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Social Ecological Model: Interpersonal Level

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Social Ecological Model: Interpersonal Level

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The Social Ecological Model is a conceptual framework that recognizes various levels of influence on health behaviors and outcomes, including individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy. It recognizes the complex interactions between individual and environmental factors, providing valuable insight to public health officials by addressing health issues. One level of influence is the interpersonal level, which is the interactions and relationships within family dynamics, friendships, and other social relationships. Interpersonal relationships significantly influence an individual's health behaviors, whether it is eating habits or physical activity. The image above illustrates the parents cooking/preparing a healthy meal together and actively teaching their children healthy eating behaviors. This type of family interaction promotes a supportive environment and shapes children's long-term health behaviors and choices, which are modeled and guided by their parents.

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One of the six main constructs of the Health Belief Model is self-efficacy. According to our text, this is defined as the belief that people are ready to act if they are confident in their ability to successfully perform an action (US Dept. of Health & Human Services). By having this belief, people are more likely to make a health-related change. The image I chose above shows a woman radiating confidence and having the outlook that she can do it and accomplish her goals.

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STEP 1:   Find the theory that was assigned to you (see below):

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME A-D are assigned to Precaution Adoption Process Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME E-I are assigned to Diffusion of Innovation Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME J-L are assigned to Social Cognitive Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME M-N are assigned to Transtheoretical Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME O-Q are assigned to Theory of Planned Behavior

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME R-S are assigned to the Health Belief Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME T-Z are assigned to the Social Ecological Model

STEP 2:   Choose one (1) concept from the theory that was assigned to you.

STEP 3:   Find a photo or picture that is an example of the concept that you have chosen

STEP 4: Post the following:

Title: name of your concept

Explanation of how photo/picture is related to concept

Photo or picture that represents your concept

STEP 5:   Comment on at least 2 posts from your classmates

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The Social Ecological Model is applicable in many fields such as public health and environmental science to help analyze and understand the underlying factors influencing communities and the individuals within them. Physical environment falls under the community level of the Social Ecological Model. Its main purpose is to study the built environment and its impact on health. This includes public transportation, parks in the area, and the way the community is designed entirely. The physical environment of a community is important due to its affects on physical activity, accessibility of amenities, safety, housing, and much more. The picture I provided is a map of bus stops serving Fullerton College. Taking the bus may be a main form of transportation for many students and professors. Without accessible bus stops, potential riders would be left to little to no ways to reach their desired destinations.

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One of the six constructs that is a part of the health belief model is perceived benefits. This means actions a person takes to reduce the illness. For instance, a person gets diagnosed as being diabetic what the person can do is engage in a healthy lifestyle. This will reduce the severity of diabetes. I chose this image to show each person is in control of the type of lifestyle they want to live.

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Brain structure determines whether you make healthy food choices. An old phrase that is now commonly used in reference to adopting a healthier diet or lifestyle is "mind over matter," which is the theory that willpower can help us to overcome physical obstacles. A new study from the Society for Neuroscience has revealed exactly why this strategy may be more successful for some individuals than others.

A team of experts led by Liane Schmidt has discovered that differences in the structure of the brain's prefrontal cortex influence the ability to make healthier food choices. The study findings suggest that our anatomy plays a role in critical decisions that have long-term effects on our health and well-being.

In order to maintain a healthy diet, healthy foods must be consistently chosen over more tempting foods. Individuals vary in their ability to exercise control over dietary choices, and disability has been linked to differences in real-time brain activity.

The current investigation was focused on 78 healthy women and 45 healthy men who were given MRI scans, in an effort to determine whether differences in the anatomy of the brain could account for variations in self-control.

The team also analyzed three previous studies that took different approaches to examining the relationship between food choices and self-control.

In one approach, participants made the dietary choice between appealing or healthy foods, or made food selections based on the way they normally would. In another trial, participants were instructed to stay away from high-calorie foods that they craved.

The researchers discovered that individuals who had greater volume in the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex demonstrated more self-control and selected healthier foods.

According to the study authors, considering that brain structure and connectivity can change over time in response to lifestyle, the brain regions identified in this research represent key targets for the development of interventions that promote healthy choices.
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Brain structure determines whether you make healthy food choices

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Brain structure determines whether you make healthy food choices therfore they can determine the different foods

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The social Ecological Model recognizes that individuals affect and are affected by a complex range of social influences and nested environmental interactions. This can be heavily affected by a child’s at home life and relationship to their parents, the political state of one’s county, or the quality of schooling they have. Other social factors can include romantic relationships and access to resources such as transportation and food. Here I have included an image of the monopoly man over an American Flag representing the United States and it’s foundation in consumerism. Consumerism and one’s exposure to consumerism can frame who they are and what they value. Someone raised in the United States will have a different relationship to money and material items than someone born in an undeveloped country- Leading them to process unique traits that are dependent on their environment.

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The Health Belief Model (HBM) addresses the idea that each person has an idea of a health problem and how severe it is. Within this model there are two similar concepts such as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity.

Perceived susceptibility: one believes they are vulerable to a health problem.

Perceived severity: one believes that being inflicted by a health problem has serious consequences.

I used the image of people wearing masks in my post because I think it is a recent, relevant, and controversial topic that we all witnessed and went through at the beginning of and still with the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we can use this example to explain the way that people who believed they were susceptible to COVID wore masks to lessen the likelihood of catching it. People also wore masks because they believe that getting COVID had other, sometimes more severe, health issues that resulted from getting COVID.

Adversely, there were also people who did not believe in COVID or the conditions that could occur after getting it so they chose not to wear masks.

I believe this time was so controversial due to people's conflicting ideas about perceived susceptibility and perceived severity and many people were judging each other based on their perceptions which caused a lot of tension.

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Social Ecological Model: Individual Model 

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Social Ecological Model: Individual Model 

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A concept of the social ecological model is "behavioral factors". Behavioral factors refer to individual choices, actions, and habits that influence health outcomes. This includes behaviors such as physical activity, diet, substance use, and adherence to medical treatments. Behavioral factors are influenced by various levels of the social ecological model, including individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Understanding behavioral factors is important for designing interventions and strategies to promote healthy behaviors and prevent chronic diseases.

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Cue to action is one of the six constructs of the health belief model. Cues to action, are factors that trigger & motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that will improve their health. The message "FOOD IS FUEL. NOT THERAPY." acts as a stimulus that reminds individuals to consider the nutritional value of food and to avoid using it as an emotional crutch. In the context of the Health Belief Model, such a reminder could serve as a cue to prompt healthier eating habits, thus representing a direct call to action for behavior change.

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Perceived Susceptibility/ Perceived Severity 

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Perceived Susceptibility/ Perceived Severity 

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My concepts within the Health Belief Model that I am focusing on are Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Severity. The image represents both because the boy on the left believes he won't get sick or an STD due to the fact that he only has been with "clean" partners. When in fact, the only way he can prove he is in the clear is by getting tested regularly and using protection. Perceived susceptibility is the belief about getting a disease or illness. So this person might not be proactive on getting tested or being safe. On the other hand the girl on the right notices the harmful effects of what an STD could do to her specifically; maybe due to underlying illness or condition. So she has a perceived severity or basically she knows of the harmful effects that could happen to her if she is not safe and getting tested regularly.

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This cartoon relates to stage 3 of the PAPM model, deciding about acting.

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The cartoon depicts an individual on the verge of jumping out of a plane, fearfully gripping the edge of the aircraft with his toes. This encapsulates the struggle one may have with releasing their grip on an aspect of their lives they are comfortable with. The airplane seat is comfortable for the cartoon character, so he struggles to release his grips, even though there is a trained professional with him and a parachute (which can be symbolic of family support, education, healthcare, assistance programs, etc). He is on the edge of deciding to let go of the plane which is the toughest step of the journey.

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This cartoon depicts someone about to run uphill to showcase the "Preparation" phase.

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"The Model is circular, not linear. In other words, people do not systematically progress from one stage to the next, ultimately “graduating” from the behavior change process." This quote from the book is important because people are too hard on themselves when they are trying to grow out of a bad habit. But, they fail to realize that progress is not linear. I believe that the Preparation and Action stages tend to be the most grueling for those trying to change. I have a friend who has quit smoking and is currently in the maintenance stage. But it was hard for him to endure the earlier stages. My interpretation of the image is that "preparing" to overcome whatever issue/behavior you have is an uphill battle, physically, mentally, or even both, depending on the context.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model has steps that demonstrates a person’s lack of knowledge to the maintenance of their health behavior. This flyer is trying to encourage people to get a colonoscopy, which is a procedure that can be done to make observations to determine if there are signs of health problems like colorectal cancer. It is trying to appeal to the publics emotion by saying “would it kill you to get a colonoscopy?... Well, not getting one certainly might.”. This flyer is a good representation for the PAPMs stage 2, when a person may subsequently become aware of the issue but remain unengaged by it. Hopefully by spreading awareness with this flyer it will help the public become more engaged in committing to receiving a colonoscopy and progressing to through the next few steps of the Precaution Adoption Process Model.

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When it comes to the Social Cognitive Theory, the most important concept is self-efficacy. According to the text, self-efficacy is the confidence in a person's ability to take action and overcome obstacles along the way. This photo is a great representation of self-efficacy as it shows the man having a positive attitude and he's envisioning himself accomplishing his goal. When it comes to making health-related changes, it is ultimately your decision on whether or not you want to make the change. Self-efficacy is a major factor in that decision because the person who has to put in the time, effort, and work into making these changes is you. Making health-related changes can be extremely difficult as it requires you to get out of your comfort zone. For this reason, your attitude and confidence are major components on the outcome of the change.

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Lack of awareness of effects of risks - The Precaution Adoption Model 

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Lack of awareness of effects of risks - The Precaution Adoption Model 

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The Precaution Adoption process includes steps which indicate an individual’s lack of awareness of their behaviors and how the risks associated with them can negatively affect their health. In the following image, a man states he likes to buy imported cigarettes as they do not have warning labels. This suggests that although he is aware of the long term risks, he still disengages himself and does not apply them to his own health. This correlates to stage 2 of the PAPM as it shows how the individual does not find those risks or warnings relevant to them. While the warning may help people understand the risks, it also symbolizes the knowledge from healthcare professions in which people may avoid.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model is a demonstration that helps understand how people decide to take action, such as participating in health related behaviors like the picture I chose of medical screening. This model can be particularly useful for increasing participation in screening programs, such as mammograms, by guiding strategies that move people from being unaware of and can take the need to take action, to actually getting screened. It starts with being unaware of the need, progresses through considering the action, and ultimately leads to deciding to get screened. By understanding which stage a person is in, healthcare providers can tailor their messages and interventions to encourage participation. It's also important to consider potential barriers that might prevent people from participating in these screenings. For example, some people might not have enough time to go to a screening, while others may not have easy access to healthcare services. Even though there are socio demographic factors, such as income level or education, can also influence whether someone is likely to participate in a screening program. Being aware of these challenges can help in designing more effective strategies to encourage participation.

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This photo is related to the concept of communication channels as it is able to portray the many ways especially today how innovation can be spread. The concept of communication channels is the transmission of ideas and topics between many people, leading to innovation. In this case the picture depicts the sharing of ideas and thoughts through various methods. As stated from our textbook this diffusion is what helps expand the pool of people that these innovations reach as well as strengthening the impact that these innovations specifically in this case impact public health. Thinking of these communication channels, the intent as that these innovations reach beyond multiple cities to maintain that impact.

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Stage 7: Maintenance - Precaution Adoption Process Model  

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Stage 7: Maintenance - Precaution Adoption Process Model  

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This photo relates to the concept of precaution adoption process model step 7 because it emphasizes the importance of maintaining a behavior in the long run in order to keep a healthy lifestyle away from developing health risks. To be more specific the photo I picked shows adopting a regular exercise routine through a written workout plan. In stage 7 we can see that in order to adopt a regular exercise routine an individual must consistently have a workout routine that will be done long term. These could be strategies to keep themselves motivated such as setting long term fitness goals, regularly evaluate your process and constantly changing your workout routine so that you don't get bored with the same routine. Essentially solidifying long term habits that that will become a stable part of your everyday life. In doing so this will in the long run prevent you from developing either further illnesses or new illnesses in the future. This will also improve your quality of life.

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Perceived benefits is part of the Health Believe Model and it is when an individual does a behavior towards bettering their health. For instance, when COVID began everyone wore face masks in order to prevent getting sick. These people are in a public place taking action and being cautious about their health by keeping their distance and wearing a face mask.

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This photo addresses the Social Ecological Model since it brings up a good point as to how each individual could perceive their everyday life especially since everyone is well focused into their own life rather than taking into account how everyone's life is affected.

I think that this is a great example of a social ecological model as it could remind yourself of how a self-centered world could improve overall rather than being conceptualized as something that is small as a matter of fact.

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This photo relates to the concept I chose which was Social system because it requires multiple people to come together to create a new idea or strategy. In the picture, we see people collaborating and we have multiple perspectives to come up with the best one. For example, in the text, they mention that this theory studies health behaviors and people from different backgrounds can use their knowledge to come up with ways to help people through programs or advertising how to prevent a certain disease. The picture shows people working together to accomplish one goal and that goal is to help society with health related situations.

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OTC naloxone exemplifying the concept of innovation

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This image from the CDPH promoting Narcan (naloxone) is an example of innovation because it shows the "new concept" of having naloxone commercially available to the general public of California as an over the counter (otc) drug. An innovation is an idea, object, or practice thought to be new by individuals, organizations, or communities. It's in this image specifically that otc naloxone was pictured as a "new intervention" which then needed to be promoted as widely as possible (i.e., the need for diffusion of innovation via communication channels over time to social system members), displaying the concept of innovation vital to the diffusion of innovations theory.

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The theory of planned behavior explores the connections between an individual’s beliefs, attitudes, intentions, behavior, and their sense of control over that behavior. This theory shows how these factors work together to predict whether someone will engage in a particular behavior or not. People’s actions are guided by their intentions, which are shaped by three factors: attitude towards the behavior, subjective norm, which basically means they care about what important people in their life will think about the behavior, and perceived behavioral control or their belief that they can control the behavior. This photo represents subjective norms because the boy believes that achieving good grades will make his parents happy, people who are significant to the boy.

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This image emphasizes having a balanced work and personal life. This relates to Stage 7 (Maintenance) of the Precaution Adoption Process Model because it helps promote healthy and consistent habits. Overworking and having a burnout may lead to chronic diseases due to stress and people may not even realize it. For example, if an individual was sleep deprived due to stress, there may no longer be a maximum of effort in their work and their boss may criticize them. That may contribute to an ongoing cycle of increased stress and anxieties. One should be able to put their all towards their work so they can enjoy going out and spending time with friends or family as this can apply to students attending classes and doing homework during the week so they can go out on the weekends or just relax. This is a healthy cycle as it can motivate people to work hard and then give them something to look forward to. This helps one develop a good well-being and other healthy lifestyle habits.

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The picture shows the first step in the "Precaution Adoption Process Model" because there is a problem but the person doesn't know what it is. The picture I chose shows a "problem" in the person's hand but doesn't know what it truly is and is portrayed as a question mark because of it. This is the first step of the Precaution Adoption Process Model since it starts off with a problem that no one is aware about but has made contact with someone even if its presence isn't seen as a threat. And so because of this, I think that it's good to have an open mind and not to think too little about everything because things that could look small could have a big effect later on.

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The termination stage is the final stage in the transtheoretical model. Like in the image, it is where a person no longer desires to go back to their negative behaviors. I believe that this behavior cannot be taught and because of this, it is very difficult for most people to reach. Once reached they do not plan on relapsing.

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The SCT has six important concepts, three of them that can affect a person’s health behavior. I chose observational learning (modeling), which, defined by the book, is when a person is able to perform or do something from watching other people’s behaviors and outcome of the said action. The picture down below relates to SCT, because it shows how the child can learn to use a computer by watching her mother. This relates to changing health behaviors because when a person sees that someone else is working out and looks good, they themselves would want to learn how to exercise and pay more attention to others.

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This cartoon depicts a dog being aware of an issue but deciding to be unengaged by the hazard. In the Precaution Adoption Process Model the second stage involves an individual remaining unengaged in an issue even though they are completely aware of the problem. This stage does not involve the individual taking action or deciding on what to do. This cartoon relates to stage 2 because as the house is on fire the dog remains unconcerned about the hazard that is occurring around him. Understanding the importance of individuals being unengaged about an issue can help influence the designing of interventions so people can engage in taking earlier actions on issues.

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This image relates to the concept of expectation in social cognitive theory by visually representing how people expect certain outcomes from their actions. In the theory, expectation refers to the belief that a certain behavior will lead to a specific result. The mountain represents the effort or challenge you face, and the flag at the top shows the goal or success you're aiming for. The head outline suggests that this is all happening mentally, where you're focused on what you expect to achieve. Just like the clear path leading to the top, having positive expectations can push you to keep going and stick with your goals!

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The Contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model is when a person starts thinking about making a change, but hasn't fully committed to it yet. They're aware of the benefits during this stage, but there are still uncertainty about taking action.

I believe this is a stage where everyone has experienced at some point. For me, it comes at times where I'm shopping. I always question all my purchases, like is it a need, a must or a want. I would always debate about it, and when that happens, I now usually tell myself "I'll sleep on it and decide in the morning," or "Let me walk around a bit more and see if I still want it." If the adrenaline and excitement of buying that item still persist, then I'll make that purchase, if not, then I just forget all about it. This back-and-forth type of feeling is a perfect example of contemplation stage in our life - where we think things over before making a final decision.

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Setting a reminder to a desired time so you may be able to take your pill as directed. 

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This photo relates to the cue-to-action portion of the Health belief model by reminding you to take your medication, which may be in the form of supplements or pharmaceuticals. By setting the time every day to take your pill, you enable your commitment to achieving your desired outcome, which could be curing an infection by using antibiotics or raising your vitamin D levels by taking your supplements. This shows that you are taking action by reminding yourself every day to take your medication. These reminders are a cue to action.

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When referring to the Precaution Adoption Process Model, what stands out to me is the third/fourth step. When it comes to facing challenges within your daily life, I feel that people tend to shy away from it. I think people are very comfortable with where they at. I mention this because most of the times when we talk about the PAPM, people decided not to act. Sometimes they are just not ready to get into the gym, start eating right, or whatever the goal is. This is understandable, in some instances a person must be in the right mindset to decided that they want to act on their goals. Ultimately, our goal is to reach step 7 because we want to maintain the new health behavior. The image I chose is someone going back down the stairs because they just aren't ready to make that change. Hopefully, they eventually decided it is time to act and that is when they walk up the stairs where they proceed to step 5 (decide to act).

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The interpersonal level includes influences based on relationships with friends, family members, colleagues, or others. The picture relates to the concept because two people are engaging in physical activity, specifically running. One may have asked the other if they wanted to tag along, promoting and influencing healthy behavior. Due to the interaction, the two individuals may continue running with each other, leading to healthier lifestyles and better health outcomes due to the simple invitation of a friend. I believe interpersonal relationships are important when participating in healthy behaviors because individuals can hold each other accountable and support one another.

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In the context of Social Cognitive Theory, understanding outcome expectations is crucial. These are the beliefs individuals hold about the possible results of their actions. These expectations shape people's choices and the effort they invest in particular behaviors. If individuals anticipate positive, rewarding, or beneficial outcomes from their actions, they are likelier to engage in those behaviors. If they expect adverse or undesirable outcomes, they may be hesitant, reluctant, or avoid taking action altogether. This concept is fundamental in understanding how people are motivated and how they develop habits or achieve goals.

The image provided represents the uncertainty surrounding outcome expectations. Each person in the crowd faces a question mark, symbolizing the unknown or anticipated consequences of their potential decisions. The question marks represent the mental process of evaluating the risks and rewards of a situation. Individuals are often uncertain in life and must weigh their expectations before taking action.

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The photo chosen to represent this is an illustration of the Social Ecological Model and its multifaceted influence on behavior change. According to the assigned passages, the model is a contemporary health promotion emphasizing the interactions between people's actions and the social and physical environments in a reciprocal causation relationship coined by McLeroy (1988). The picture highlights the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors associated with the Social Ecological Model and what sectors of life each level encompasses. For example, individual factors include personal knowledge and experience while organizational factors include social institutions and nonprofit organizations. This representation demonstrates how such theories and practices can influence all sectors of life as each level is connected, correlating to how many people and groups are included in a given context. A behavioral problem that begins at the individual level can quickly progress to further levels that inspire change once resolved.

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The Transtheoretical Model of behavior change starts with the Precontemplation stage. People at this stage are not thinking about or planning to change at this time. In this stage, people reject admitting that their conduct is wrong and instead defend their current bad behaviors, believing that they don't have a problem. Lack of awareness, or the inability to realize that one's actions are detrimental, is one trait that characterizes this stage. The fact that the figure in this image has their eyes closed may represent their refusal or incapacity to recognize the problem, which relates to precontemplation. This image, in my opinion, also illustrates how someone may choose to ignore their problems and believe they don't need to change so they ignore it and simply don't pay attention to the negative consequences of their behavior therefore they don't try to confront the problem. In general, this picture well expresses the essence of avoidance and refusing to confront reality.

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Man Covering His Eyes with His Hands. Cartoon People Illustration Stock Illustration - Illustration of para, multiracial: 316583001

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Illustration about the Man covering his eyes with his hands.Cartoon People Illustration. Illustration of para, multiracial, facial - 316583001

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The Social Ecological Model consists of four different elements that play a role and factor in peoples overall health. The element I chose to highlight, and that is depicted in the photo, is the relationship, or "interpersonal" aspect of the model. This level of the model has a lot to do with the bonds that we form with the people in our lives, and how they manage to have an influence on the choices we make and the things we do. The image is a simple depiction of the near countless amounts of people that can play a larger role in our life than we anticipate. There are connections everywhere that each have their own influence in their own respective ways. Whether it be the influence of our direct family members, to the influence things like "social norms", it all plays a role in the Social Ecological Model.

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Social Ecological Model: Community Level

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Social Ecological Model: Community Level

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The social-ecological model recognizes that multiple levels in a person's life interact and influence health behavior and outcome. These levels include individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy. One influence is the community level, at which social networks or norms affect one's health behaviors. This includes how neighborhoods or workplaces can affect one's health.

The picture above shows a community. This picture relates to the concept as it demonstrates how a community can influence one behavior. For example, part of the picture shows people gardening, walking around, and just being outside in a park. Doing so shows how neighborhood engagement and establishing outdoor sites can encourage healthy behaviors, as engaging in these behaviors is seen as a norm.

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Social Ecological Model: Interpersonal level

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Social Ecological Model: Interpersonal level

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The image illustrates the interpersonal level of the Social Ecological Model, which focuses on how interactions with family, friends, and peers affect individual behaviors and well-being. The photo depicts a family and friends participating in meaningful, supportive interactions, representing the Social Ecological Model's idea of interpersonal connections. It demonstrates how relationships with family members, friends, and peers are an important aspect of a person's social environment, impacting their emotions, behaviors, and overall well-being. These connections provide love, trust, and social support, showing how interpersonal relationships influence individual experiences and health outcomes.

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The image captures the nature of the Theory of Planned Behavior by visually representing the thought process behind planned actions. In this Theory, behavior is determined by factors like how we feel about it, the effect of social pressure, and our confidence in our ability to perform it.

The image shows a person in thought, with icons representing ideas (lightbulb), evaluation (graphs and charts), and control or resources (coin). These elements mirror the Theory of Planned Behavior model's emphasis on how people consciously weigh their attitudes, consider social influences, and assess their ability to take action.

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Social Ecological Model: Community Level

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Social Ecological Model: Community Level

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The photo that I have added is an example of community outreach by providing a way for the community to talk and help others through mental health problems. This changes the behaviors of individuals in the community by allowing conversations and resources to help other and create healthy behavior.

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Individual level of social ecological is based on our own knowledge, attitude, skills, etc. We are choosing to do certain activity in comparison to others because we believe that it is healthy for us. I believe that this photo illustrates individual level of social ecological model because these are some choices many individuals would make to self-care. These activities help individuals feel better about themselves, which leads to healthy habits and lifestyle due to consistent engagement.

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Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) looks into the relationship between behavior and beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. Four main concepts of TPB are behavioral intention, the likelihood that someone will engage in a behavior; attitude, the personal evaluation of a behavior that measures how the individual perceives the behavior: good, neutral, or bad; subjective norm, the motivation to partake in the behavior depending if close connections will approve or disapprove of it; and perceived behavioral control, the amount of control the person believes they have to perform the behavior. In this scenario, I focus on behavioral intention and attitude. The man is seen performing the behavior of getting the COVID-19 vaccine (behavioral intention) to prevent getting infected because he perceives this as a good thing (attitude), hence the thumbs up. If he had found this behavior bad, he would have not gotten the vaccine at all.

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Precaution Adoption Process Model: Stage 6 Action

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Precaution Adoption Process Model: Stage 6 Action

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model describes the stages individuals experience when deciding to take action on health-related issues. The image I chose is of a person breaking a cigarette which symbolizes the stage where the individual has decided to take action to quit smoking. It represents stage 6, action of the PAPM, where the individual not only recognizes the risks associated with smoking but has made the decision to adopt a healthier behavior by quitting. This action reflects the progression through awareness, consideration, decision making, and lastly, taking action to improve their own health. They've undergone the entire process of unawareness and hesitation that has led them to improve their health and well-being by finally eliminating the smoking behavior.

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Precaution Adoption Process Model: stage 6 action

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Precaution Adoption Process Model: stage 6 action

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model describes the stages individuals experience when deciding to take action on health-related issues. The image I chose is of a person breaking a cigarette which symbolizes the stage where the individual has decided to take action to quit smoking. It represents stage 6, action of the PAPM, where the individual not only recognizes the risks associated with smoking but has made the decision to adopt a healthier behavior by quitting. This action reflects the progression through awareness, consideration, decision making, and lastly, taking action to improve their own health. This shows that the individual endured the various stages and recognized their unawareness and hesitation to the process. In the end they were able to improve their overall health and well being by eliminating this behavior.

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The Social Cognitive Theory describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. The Social Cognitive Theory contains 6 constructs that include, reciprocal determinism, behavioral capability, expectations, self-efficacy, observational learning, and reinforcements. The photo above is an example of reinforcements. There are two types of reinforcements positive and negative. Positive reinforcements is when a reward is added after the health behavior has been done (added). On the other hand negative reinforcement is removing something (usually not desired) after the health behavior has been done. In the photo above, a teacher is giving positive reinforcement by giving the children compliments for choosing healthy food options.

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Key ideas from the Diffusion of Innovation Theory are shown in this figure, which shows a bell curve of adopter categories: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Of particular note is the importance of communication channels. Communication channels play a vital role in the dissemination of innovations, impacting the ways in which disparate segments within a community embrace novel concepts or technologies. Expert sources like industry papers and conferences often have an impact on innovators and early adopters, who are driven by the innovation's novelty or possible benefits. Interpersonal contact and social networks become crucial throughout the Early and Late Majority stages of the diffusion process when the influence is shifted to peer recommendations, social proof, and mass media. The photol so illustrates how the type and efficacy of communication channels employed can have a major influence on the pace and penetration of adoption among various demographic groups.

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The social ecological model is a framework implemented to assess each factor that causes people to engage in certain behaviors. One of the factors used to assess these behaviors is interpersonal factors. This level of interaction includes the relationships that individuals have with friends, family, and social networks. These interactions are influential and may cause the individual to engage in the behaviors that their peers, friends, and family engage in.

This photo is related to the concept of interpersonal factors because social circles such as friends, family, and peers are heavily influential to people. This photo is a clear example of this concept as social circles that participate in behaviors such as drinking. These types of circles can partake in peer pressure or make the individual feel as if they are being left out if they don’t participate in the behavior. If the circles do not directly pressure the individual, the person may subconsciously feel left out or as if they need to drink to be included in the circle. They may also feel like since their friends or family members pårticipate in the behavior that it makes it a norm or an acceptable/healthy behavior.

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The Social Ecological Model involves Community. Community builds and shapes the way an individual behaves and interacts with each other. Social culture and community norms together impact individuals' involvement in the community. The picture is an example of a community because it depicts a community in which community members utilize outdoor spaces that are safe and efficient with consistent interaction with each other. Since the resources are available and community members participate in social activities, their attitude and behavior show that this community has strong bonds, are happy with the neighborhood they reside, and are satisfied with the dynamic of community. The relation to health is that local resources encourages keep their community safe.

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The image reflects self-efficacy because it symbolizes overcoming negative thoughts (e.g., "I can't do it") and shifting toward positive action (e.g., "I can do it"). In the Health Belief Model, this confidence directly supports the likelihood of engaging in healthier behaviors, assuming the other factors (susceptibility, severity, benefits, etc.) also support action. For example, someone trying to quit smoking might need to feel not only that smoking is harmful and quitting has benefits, but also that they are capable of successfully quitting.

Thus, the image symbolizes a key factor in motivating individuals to adopt healthier behaviors in line with public health interventions.

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The picture I chose is related to the interpersonal concept level of the social ecological model of influence because it reflects how one’s intrapersonal level include family, friends, and peers that provide social identity, support, and what their role is.