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The Story of Sophie Scholl of the White Rose

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Yuri Kochiyama was a civil rights activist who was active in the 1960s, alongside other influential figures like Malcolm X.

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Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948) was an Indian lawyer and was an anti-colonial nationalist since India was under Great Britain's rule at the time. He started implementing his nonviolent way of protesting in South Africa in 1906, which gave him a good reputation.

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Sinead O'Connor (1966-2023) was a renowned Irish songwriter, singer, and activist throughout the entirety of her life. O'Connor stood up for what she thought was right no matter the public outcry, and one of those many moments that will be ingrained in the minds of millions is her calm destruction of a photograph of Pope John Paul II in October of 1992 on Saturday Night Live. This event put the Catholic Church on blast regarding the child abuse issue and the clergy's refusal to speak out on this issue. The retribution brought upon her that night was unforgiving to say the least, she was turned into a punching bag by other celebrities at the time and shunned from her music label.

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Martin Luther lived from 1483 to 1546 and was one of the most influential men in Chrisianity all over the world. Born in Eisleben, Germany he was able to make an impact all over Europe. Martin Luther was a priest, theologian, author, hymwriter, professor, and an Augustinian friar. He is most known though for his works within the church. Martin Luther believed that eternal life is not given through good unsinful deeds but as a free gist given by God to those who have put their faith in Jesus Christ. The Catholic Church rejected him many times for his beliefs and papers that he would publish. The church would take peoples money as a way to tell them that they would be saved and Martin Luther saw this as wrong. His beliefs were the spark to the protestant reformation and led to two new different branches of Christianity, Protestantism, and Lutheranism. Protestantism being based off of the beliefs of the Bible and Lutheranism being based solely off of Martin Luthers beliefs. The Catholic Church made it hard for people to be able to read it and they took advantage of people because of it. Martin Luther made good trouble by revealing this to the people and releasing a Bible in Latin that was much more open to the public.

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LeBron James (1984-present) is an NBA legend regarded by many as the greatest. During the 2019-20 NBA season and since then, LeBron has encouraged and spread the "Black Lives Matter" movement. During this period, there was a lot of news about police brutality against colored people being swept under the rug, so LeBron was one of the many that decided to spread awareness about this. He supported this cause by donating to foundations, speaking publicly about incidents, and kneeling during the national anthem. He used his platform gained from his success in the NBA to be vocal about the injustice that some people were and are facing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppB8IRBIuak

"When you're black, it's not a movement... it's a lifestyle."- LeBron James

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Chalino Sanchez was born on August 30th, 1960 in a small town in Sinaloa, Mexico. Chalino Sanchez was a famous Mexican music artist, he was popular during the 80s-90s. Chalino was the youngest out of 8 children. Even though he was the youngest, he always made sure to put his family first. When Chalino was around 15 years old he got revenge on a man that had wronged his sister not knowing this would lead to his death later on. Chalino knew instantly to stand up for his sister. The man was apart of a dangerous cartel and Chalino didn't seem to care. He believed that he should stand up against higher powers no matter how strong or powerful they were. Chalino believed in respect, he didn't care who he was going against, he made sure to do what was right.

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Susan B Anthony was born in 1820 in Massachusetts and while growing up she had a lot of beliefs in equality and that had inspired her a lot throughout life and work. Susan was most known for traveling around the country to give speech and petition or organizing women's rights organization. she had spoke in all 28 towns and villages in Monroe county, New York in 1873. Her hard work had helped paved the way for the 19th amendment to the constitution, giving women's right to vote which had happened 14 years after she died (March 13, 1906). Susan had dedicated all her life fighting for women's suffrage and right to vote and because of her and others, women can vote.

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Malcolm X was born in 1925 and went through many things in his childhood that gave him the views he had on race and injustices. He became a prominent leader in the civil rights movement. He advocated for black empowerment, self determination, and racial injustice. Malcolm grew up in an environment that was racially hostile. He was arrested as a teenager and young adult and while in prison he was educated on the Nation of Islam which emphasized black self-reliance. When he was released he advocated for the NOI. His speeches reached a lot of people and he spoke out for black nationalism. He later founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity and wanted to promote human rights globally. He was assassinated in February, 1965. His legacy leaves a symbol of resistance against oppression and helped people have a voice for those wanting equality and justice

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Mark Twain, born Samuel Clemens, was a celebrated American author known for his wit and social commentary. He was an American Humorist, journalist, lecturer, and novelist. He used his satire humor to address serious issues. Mark twain helped to shape American identity and social commentary in American literature. His works, like "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," often dove into themes of race, identity, and morality. Twain's "good trouble" refers to his advocacy for social justice, including his criticism of racism and imperialism. he challenged societal norms of his time.

https://marktwainhouse.org/about/mark-twain/biography/

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Ovington was born in 1865 in Brooklyn to parents who supported women's rights and the abolition of slavery. As a young woman she decided to join the civil rights movement after hearing Frederick Douglass speak. She combined her civil rights activism with her commitment to the struggle for women's voting rights. Ovington arranged to meet with William English Walling (the author of an article in 1908 that described a race riot that led to seven deaths and mass destruction in Abraham Lincoln's hometown). After this meeting they decided to set up a national conference to discuss justice and civil rights for Black Americans. In response, dozens of white activists and seven Black Americans, including W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B, signed a statement that was released on the centennial of Lincoln's birthday on February 12, 1909. A few months later the first NAACP meeting was held in, her been the secretary of the program

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Alexander Litvinenko (1962-2006) was a Russian officer of the FSB (Federal Security Service) and dissident known for his criticism of the Russian government. Among the subjects of his criticism was the assassination of Russian journalists. Because of this, he moved to London in 2000. On 7 October 2006, Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya was assassinated in Moscow. It is believed that his accusation of the involvement of the Russian government in Politkovskaya's death was the motive for his assassination. On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko fell ill, and was found to have been poisoned with polonium-laced tea brought by Russian agents. Litvinenko died on 23 November 2006.

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Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer. He was nicknamed as one of the greatest boxers in history. He also was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions. His trouble was in 1951, Ali was convicted in Houston to get inducted into the Vietnam war but refused because it went against his religion and went against his ethical beliefs too. He risked his boxing career and still stood up for what he believed in going into many interviews explaining how he felt about the situation.

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Diane Nash, an american civil rights activist, a leader/strategist of the students wing of the Civil Rights movement. Nash played a crucial part in the civil rights movement, she organized campaigns in spring of 1961. Her organization left to the coordination of student efforts to help continue the Freedom Rides into Mississippi. These rides lasted from May 4 to December 10 of 1961, in the Southern part of the United States. She served as a bridge between for press and the United States. Her efforts helped raise awareness about segregation in the South, which helped immensely.

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/nash-diane-judith

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American labor leader and civil rights activist

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Delores Huerta was the Co-founder of the United Farmworkers Association, the other co-founder being Caesar Chavez, and one significant aspect of Delores Huerta's work is her role in organizing the Delano Grape Strike in 1965. This strike was pivotal in advocating for the rights of farmworkers, who were often exploitation and faced poor working conditions. Her slogan, "Sí, se puede" ("Yes, it can be done"), became a rallying cry for many social justice movements, and it highlighted her enduring influence beyond the labor movement. Huerta's leadership helped unite workers, garner public support, and raise awareness about their struggles.

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Dolores Huerta (1930-) is an American Labor Leader and Civil Rights Leader. She is renowned for co-founding the organization, United Farm Workers, along with Cesar Chavez. She sought economic improvements among farm workers and migrants, voting rights and healthcare access to low income communities, as well as protesting issues with police brutality. She started her activism in 1955 by founding the Stockton, California chapter of the Community Service Organization (CSO), which fought for Latino Civil Rights in California. In 1962, she co-founded the United Farm Workers with Cesar Chavez.

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Rosa Parks (1913-2005) was an american civil rights activist most known for the Montgomery Bus Boycott. As of 1955 she sat on the bus who led the start of the boycott after getting arrested due to not moving to the back of the bus as she advocated for her civil rights. A few days after the buses had less customers coming onto the buses as after a year the buses weren't segregated all due to Rosa Park's resistance which led to her legacy as a civil rights leader who also did more then just the boycott to undo the oppression put upon them and to have more equality and justice for all types of people.

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Odell Beckham (1992) is an NFL football player and a Black Lives Matter supporter. Making a huge name for his self on the field, Odell was also making a name for his self in 2020 when he spoke out on the police brutality that's been happening in our courtyard with the most famous in this generation being the death of George Floyd.Odell went a step forward and started raising money for the BLM Movement by selling shirts stating "I still can't breathe" and "No justice no peace"

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two of you are doing this -- rock paper scissors?

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two of you are doing this -- rock paper scissors?

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Delores Huerta: Labor Activist by Kate Moening Ready By Nay Grant

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two of you are doing this -- rock paper scissors?!?

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two of you are doing this -- rock paper scissors?!?

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Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and social activist (1863). During a ten-year span she made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. And, as she once proudly pointed out to Frederick Douglass, in all of her journeys she "never lost a single passenger." A leading abolitionist before the American Civil War, Tubman also helped the Union Army during the war, working as a spy, among other roles.As Tubman aged, the head injuries she sustained early in her life became more painful and disruptive. She underwent brain surgery at Boston’s Massachusetts General Hospital to alleviate the pains and “buzzing” she experienced regularly. Tubman was eventually admitted into the rest home named in her honor. She was buried with military honors at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn.

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Jonathan Issac made "good trouble" by standing for his personal beliefs and he challenged the BLM (Black Lives Matter) movement in 2020. The reason that he stood during the National Anthem was because of his Christian faith. He said the reason that he did it was because he felt that the gospel was the answer to the problems but he didn't think that kneeling would solve the problem. It was "good trouble" because it brought up different ways to fight for social change. Not everyone agreed with him but it caused "good trouble" because it showed everyone what he believed was the way to deal with the movement.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NM3lj0Xr4Q

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Rosa Parks (1913-2005) was an African American activist in the civil rights movement, best known for her work in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts. Rosa Parks was born in the town of Tuskegee, Alabama. Shortly after her parents separated, her and her mother moved to Montgomery, where she went to school to become a seamstress. Named the "first lady of civil rights" and "mother of the civil rights movement", she became famous in civil rights when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She was arrested shortly after. Her arrest angered many (17,000 black citizens) and officially launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This was an event where many residents of Montgomery refused to ride buses, and instead opted to walk while protesting.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8A9gvb5Fh0

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Greta Thunberg, born on January 3, 2003, is a Swedish activist who fights for climate change and education rights. She has challenged many countries with her speeches and took part in protests against human actions that harm the environment. Greta started the movement called Fridays for Future, or School Strike for Climate. During this movement, she sat “outside [the] Swedish Parliament every school day, demanding urgent action on the climate crisis” (fridaysforfuture). In a recent Gaza protest, she also got arrested for showing resistance against policemen. This trouble she is getting into is “good trouble” because it is for a good cause no matter the consequence of how she expresses her desire for change.

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Marsha P. Johnson (1945 - 1992) was a gay liberation activist and drag queen born in New Jersey. When she graduated high school she moved to New York. In New York she made a name for herself as a well known drag queen and well known within the LGBTQ+ community. On June 8, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn (a LGBTQ bar) there was a police raid due to their constant prejudice against the LGBTQ community. Marsha was one of the patrons on this night that decided to fight back against the police raid, it was said that she threw the first brick at Stonewall which began a riot. This riot was a catalyst in LGBTQ activism in the 60's. Following the raid Marsha joined a group called the Gay Liberation Front and created a program called STAR (Street Transvestite Activist Revolutionaries) to help house homeless transgender and gender non-conforming youth. In 1992, her body was found floating in the Hudson River and despite much disagreeance it was ruled a suicide. Her legacy lives on as a leading activist in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights.

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Marsha P. Johnson was one of the most prominent figures of the gay rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s in New York City. Always sporting a smile, Johnson was an important advocate for homeless LGBTQ+ youth, those effected by H.I.V. and AIDS, and gay and transgender rights.

Marsha P. Johnson was born on August 24, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Assigned male at birth, Johnson grew up in an African American, working-class family. She was the fifth of seven children born to Malcolm Michaels Sr. and Alberta Claiborne. Johnson's father worked on the General Motors Assembly Line in Linden, NJ and her mother was a housekeeper. Johnson grew up in a religious family and began attending Mount Teman African Methodist Episcopal Church as a child; she remained a practicing Christian for the rest of her life. Johnson enjoyed wearing clothes made for women and wore dresses starting at age five. Even though these clothes reflected her sense of self, she felt pressured to stop due to other children's bullying and experiencing a sexual assault at the hands of a 13-year-old-boy. Immediately after graduating from Thomas A. Edison High School, Johnson moved to New York City with one bag of clothes and $15.

Once in New York, Johnson returned to dressing in clothing made for women and adopted the full name Marsha P. Johnson; the "P" stood for "Pay It No Mind," a phrase that became her motto. Johnson described herself as a gay person, a transvestite, and a drag queen and used she/her pronouns; the term "transgender" only became commonly used after her death. According to her nephew, Johnson always maintained a close but fraught relationship with her family back in New Jersey.

It was not easy to live on the margins. New York State still persecuted gay people and frequently criminalized their activities and presence. Rights for LGBTQ+ people were limited and sometimes ignored completely. Having difficulty finding employment, Johnson turned to sex work. She was often abused by clients and arrested by the police. She also did not have a permanent home during this time, and bounced around sleeping at friends' homes, hotels, restaurants, and movie theaters. She also found work waiting tables and performing in drag shows. In a 1992 interview, Johnson said "I was no one, nobody, from Nowheresville until I became a drag queen."

Not long after moving to New York, then 17-year-old Johnson met 11-year-old Sylvia Rivera. Rivera, a Puerto Rican transgender girl, and the two became instant friends. Rivera later said of Johnson, "she was like a mother to me." As Johnson had done for herself, she encouraged Rivera to love herself and her identity. Johnson adored wearing colorful, fun outfits that she made from finds at thrift stores and discarded items; she was also often seen wearing a crown of flowers.

Johnson's life changed when she found herself engaging with the resistance at The Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969. In the early morning hours, police raided the bar and began arresting the patrons, most of whom were gay men. Johnson and Rivera arrived at Stonewall around 2am where, Johnson said in a later interview, "the place was already on fire, and there was a raid already. The riots had already started." There are many competing stories about what Johnson did during the raid on the Stonewall Inn, but it is clear she was on the front lines. Johnson, like many other transgender women, felt they had nothing to lose. They were not only angered by the police raid but also the oppression and fear they experienced every day. In the wake of the raid, Johnson and Rivera led a series of protests.

The raid on Stonewall galvanized the gay rights movement. The first Gay Pride Parade took place in 1970 and a series of gay rights groups-including the Gay Liberation Front, a more radical organization, and the Gay Activist Alliance, a more moderate and focused spin-off group-emerged. Johnson was involved in the early days of both but grew frustrated by the exclusion of transgender and LGBTQ+ people of color from the movement. She actively spoke out about the transphobia in the early gay rights movement. In 1970, Johnson and Rivera founded Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), "an organization dedicated to sheltering young transgender individuals who were shunned by their families." The two also began STAR House, a place where transgender youth could stay and feel safe. STAR House was of personal importance to Johnson and Rivera as they had both spent much of their youth experiencing homelessness and destitution. The first STAR House was in the back of an abandoned truck in Greenwich Village. STAR House then moved to a dilapidated building, which they tried to fix up, but the group was evicted after eight months.

Throughout the 1970s, Johnson became a more visible and prominent member of the gay rights movement. She began performing with the drag group, "Hot Peaches." She attracted the attention of many, including the pop artist Andy Warhol who included her in a series of prints in 1975 entitled "Ladies and Gentlemen." In an interview Johnson did for a 1972 book, she said her ambition was "to see gay people liberated and free and to have equal rights that other people have in America." She wanted to see her "gay brothers and sisters out of jail and on the streets again." In another interview, she said "as long as gay people don't have their rights all across America...there is no reason for celebration." In 1980, she was invited to ride in the lead car of the Gay Pride Parade in New York City.

Despite her joyous personality and ever-present smile, Johnson experienced hardship. She never let her personal setbacks stop her advocacy. In the 1970s, Johnson experienced a series of mental health breakdowns and spent time in and out of psychiatric hospitals. She also continued to engage in sex work, not knowing any other way to make money, and continued to get arrested. In 1990, Johnson was diagnosed with H.I.V. She spoke publicly about her diagnosis and how people should not be afraid of those with the disease in a June 26, 1992 interview.

On July 6, 1992, Johnson's body was found in the Hudson River. She was 46. Initially ruled a suicide, many friends questioned that conclusion and suspected foul play. At the time, 1992 was the worst year on record for anti-LGBTQ violence according to the New York Anti-Violence Project. Police then reclassified the case as a drowning from undetermined cause, but the LGBTQ+ community was furious that the police refused to investigate further and that many press outlets did not cover her death. At her funeral, hundreds of people showed up at the church; it was so crowded that people stood on the street. In 2012, the New York Police Department reopened the case into Johnson's death.

In 2019, New York City announced that Marsha P. Johnson, along with Rivera, would be the subject of a monument commissioned by the Public Arts Campaign "She Built NYC." The monument will be the first in NYC to honor transgender women. In 2020, New York State named a waterfront park in Brooklyn for Johnson. Johnson is also now the subject of many documentaries. She remains one of the most recognized and admired LGBTQ+ advocates.

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Marsha P. Johnson was one of the most prominent figures of the gay rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s in New York City.

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Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a very important leader in the movement for African American civil rights. He was a runaway slave who had one of the biggest impacts on figures in the civil war. One of the most impactful things during the movement was his writing. One of his autobiographies, "The Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave," was influential in promoting abolition. Not only were his writings helpful during this movement, he himself even taught other slaves how to read and write. He also freed around 400 slaves with the help of his wife. This was the stuff he was doing, which was legal at the time at all. Just for freeing them, he could've gotten in serious trouble. Even if it meant that he would get in trouble, it was the furthest thing from the wrong thing to do. He did nothing but fight for what he believed in, even if some rules were broken.

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Sophie Scholl (1921-1943) was a German student and anti-Nazi activist renowned for her role in the White Rose (Die Weisse Rose) resistance group. Studying at the University of Munich, Scholl, along with her brother Hans and other members, distributed leaflets denouncing the Nazi regime's brutality and advocating for civil disobedience. Their courageous stance against oppression, despite the looming threat of arrest, epitomized their commitment to justice and freedom. In 1943, Sophie and her brother were arrested, tried, and executed by guillotine. Her legacy endures as a symbol of moral integrity and resistance against totalitarianism, inspiring generations to fight for justice and human dignity.

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Harvey Milk (1930-1978) was an American Politician and the first openly gay man to be elected public office in California. Milk started his activism in the late 1960's fighting against the persecution of gay bars with organizations, such as the Society for Individual Rights. He believed that gay people should support each other in times of oppression. Although he received a mixed reputation because of his sexuality, he ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978. During his political career, he sponsored a civil rights bill that would outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation. After only 11 months in office, him and the then Mayor of San Francisco, George Moscone, were assassinated by former Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Dan White, on November 27, 1978. In 2009, Barack Obama would posthumously awarded Milk the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his efforts.

https://youtu.be/wr3kUfW2fM0?

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Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary political leader and philanthropist. He caused "good trouble" in South Africa from the 1950s through the early 1990s, by fighting apartheid, which was the system of racial segregation enforced by the government at the time. In 1962, he was arrested for organizing strikes and supporting armed resistance through the African National Congress. His involvement in the Defiance Campaign in 1952, and the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, led to his imprisonment for 27 years. His activism sparked global attention, leading to the dismantling of apartheid and also his election as South Africa's first black president in 1994.

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Nelson Mandela, Anti-Apartheid Activist and World Leader | Biography

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Bayard Rustin (1912 - 1987) was a American political activist who played a crucial role in organizing civil rights movements and participated in advocating for gay rights. Rustin was fascinated with the Gandhian philosophy of non-violence and developed a keen understanding of non-violent protests. He later served as a mentor and advisor for MLK, enlightening him about non-violent protests. His position as MLK's advisor provided many opportunities to organize huge events such as the March on Washington and the Freedom Rides. He also helped organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen King's leadership. Rustin's knowledge and contribution to the Civil Rights Movement played a significant role in its success but most of his work went unrecognized due to the criticism he faced over his sexuality, he remained in the shadows of other civil rights leaders.

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Irena Sendler (1910-2008) was a Polish social worker and humanitarian, saved over 2500 Jewish children from the Holocaust by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto. She started by feeding and housing Jewish children in Warsaw, but as the ghetto was converted, she began rescuing them. She used her social worker papers and false documents to enter the ghetto and established an underground network to assist Jewish families. Sendler was arrested in 1943 and held in Piawiak jail, where she resisted interrogation and was set to be executed. However, she later escaped and lived in hiding for the rest of the war. Due to her hard work, Sendler was awarded with the Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta and the Order of Smile a few years before her passing.

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How one person saved over 2,000 children from the Nazis - Iseult Gillespie

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2002: SINÉAD O'CONNOR on ART and FAITH | The Heaven and Earth Show | BBC Archive

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Martin Luther King Jr, was born January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. King was a Baptist minister and social activist who led the Civil Rights Movement. form the mid -1950's until his death by assassination in 1968. His leadership was fundamental to that movement's success in ending the legal segregation of African Americans in the South and other parts of the United States. King rose to national prominence as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which promoted nonviolent tactics, such as the massive March on Washington(1963), to achieve civil rights. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

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Marsha P. Johnson and the Stonewall Rebellion: Crash Course Black American History #41

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Melvin Tolson was an American poet, educator, columnist, and politician. He taught James Farmer in a debate team and their group won against a white school university in 1935. Under the Jim Crow Laws, it was rare for African Americans to meet with elite white schools in competitions. This was super big and the teams showed progress and equality. He also helped organize sharecroppers in Arkansas. He was threatened with lynching and was blacklisted which made him unable to leave the state and go to Harvard with his debaters. Later on, he passed away after cancer surgery in Dalla, Texas, on August 29, 1966. He is recognized as one of the most important and and distinguished of Americas poets.

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The True Story Behind The Great Debaters | Melvin B. Tolson (2nd Edition Video)

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Fresberg Cartoon – Learning & History for Students

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Malcolm X Biography: Black History Month (Educational Videos for Students)

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Emma Gonzales born in 1999, is an American activist and advocate for gun control. In February of 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School experienced one of the deadliest school shootings, Emma was one of the school's lucky survivors. In the days after the shooting, Emma and other fellow survivors were determined to make a change. This is where they created the advocacy group “Never Again MSD”. She drew the attention of the nation when during a rally she called out politicians for their lack of commitment to changing or doing anything about gun violence. After this she started to blow up on many platforms as she continued to advocate for gun control she also helped organize the March for Our Lives. This march was one of the biggest student protest seen so far in american history

https://youtu.be/TBYU8nTRHfU?si=2Kuwf1ZEMNKoGUy_

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Activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott the transit system and chose King as their leader. He had the advantage of being a young, well-trained man who was too new in town to have made enemies; he was generally respected, and it was thought that his family connections and professional standing would enable him to find another pastorate should the boycott fail.In his first speech to the group as its president, King declared:

We have no alternative but to protest. For many years we have shown an amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.

These words introduced to the country a fresh voice, a skillful rhetoric, an inspiring personality, and in time a dynamic new doctrine of civil struggle. Although King’s home was dynamited and his family’s safety threatened, he continued to lead the boycott until, one year and a few weeks later, the city’s buses were desegregated. Meanwhile, the strain and changing dynamics of the civil rights movement had taken a toll on King, especially in the final months of his life. “I’m frankly tired of marching. I’m tired of going to jail,” he admitted in 1968. “Living every day under the threat of death, I feel discouraged every now and then and feel my work’s in vain, but then the Holy Spirit revives my soul again.”

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I Have a Dream speech by Martin Luther King .Jr HD (subtitled)

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Mary White Ovington (born April 11, 1865, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.-died July 15, 1951, Newton Highlands, Massachusetts) was an American civil rights activist, one of the white reformers who joined African Americans in founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Born three days before the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Ovington was reared in an upper-middle-class home by abolitionist parents. Her beliefs in social reform and women's rights were also shaped by the Reverend John White Chadwick of the Second Unitarian Church in Brooklyn Heights, New York. Her studies at the Harvard Annex (later called Radcliffe College) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, had already convinced her that social problems are attributable to economic class when the depression of 1893 necessitated her withdrawal from school. After working as registrar of Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, she became head worker at a Pratt-sponsored settlement house, which she helped found. She became vice president of the Brooklyn chapter of the National Consumers League, whose aims were the elimination of child labour and tenement sweatshops through public education and enlightened state legislation, and she served as assistant secretary of the New York Social Reform Club.

After her eyes were opened to racial discrimination in the North by a 1903 speech Booker T. Washington gave at the Social Reform Club, Ovington made the achievement of racial equality her life's work. The following year, as a fellow of another settlement house, she began a study of housing and employment problems among New York's African American population, which resulted in Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York (1911). In 1909 Ovington and fellow civil rights reformers established the NAACP, and she held a variety of positions in the organization for nearly four decades, including chairman (1919-32) and treasurer (1932-47). Her autobiography, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1947), provides a popular history of the NAACP. She also wrote Portraits in Color (1927), a collection of short biographies of African American leaders, as well as several children's books and a novel.

Encyclopaedia Britannica.

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Mary White Ovington was an American civil rights activist, one of the white reformers who joined African Americans in founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Born three days before the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Ovington was reared in an

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