another outcome of the Homestead Act was that it eventually led to the removal of the Native Americans. The Homestead Act really helped start westward expansion however is also led to a few conflicts along the way.

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The Second Industrial Revolution, beginning in the late 1800s and extending into the early 1900s, had some key improvements within industry and technology. New inventions like the telephone, the electric light bulb, and the internal combustion engine changed how people communicate with each other, go about their work, and travel from one place to another. Steel, oil, and electrical industries developed much faster in the age of mass production and gained tremendous efficiency from new machines and methods such as the assembly line. This era very rapidly expanded urbanization with large migration into cities for jobs within factories.

The Second Industrial Revolution brought about many good and bad changes in society. While it raised living standards through cheap goods, its availability and the emerging new job fields within growing industries, on the one side, it contributed to the issues of overcrowding of cities, poor working conditions, child labor, the increasing difference between the well-being of rich and poor; on the other side, it earned business leaders enormous fortunes and did little more than keep the bulk of their workers at an ordinary wage that allowed them just to subsist. Despite these difficulties, this revolution was an important step toward the development of the contemporary industrial world.

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The SECOND Industrial Revolution & Its EFFECTS [AP Euro Review, Unit 6 Topic 3]

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Social Darwinism is the idea that some people or groups are naturally better or more successful than others. It comes from Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution, which says the strongest survive in nature. People who believed in Social Darwinism used this idea in the wrong way to explain human society. They said rich and powerful people were better, while poor or weak people were less important. This belief was used to excuse unfair treatment, racism, and inequality. It also supported things like taking over other countries and fighting wars. Now, most people think Social Darwinism is unfair and not true.

Social Darwinism is the belief that some people are naturally better and more capable than others. This concept led to a lot of social problems in the US, especially because it was during the time of the Robber Barons. Many people believe that Social Darwinism led to racism, and classism. Social Darwinism also influenced imperialism in the western and southern hemispheres. "The White Man's Burden" was written and expressed the theory of Social Darwinism through imperialism.

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DARWINISM & Social Darwinism, Explained [AP Euro Review—Unit 7 Topic 4]

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The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first legislation that was focused on immigration in the United States. This act banned Chinese people from moving the Unites States because Americans felt threatened by them in many different ways. Not only did this limit Chinese people from coming to America but this also limited the Chinese who were already living in the country. The Chinese people who were living in America at the time had very few job opportunities available to them and they were discriminated against in many ways. People in America were concerned that the reason their wages were lowering was due to the Chinese immigrants taking their jobs and overpopulating their cities. The act stayed in effect for 60 years and was one of the first laws of discrimination in America.

The Chinese Exclusion Act targeted the Chinese immigrants who were moving to America and taking jobs from the American citizens. These jobs were mainly for the lower classes like working in factories and on the transcontinental railroad. Many Chinese also came during the gold rush hoping find gold and get rich. By passing this act, many Americans were able to benefit economically because there was now more opportunities for them. However, this act really hurt the Chinese population by separating families, putting them in poverty, and much more. The Chinese Exclusion Act led to a lot of violence, prejudice, and injustice in America.

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The Dawes Act was a law passed in 1887 that aimed to change the lives of Native Americans and help them assimilate into American culture. This law divided Native American farming land into individual plots for single people and families. The overall goal of this legislation was to weaken tribal communities and make Native Americans more like Americans. While some were able to adapt, many had a hard time with this lifestyle adjustment, some even refused to follow the law. The Dawes Act was one of the first of many attempts to assimilate Native Americans into American culture, it was followed by many disputes and peace attempts between the American Indians and American settlers.

The Dawes Act was a law passed that took away Native Americans cultural land and in return face them each individual plots where they could learn how to farm and live an American/ European lifestyle. Dividing the land actually decreased the amount of total land owned by the Natives which allowed for more settlers to come westward. However, much of the land that was given to the Native Americans were soon taken by the settlers who wanted to be in that location, and this worsened when gold was found in these areas. The attempt to destroy the American Indian's culture worked, because after the Dawes Act was held in place for a short amount of time, the tribes started to lose many of their traditions and cultural importance. The Dawes Act helped the Americans in many ways but also hurt the Native American tribes immensely.

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The Dawes Act of 1877 and How it Sought to ‘Civilize’ the Native American

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The Gospel of Wealth is a book written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that explains his views on how he feels wealthy people should use their money. Carnegie believed that the higher classes had a responsibility to give back and help the lower classes. He thought that people shouldn't be selfish with their money but rather use it to support important causes and improve society for the better. He also believed that wealthy people weren't only Ruch in money but also rich in education and experience and should use that to teach the poor. He also believed that by doing this he would create a better and more equal society, avoiding corruption and conflicts. The Gospel of Wealth sided with the Captains of Industries, instead of Robber Barons and impacted society in a great way.

The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie shares his beliefs on how the rich should help the poor. Carnegie thought that the wealthy people should give back by building libraries, schools, or other places that will help the working class. While this sounds nice, some people weren't so happy about this philosophy. Some people argue that the rich would control too much and decide who gets help and how. People thought that it would be more important to focus on changing things like working conditions, living conditions, and low wages. Carnegies idea inspired many rich people to donate to important organizations and use their money for the better.

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The Gospel of Wealth Explained | DAILY BELLRINGER

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The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was a law designed to prevent the growth of big companies. It was an attempt to avoid the monopoly situation of one company having complete control over an industry. This law banned the formation of trusts or agreements among companies that would reduce competition. It was the first US law to protect fair competition in business. While it helped break up some big companies, it was not always strongly enforced in the beginning. The government used it more and more to stop unfair business practices over time. Today, this act is still important for maintaining open and fair markets.

The Sherman Antitrust Act was important because it stopped big companies from controlling whole industries and helped protect competition. At first, it wasn't always used well or strongly enforced. Some companies found ways to get around it, and courts didn't always support the law fully. Later, it was better enforced, and it helped break up some of the largest monopolies. Although far from perfect, it was a major step in devising impartial business rules that still shape the economy today.

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Why the Sherman Antitrust Act Matters - @MrBettsClass

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The event at Wounded Knee in South Dakota, killed and injured many people. As tensions rose between the Americans and the Indians a shot was fired. Although it is still unclear who shot first, the US army killed over 250 Native American men, women, and children from the Lakota Sioux tribe. The Native Americans surrendered ending the conflict once and for all. Wounded Knee was a harmful and violent interaction that led to the destruction of the Native American conflicts.

Wounded Knee affected both the Americans and the Native Americans in many ways. The Native Americans suffered a tragic loss. They lost many members of their community and also lost traditions. However, the Americans had a victory. They won and were able to live without feeling like the Native Americans were in their way. Additionally, the Native Americans started to assimilate into American culture.

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How The Other Half Lives: Jacob Riis 1890

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How The Other Half Lives: Jacob Riis 1890

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How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis is a book about the poor living conditions in New York City during the late 1800s. He used photos and stories to show that many families lived in crowded and dirty tenements. Riis wanted people to see what the poor struggled with in their daily lives, such as bad housing, lack of clean water, and work that was unsafe. His book shocked many readers, especially the wealthy, who didn't know how hard life was for others. It led to changes in housing laws and helped start the push for better living conditions. Riis showed that everyone deserves a safe place to live. In this way, his work made people take more interest in trying to help the poor.

Jacob Riis, in his book How the Other Half Lives, exposed the real life of poor people living in New York during the late 1800s. He exposed using pictures and words, how terribly crowded the tenements were and the hazardous conditions the many poor and immigrant families were forced to endure. His book did raise awareness and brought about changes in housing laws. Riis created sympathy for the poor quite effectively by painting a very realistic picture of inequality. Some critics have come to feel that he focused too much on remedies for poverty without understanding the deeper causes of it. Overall, this book is a powerful call for social reform and fairness.

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The Homestead Steel Massacre happened in the summer of 1892, outside of the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania. The company wanted to cut wages, and had awful working conditions and as a result of that the workers went on strike. Henry Frick, the manager of the company hired security guards to deal with the strike. These security guards were called Pinkertons. When the Pinkertons arrived, the protestors fought back and violence broke out. Many people on both sides were injured, and some people died. The massacre ended once the government sent the National Guard to break it up. The Homestead Steel Massacre showed how hard the workers had to fight for better conditions and wages, but in the end they still didn't get what they wanted although it did bring awareness to the situation.

In 1882, workers went to protest at the Carnegie Steel Company. the protest was driven by lowering wages and poor working conditions. This protest soon led to a violent massacre between the Pinkerton guards and the protestors. The Homestead Steel Massacre brought awareness to the conditions and unfair treatment the workers were getting. It also really defined the line between the wealthy and poor lifestyles. This event caused a lot of injuries and deaths but also led to the start of labor unions and the fight for the working class.

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Homestead Strike of 1892: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Frick, and Workforce Retaliation

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The annexation of Hawaii happened in 1898 when the US took control of the islands. American sugar businesses wanted the US to take over to avoid taxes. In 1893, American settlers and U.S. soldiers overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last monarch. She wanted to keep Hawaii independent but was forced to give up her throne. In 1898, Hawaii became a US territory under President William McKinley. The Native Hawaiians were mostly very angry because they had been deprived of their lands, their powers, and their culture. It gave the US important land in the Pacific for trade and military purposes.

The annexation of Hawaii has shown how the United States, using its powers, took over weaker nations. American businesses wanted Hawaii for profit, not for the benefit of its people. The overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani was unfair and ignored the wishes of Native Hawaiians. In the process, many Hawaiians lost their land, culture, and independence, harming them in ways from which they would never recover. The US gained an important position in the area for trade and military matters. The Annexation of Hawaii benefitted the US in is many ways.

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The USS Maine was a vessel of the United States Navy that blew up in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in 1898. The source of the explosion was indefinite, yet many in Americans held Spain responsible. A part of this event and consequence was an increase in strained relationships between the US and Spain, helping begin the Spanish-American War. Following the explosion, the US declared war on Spain and quickly defeated them. The USS Maine had become a symbol of American power and anger at Spain.

It played a key role in pushing the US into war. The explosion of the USS Maine showed how unclear events could lead to big actions like war. The US, without proof, blamed it on Spain, which increased public support for fighting. This event served as justification for the Spanish-American War and showed just how emotions and propaganda can influence decisions. Some say the US was looking for an excuse to expand its power, and the Maine provided one. The situation brought into focus the risks of acting without full evidence. It was also a starting point for the US to become more involved in global conflicts.

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Did Spain sink the USS Maine (and start the Spanish-American War)?

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The Spanish-American War took place in 1898 between the US and Spain. It started after the US blamed Spain for an explosion on the ship USS Maine. The war was mostly fought in Cuba and the Philippines. The US quickly won, showing its growing military power. Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US. This war made the US a stronger world power. It also marked the end of Spain's empire.

The Spanish-American War propelled the US as a big world power, but not without its issues. While it did help Cuba attain its independence, the United States maintained numerous controls over it. Also, the US gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Obviously, the US had grown quite interested in power expansion. To some, the war was more about US interests than it was about helping others. It showed the beginning of American imperialism, which was not quite pleasing to many natives in the countries concerned. Though it was a swift victory, it brought about questions of fairness and US objectives.

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The SPANISH-AMERICAN War [APUSH Review Unit 7 Topic 3] Period 7: 1898-1945

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The United Fruit Company was one of the largest US companies that grew and sold bananas in Central America. It controlled large portions of land and had a lot of power in countries like Guatemala and Honduras. The company worked closely with governments for the protection of its business, often influencing politics. These countries were called "banana republics" because their economies depended on bananas and the company. The majority of workers had to endure low pay and bad conditions while the company amassed huge profits. United Fruit Company became symbolic of the U.S. control in the region.

The United Fruit Company was very powerful in Central America. It controlled land and influenced governments to protect its business. Workers were not well treated, with low pay and poor conditions. The company's activities hurt local economies by keeping them dependent on bananas. It was a good example of how big companies could take weaker countries for a ride to profit from them. The Bana Republics led to a lot of corruption in the small countries of Central America.

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The Open Door Policy was a concept of the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s. It stated that all countries should have equal trade rights in China. The policy's objective was to prevent the domination of China's trade by any one country. The United States wanted to protect its business interests in China without claiming ownership of land. It tried to keep China independent yet open to fair trade. Other nations accepted the idea, but they did not always follow it; the policy showed America's growing role in world affairs.

The Open Door Policy protected trade in China and prevented any single country from dominating it. It demonstrated America's interest in international trade and power. However, it failed to prevent stronger nations from influencing China through unfair means. It was more of a policy benefiting the US than helping China. While it did manage to keep trade open, it didn't solve deeper issues of foreign control in China.

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Open door policy |History of USA Part 45|

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The Square Deal was the way President Theodore Roosevelt described how he wanted to even things up for everyone. He based his Square Deal on three ideas: helping workers, protecting nature, and controlling big businesses. Roosevelt wished for workers to have better pay and conditions. He worked to prevent big companies from getting too large and unfair. Last but not least, he protected land and wildlife by creating parks and saving natural resources. The Square Deal was about fairness and making life better for all Americans.

The Square Deal was important because it attempted to make life fair for workers, businesses, and even the environment.  Roosevelt helped workers get better pay and safer jobs, which was a big leap forward. He controlled the big companies to prevent them from being too strong. Saving nature was another good idea; it would save land and wildlife for the future. However, it did not help everyone equally, such as women or colored people, who still faced unfair treatment. Overall, the Square Deal brought positive changes but left some problems unsolved.

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The Square Deal Explained | DAILY BELLRINGER

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The Platt Amendment was a law about Cuba passed in 1903 that allowed the US to control parts of Cuba's decisions. Cuba could not make deals with other countries if those deals hurt the US. If there were problems in Cuba, the US could intervene. It also let the US keep a military base in Cuba called Guantanamo Bay. Many Cubans did not like it because it limited their freedom. It shows through the amendment how the US wanted power in the Caribbean. Although it allowed the US to intervene in Cuba, it also stated that the US wouldn't take complete control.

The Platt Amendment had a negative effect on Cuba because it gave the United States too much control over Cuba. It reduced Cuba's free will and angered many Cubans. This amendment made the US show more interest in power rather than helping Cuba. However, it helped the US gain power by giving them a to intervene anytime they felt like doing so. As much as the Platt Amendment gave the United States security in the region, to Cuba, it made it not fully independent. This caused tension between the two countries for years.

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Henry Ford was a great inventor and businessman who revolutionized the production of cars. He founded the Ford Motor Company and produced the first car that was reasonably priced, the Model T. Ford utilized assembly lines in car production to increase speed and reduce costs, making the vehicles more affordable for a greater number of people. His ideas helped grow factories and jobs in the US and around the world. He also paid his workers a good wage of $5 per day, which, for that period, was a high wage. However, people also criticize him as being strict and because of some of his controversial ideas. Overall, Henry Ford made major changes in transportation and industry.

Henry Ford made automobiles accessible to everyone, as well as opened jobs, giving assembly lines the edge of making factories go quicker and much more effective. He also treated workers much better compared to numerous other people at that period; higher wages boosted the economy. His factories, however, were rather authoritarian, while some of his personal opinions had been seriously criticized. Nonetheless, this man really contributed to transport and modern industry as such.

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The Panama Canal was built to connect both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It made travel and trade much quicker by making a cut through Panama. The US helped Panama gain independence from Colombia in 1903 because of the need to build the canal. Workers experienced tough conditions such as diseases and dangerous construction. It took several years of intense work before the canal was completed in 1914. It soon became highly instrumental in global trade and even military use. The Panama Canal changed the world giving a much faster way to get things done.

While the Panama Canal was a great success for trade and travel, it did not come cheap. The US, using its power, took over the canal, which made some Latin Americans unhappy. Workers on the canal also suffered through hard conditions, and many got sick or died. It showed great engineering but at the same time how to unfairly deal with a country and its people. The canal helped the US acquire global power but caused tension in the region.

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Demolition, disease, and death: Building the Panama Canal - Alex Gendler

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History of Standard Oil Company: Ida Tarbell 1904

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History of Standard Oil Company: Ida Tarbell 1904

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Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company exposed unfair practices by John D. Rockefeller's oil company. She showed how Standard Oil used secret deals and cut throat tactics to destroy competitors. Her writing helped people understand how big businesses could harm smaller companies and consumers. The book incited the people to demand change and pressure the government into breaking Standard Oil in 1911. Tarbell's work exemplifies one of the earlier forms of investigative journalism, showing the might of truth against unfairness.

Ida Tarbell's work on Standard Oil uncloaked the unfair ways that big businesses used to win power. She showed, in that way, how greed damaged competition and regular people. Her writing made people ask if huge companies should ultimately have such control. Even as she focused on facts in her work, some argued that she had a personal vendetta against Rockefeller. Her work led the government to break up Standard Oil, proving the impact of her reporting. Overall, Tarbell's book changed how people viewed business and called for fairness.

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The Jungle by Upton Sinclair depicts the lives of immigrant workers in Chicago's meatpacking industry. The story follows Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant, and his family through poverty and terrible working conditions. They struggle with unsafe jobs, low pay, and unfair treatment. The book also reveals how meat was processed in dirty, dangerous factories. Sinclair wanted to show the misery of the workers and bring about better labor laws. Instead, people were concerned with the gory details regarding food safety. These helped lead to new laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act.

The Jungle was a powerful book exposing worker struggles in harsh, condemned jobs. Upton Sinclair wanted to expose the world to unfair treatment and unsafe conditions experienced by immigrants. Though this book was successful in highlighting the problems, most readers were worried about dirty food practices, not problems of workers. It eventually led to food safety laws but did not resolve worker issues. That is why this story is very important: it can really show how worse conditions might hurt both workers and the public.

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How "The Jungle" Changed American Food | The Poison Squad | American Experience | PBS

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The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906 to make food and medicine safer for people. It required companies to label their products honestly and also banned harmful or fake ingredients. The law helped stop companies from lying about what was in their food or drugs. It also created new regulations making it mandatory to inspect food and medicine factories for safety. The act was an important step in protecting public health. Eventually, it resulted in the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration, commonly known as the FDA. This act established trust in the products people use and consume daily.

The Food and Drug Act was one that was passed to make food and drugs safe for the population. Before this act was passed, many companies were selling unsanitary or unsafe products, harming many. The act made regulations to make sure that food and drugs were clean and their labels told the truth about their contents. It also established an agency to ensure that companies complied with these regulations. While the law helped stop some problems, it was not strong enough at first to stop all bad practices. Today, the FDA oversees all the food and medicine creation process to ensure safety for everyone.

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History Brief: Teddy's Food and Drug Regulation

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Dollar Diplomacy refers to the U.S. policy under President Taft during the early 1900s. It depended on the use of money and investment to try to get cooperation from other countries, particularly those in Latin America and Asia. The US provided loans or facilitated business ventures in order to obtain control and safe guard its interests. This policy was supposed to replace war with economic power. However, it repeatedly offended the locals because of the feeling that the US was over interfering in their affairs. Dollar Diplomacy exemplified how far the US leveraged money as a means of expanding its circle of influence. It created tensions and growth in other nations.

Dollar Diplomacy revealed how the US used money to gain power, but it created problems. While it aimed to avoid war, it often made countries feel controlled by the US. The policy helped American businesses but didn't always help the local people. Many saw it as interference that hurt their independence. It also created tensions in Latin America and Asia, leading to mistrust. Dollar Diplomacy focused more on US gains than building fair relationships.

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History Brief: The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy

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The NAACP, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was founded in 1909 to fight for the rights of African Americans. It fought racism, segregation, and all kinds of discrimination through legal cases, protests, and education. The group played a big role in cases like Brown v. Board of Education, where segregation in schools was finally put to rest. Alongside this, the NAACP argued for voting rights, equality of job opportunities, and cases of justice for victims of violence. Overtime, it came to be noted among the most significant civil right organizations in the US, and continues to work to ensure fairness and equality before everybody is heard.

The NAACP has been very influential in the fight for civil rights and equality in the US, helping with big changes like ending school segregation and helping African Americans gain more rights. However, there is some feeling that it focused too much on the legal battles, not on issues like poverty and jobs. Over time, the group would experience a challenge in remaining relevant and connected to both younger activists and contemporary movements. But not withstanding such struggles, the NAACP still plays a significant role in giving voice to claims for justice, having made significant strides toward equality.

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The 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution changed how Senators are elected; instead of state legislatures choosing Senators, the people did. The Amendment passed in 1913 made the governmental system more democratic and really toned down corruption. This gave full authority to the citizens as to who would represent them in the Senate. To date, each state has elected two Senators to serve for six years. The change helped in making the U.S. government even fairer and more responsibletowards its people.

The 17th Amendment provides that people have the right to directly elect Senators, making the government more democratic. While it prevented corruption in state legislatures, it also broke the link between the state governments and the federal government. This reform empowered the national government at the expense of the states. Some critics believe that this made the federal government too powerful and unbalanced. On the other hand, supporters say it gave the people more power and made the Senate more responsible to voters. In general, it brought both good and not-so-good changes inhow the government works.

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Seventeenth Amendment: Popular Senators- U.S. Constitution Series

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The Lusitania was a British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915 during World War One. The ship was carrying people and supplies when it was attacked near Ireland. Over 1,000 people died, including 128 Americans. Germany said the ship had weapons, but many were upset because it killed innocent passengers. It made Americans angry and turned them against Germany. That eventually became one of the reasons for the US to join World War One. The Lusitania showed the danger of war for civilians.

The sinking of the Lusitania was a clear demonstration of how war put innocent lives in danger. Germany claimed that the ship carried weapons, but the killing of civilians raised the anger of many. The event changed American opinion against Germany and pressed the US toward declaring war. It also depicted how hard it was to keep war away from the masses. It was a warning about the risks of war, but also increased tensions and led to more conflict. The Lusitania became a symbol of how war can hurt those not fighting.

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〽️THE SINKING of the LUSITANIA (Videoclip)

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The Great Migration was the massive movement or shift in population of African Americans from rural areas in the South to cities in the North and West regions, roughly spanning from 1916 through the 1970s. At the beginning of World War I, African Americans moved north to work for various industries and factories that needed more laborers. Many others moved north out of the South simply because of the racial discrimination, segregation, and violence. During this time, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles were the main cities that people flocked to.

The Great Migration changed the United States in so many ways. The introduction of African American culture, music, and art transformed the cities, leading events such as the Harlem Renaissance. Yet even in the North and West, racism confronted African Americans through segregated neighborhoods and reduced opportunities. Despite that fact, the Great Migration was one important step toward civil rights and the molding of the cultural and social identity of modern America.

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SNEAK PEEK | Great Migrations: A People on the Move

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The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret message sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917 during World War I. Germany asked Mexico to join the war against the United States if the US joined the Allies. In return, Germany promised to help Mexico get back land it lost, like Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The British intercepted the telegram and shared it with the US. After it was discovered, Americans were outraged and felt their security threatened. This made many people in the US support joining the war. The telegram was one of the major reasons the US entered World War I. It showed how dangerous secret alliances could be.

The Zimmerman Telegram exposed a hidden plot by Germany to create trouble and tension. This made the US join World War I because Americans felt unsafe. Germany's promise to Mexico was unrealistic because Mexico couldn't fight the US. Another result was when he British found the telegram and shared it, it really showed their spying skills. The plan of Germany failed and made Americans more united against them leading them to joining the Allies and eventually defeating Germany.

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Zimmermann Telegram: German Coup Attempt of WWI Intercepted

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The Harlem Renaissance was the cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s. It originated in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City and glorified Black art, music, writing, and culture. Famous figures of this time included Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington. The world got to see the talent and creativity of Black Americans through this movement. It also cultivated pride and hope among Blacks.

The Harlem Renaissance was a time of immense creativity and pride for Black Americans. It gave a lot of artists, writers, and musicians an opportunity to express themselves. This movement changed many stereotypes and showed them how important the culture of African American is. However, the movement couldn't do much, as racism and inequality were there. It sparked future generations to struggle for equality and celebrate their identity.

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The Spanish flu is a very dangerous disease that spread all over the world in 1918-1919. It infected millions of people and killed more than 50 million. The flu spread when soldiers traveled and were put into crowded situations during World War 1. People wore masks and avoided crowds, but many still got sick. It was one of the worst pandemics in history. The Spanish flu showed how important it is to prepare for and stop diseases. It left many people with long term health issues and many people lost money because of health care fees.

The Spanish flu made the world realize its helpless situation before a serious disease. Because of war and a lack of health care, it spread in a fast way. So many people died due to the unavailability of doctors and medicines. Governments didn't act quickly enough to contain the virus. It taught the world how important health systems and planning are. The flu changed how we deal with pandemics today. Many people reflected onto how the Spanish Flu was dealt with during the COVID-19 pandemic because they wanted to be better then back then.

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What happened in the Spanish Flu Epidemic in 1918

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Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points was a scheme for peace after World War One. The basic objective of this proposal was to prevent further wars through fairness and cooperation. It required free trade, reduction in size of military forces, and no secret treaties. It also stood for self-determination of states and the establishment of the League of Nations to maintain peace. Wilson hoped that his plan would create a better world after the war. While many liked his ideas, not all countries agreed with them. The 14 Points were to become a symbol of hope, yet faced difficulties in achieving lasting peace.

Wilson's 14 Points was one effort at creating peace but was not without its issues. Some of the points, including the League of Nations, were somewhat difficult to impose. Not all nations trusted this scheme, and they did not want to abandon power. Also, the League did not join the US, weakening it. Though the plan was full of bright ideas, not all the tensions laid down by the war were reflected in that plan. The 14 Points showed the difficulty with which fairness is balanced with national interests. It was a step to world peace but couldn't avoid other conflicts, like World War Two.

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The 18th Amendment outlawed alcohol in the United States. It prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. It had been done with the hope that it would lower crime, improve health, and enhance morality. However, many people found ways to drink, mostly illegally. It was promoting organized crime and illegal bars called speakeasies. The ban was difficult to enforce and caused more problems than it solved. In 1933, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment.

The 18th Amendment aimed to prohibit the use of alcohol but created more problems. It resulted in illicit consumption and further organized crime. A number of people were found violating the law, which proved that the ban was not realistic. While the amendment intended to  improve society, it did not tackle underlying issues such as addiction. At the end, it was annulled because it worked more against its purpose than for it.

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Eighteenth Amendment: Speakeasy to Me - U.S. Constitution Series | Academy 4 Social Change

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Women's suffrage refers to the struggle of women in order to gain the right to vote. Thousands of women spent decades organizing marches, demonstrations, and gatherings. Many leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were influential in this movement. The passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 finally granted women the right to vote. This was a big victory in the name of equality, although some women, such as African American and Native American women, still faced barriers. Women's suffrage showed the power of standing up for what is fair.

Women's suffrage gave them the right to vote, which gave them a voice in decisions. This was an important step towards equality, as women had been left out of politics and treated as insignificant until then. The movement also demonstrated strength and bravery on the part of women, who did not give up despite opposition. It was a big victory, the 19th Amendment, but it still didn't solve all the problems, since many women of color were still held back from voting. It took years to obtain further rights beyond that of voting as well. Overall, women's suffrage was a huge triumph but was only the beginning for an equality.

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The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 to end World War I. It blamed Germany for the war and made them pay heavy reparations. Germany had to give up land, limit its army, and lose its colonies. The treaty also created new countries in Europe, like Poland and Czechoslovakia. It set up the League of Nations to keep peace, but the US didn’t join. Too many Germans felt this Treaty had been unfair and too cruel. While the Treaty successfully prevented another war, Germany remained angry and poor, leading the way into World War Two.

The Treaty of Versailles ended World War One, but it brought many problems. It was very hard on Germany, which had to pay reparations and lose a lot of land. This was harmful to the economy of Germany and infuriated its people. The treaty aimed at keeping peace but resulted in more tension in Europe. Germany felt that the terms were unfair, leading to the resentment that helped start World War Two. The treaty created new countries, but some borders created conflicts later on. The League of Nations was a great connotation to keep peace, but it was weak, especially without the joining of the US. Overall, the treaty solved some problems and failed to create lasting peace; instead, it left behind anger and division, making future problems worse.

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The Treaty of Versailles, What Did the Big Three Want? 1/2

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The League of Nations was formed in the year 1920 after the First World War, in order to maintain peace in the world, avoid wars, solve controversies, and improve cooperation between nations around the world. Many countries joined for these reasons to be united, and not to fight in the future. However, it weakened because the US never joined. It had no army and struggled to stop aggressive nations like Japan and Germany. While it had some successes, it could not prevent World War Two. The League demonstrated the need for more robust international organizations in the future.

The League of Nations had good ideas but was weak in practice. It wanted to stop wars and promote peace, but it had no army to enforce its rules. The fact that the US did not join made it even weaker, and many countries ignored its decisions. Although it was able to solve some minor disputes, it failed in stopping bigger problems. The League showed that peace needs strong international support and action. It helped inspire better organizations, like the United Nations, later on. It was a good idea, and for a while helped, but the peace didn't last long.

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The League of Nations: An Ambition Out of Its League - International Relations Series | Academy ...

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The Teapot Dome Scandal was a major government corruption case that took place in the 1920s. Albert Fall, a U.S. government official, secretly gave oil drilling rights on federal land to private companies. The land, including Teapot Dome in Wyoming, was meant to be protected for the Navy. In return, Fall got money and gifts from the companies. When this was discovered, it caused outrage, and Fall was sent to jail. The scandal was a good example of how greed and corruption could hurt public trust in government.

The Teapot Dome Scandal made one realize how greed could even corrupt government officials. Albert Fall abused his power in the sale of oil rights for personal gain and broke the public's trust. The scandal revealed weak rules in handling government resources and pushed for stronger laws to stop corruption in the future. This event reminded people that leaders must be watched to protect fairness.

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During the Harding administration, Secretary of Interior (Albert B. Fall) used his position in order to make money. The name of this scandal is associated with a famous landmark that identifies the land at the center of this scandal.

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The Immigration Act was a regulation that was supposed to control the number of people who could move to the US. It set limits on immigrants from different countries and favored some over others. The law aimed to decrease immigration from places like Asia, and southern and eastern Europe. It created rules about how many people were able to come from each country. This act was to protect the jobs and culture of Americans, but it was unfair to many groups. As time passed, new laws were created to alter these rules and permit more people in. The Immigration Act reflected how the US dealt with the idea of inviting new people while protecting its self-interest.

The Immigration Act restricted who could come to the US, favoring some countries over others. It protected jobs and culture for some Americans but was unfair for groups from Asia and southern or eastern Europe. These limits demonstrated fear and bias against certain immigrants, rather than equality. While the act reduced immigration, it also hurt people who wanted a better life. As time passed, this act was viewed as being too strict, and modifications were made to be more equitable. The Immigration Act reveals both the necessity for control and fairness in immigration laws.

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On May 10, 1969, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed. It finally connected the eastern and western United States for the very first time. In an effort between the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroad companies, it ran from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California. These two rail lines met at Promontory Summit, Utah, where a ceremonial "Golden Spike" was driven to mark its completion. This railroad revolutionized travel and trade by reducing the time it took for a person or goods to cross the country.

The First Transcontinental Railroad had a major influence on the United States. It contributed to the economy by allowing the expansion of industries and job opportunities. It also encouraged settlement to the western territories for easier access. However, it had negative impacts on Native American communities since the railroad cut right through their lands and disrupted many of their ways of life. Be that as it may, the railroad was a serious accomplishment that played a key part in uniting and developing this nation.

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Coast to Coast: America’s First Transcontinental Railroad