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Thomas Aquinas

The Focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted century.

Knowledge that transcends time.

Develop power of thoughts, internalize truths that are universal and constant.

Think critically and thoughtfully

History, religion, literature, and Laws of Science

The teacher deliver information through lectures using organize format.

The student learn the truth as taught to them by the teacher.

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Soren Kierkegaard

Nature of Existence varies and in individualized to each person.

Develop authenticity, self realization, responsibility, and ability to face tragic situation.

Emphasize beliefs, values, and personal experience

Human nature is open ended, flexible, and capable of enormous range of experience.

Explore the issue of human existence.

Recognize personal autonomy and choice.

The teacher is not the center of the instruction but rather a facilitator.

The student will determine their own values and identity.

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Charles Sanders Peirce

William James

John Dewey

Human action can never be separated from past experiences.

Education should be about life and growth.

Focus on real world application of lessons and experiential learning.

Focus on the Nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science.

Good values are those for which we have good reasons.

The teacher is a helper, guide, and philosopher.

The student is responsible for their own learning and use their skills to confront challenges in life.

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William Bagley

People have natural and essential common characteristics that are inherent, innate, and unchanging.

Respect for authority, perseverance, and consideration for others.

Learn specific skills and knowledge to build upon more advance topics.

Focus on fundamentals instead of electives and strong focus on discipline.

Focus on math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature.

Teacher is the primary source of knowledge and guidance in the classroom.

Students need to learn specific foundational skills and knowledge.

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John Watson

B.F. Skinner

Behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

Manage classroom behavior and discipline through positive and negative reinforcement.

Observe and analyze how controlled environment changes affects behavior.

Focus on how people learn through interaction with the environment.

Focus on the behavior that can be observe.

Help elicit positive behaviors or responses in students.

The teacher will manipulate the environment to shape behavior.

The students will act upon by the teacher-controlled environment.

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Wesley Becker

Siegfried Engelmann

Focus on quality versus quantity, with mastery of all concepts as the primary goal.

Scaffolds the skill or concept to ensure students are comprehending each steps.

Use of straightforward or explicit teaching techniques to teach specific skills.

Focus on teaching to mastery.

Focus on the any modified subject based on the skills or concept being taught and background knowledge of the students.

All teachers can succeed if provided with adequate training materials.

The teacher stands in front of classroom, and presents the information.

The students is dependent on the teachers input.

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Jean Piaget

Learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information.

Promotes social and communication skill.

Students take active role in their education by building on top of what they know.

Learner construct knowledge in learning environments.

Teacher is a facilitator who coaches, mediates, prompts, and helps develop students understanding.

Learners take active role in teaching learning.

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John Dewey

Seek to advance the human condition through social reform.

Individuality, progress, and change are fundamentals to one's education.

Focus on Children's social, emotional, and intellectual development.

Promoting discovery and self directly learning.

The teacher in a facilitator int he classroom.

The students interact with one another and actively learning.

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Dr. Maria Montessori

Children learn best in an environment that has been prepared to enable them to do things for themselves.

Values the human spirit and development of the whole child-physical, social, emotional, and cognitive.

Based on self-directed activity, hands-on learning and collaborative play.

Focus on the development of all intelligences and interweaving between them.

Children actively participate in their own development.

Focus on subject matter that in interrelated through over-aching cultural themes.

The teacher is guide, mentor, and friend, facilitating the child's educational journey.

The students are free to move around and choose their activities within certain limits.

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Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

Place human values and dignity front and center.

Value educational and emotional well-being of the students.

Encourage the development of critical thinking and problem solving skills.

Promotes the idea that human is the center of their own universe.

Knowledge and feelings go hand-in-hand in learning.

Focus on human rights, free speech, progressive policies, and democracy.

Understanding the world on reason and science, rejecting supernatural beliefs.

The teacher provide opportunities for self-directed learning that allow students to choose what they learn.

The learner is the source of authority.

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Paulo Freire

Educators should encourage learner to examine power structures and pattern of inequality.

The goal is to emancipate marginalized or oppressed groups by developing.

Encourage learners to challenge and confront their knowledge, ideas, and biases.

Seeks to recognize systems and patterns of oppression within society and education itself.

The teachers develop critical pedagogy that include collaborative and co-operative learning.

The students are encourage to practice activism.

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Lev Vygotsky

Leaning occurs through social interaction and the help of others.

Focusses on collaborative nature of learning.

Emphasize students involvement, discussion, and knowledge exchange.

Learning is facilitated through social interaction.

The teacher help the students build their knowledge and control students learning process in the classroom.

The students interact with people, the material and immaterial environment to gain understanding.

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Partnership for the 21st century skill

Pivots away from content acquisition and rote memorization to focus on the skill and abilities.

Focus on asking questions to encourage critical thinking and reasoning.

Emphasize team-based projects in which group draw on each individual's strengths to solve problems.

The teacher develop students higher order thinking skills, effective communication, and collaboration.

The students is focus on authenticity of the learning environment and is adept at incorporating variety of skills.

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Fred Keller

The theory is in line with goal orientation theory, self-determination theory, self-regulation, the theory of flow, and constructivism.

Engage students in building their own interest, aptitudes, and strengths.

Customize learning for each student's strengths, needs, skills, and interest.

Each students gets a learning plan based on what they learn and what they know.

The teacher help students know how they learn best.

The students design lesson and projects that are meaningful and relevant.

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Robert Muller

Diversity in thought, culture, and belief.

The process of leaning, teaching, and sharing knowledge on global scale.

Develop understanding of other cultures, history, and geography.

Encompasses the traditional discipline and understand the world they live in: sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

The teacher is able to work multicultural context in this extremely globalized world.

Students actively shape a more inclusive, compassionate, and interconnected world.

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Integrate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications.

Help students discover real world application, spark creativity, and develop 21st century skill.

Focus on inter-related nature of science and mathematics.

The teacher provides project-based lessons that encourage critical thinking and innovation.

The students actively analyze, evaluate, and apply knowledge to solve problem.

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Georgette Yakman

Approach to learning that uses Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts and Mathematics as access points for guiding student inquiry.

To inspire inquiry and curiosity

Empower students to ask thought-provoking questions that promotes creativity and exploration.

The teacher align curricular standards, create integrated assessments to ensure both the arts and the STEM are taught with integrity.

Students take thoughtful risks, engage in experiential learning, problem solving, collaboration, and work through creative process.