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Cognitive development can also be known as intellectual development. Babies and young children need to be in a stimulating environment to develop their brain connections.

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Cognitive development for 1-3 year olds include paying attention to faces, following objects with their eyes, recognising people at a distance, putting things in their mouth, passing toys from one hand to another, looking for things to hide and playing peak-a-boo, remembering parts of a story, naming familiar schools, beginning to think symbollically.

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At the ages of 3-4 the children should be able to say their name and age, speak 250-500 words, answer simple questions, speak in sentences of five to six words and speak in complete sentences by the ages of 4, speak clearly although they may not be fully comprehensible by the ages of 4.

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Cognitive development's for 5-7 year olds include being able to tie their shoes, being able to count to 100 and count a few numbers backwards. Being able to count up to 100 and count a few number backwards. Being able to do basic maths such as adding '1 apple and 2 apple = 3 apple' and will be able to tell when one number is higher than the other. Being able to know their full name and know their age, birthday and where they live.

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cognitive development skills in 7-11 year olds include, concentrating or focusing on tasks for a longer period of time, memorising and retaining information for an extended period of time, processing information faster, flexibly and more accurate. Developing independent with reading and writing skills.

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A child in middle adolescence should have some experience in using more complex thinking processes. Expands thinking to include more philosophical and futuristic concerns, often questions more extensively, often analyses more extensively, thinks about and begins to form his or her own code of ethics for example what do i think is right?

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I am not completely convinced that this is all your own words Annalise.

P Melody 17.10.23

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At 16 year old, teens can learn to process more complex problems, to develop and test theories, to understand analogies, to reason inductively and deductively, and to think inferentially. They also expand their thinking to include more philosophical and futuristic concerns, often question and analyse more extensively, think about and begin to form their own code of ethics.

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. To be able to hold their heads up when laying on their tummy.
. To be able to move both arms and legs.
. Being able to open hands briefly.
Upgrade
Physical development for a 0-1 year old means that the baby should be able to hold their heads up and move both arms and legs which means that they will be able to grab their parents hand or even hold their bottle.

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Annalise, you need to explain development. At the moment you have briefly outlined.
To explain you need to be writing in detailed, in depth sentences.

P Melody 17.10.23

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. Crawling well.
. Rolling around freely.
. Lifting arms to be picked up.
. Clapping hands.
. Standing with support from children.

Upgrade
A 1-3 year old should be able to crawl around freely and also be starting to walk and by the age of 18 months so that they can tell you if they have any worries or anything that they need to tell you.

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You need to explain development. At the moment you have briefly outlined.
To explain you need to be writing in detailed, in depth sentences.

P Melody 17.10.23

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. Being able to dress and undress themselves just having a little help.
. Hops, jumps and runs with ease.
. Climbs steps with alternating feet.
. Gallops and skips by leading feet.
. Attempts to catch ball with hands.

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Annalise, you need to explain development. At the moment you have briefly outlined.
To explain you need to be writing in detailed, in depth sentences.

P Melody 17.10.23

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By the ages of 3-5 children should be able to dress and undress themselves whilst just getting a little help.

they should also be able to hop, jump and run without showing any signs of struggle.

They should be able to climb steps and put one foot in front of another doing so.

They should be able to gallop and skip and know what foot to put in front when doing it.

The children should also be able to put their hands out and attempt at catching a ball.

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. Develop large and small muscle coordination, usually by running via sports.
. Improve general hand eye coordination.
. More control and accuracy when writing and drawing.
. The ability to ride a bike without stabilisers.

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By this age children should be able to have an understanding of writing and be able to write sentences.
They should also have an understanding of how to ride a bike without stabilisers.

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Annalise, you need to explain development. At the moment you have briefly outlined.
To explain you need to be writing in detailed, in depth sentences.

P Melody 17.10.23

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. By age 7 they can jump, skip and walk on their toes and being able to cut with scissors and dress themselves independently.
. By age 9 they can learn to sew.
. By age 10 they can catch a ball and throw it in the air.
. As they approach age 11 there balance and coordination will continue to improve.

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By the age of 9 they should be learning to sew and as they approach they ages of 11 there balance and co ordination is very good and should be able to balance on one foot.

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At this ages this often means the start of puberty. This is where big changes will happen to the body and big changes will begin to happen like widening hips for girls and beginning to get facial hair for boys etc.

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This means that puberty is starting so lots of changes will be happening to the body and their hormones will be all over as lots of changes are happening.

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Females who are likely to have almost finished growing and developing by the ages of 16 whereas the boys are only just getting started.
. Additional physical development can mean being insecure in the way you look.
. Continue to develop physically including muscle
development and weight gain.

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Emotions will be running high so you may start to develop body dysmorphia and not feeling comfortable in the way you look. You may also get weight gain as your body changes which is totally normal and happens to everyone.

. May consider dieting even though weight gain is normal at this age.

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. Turn towards a sound when they hear it.
. Be startled by louder noises.
. Watch your face when you talk to them.
. Recognise your voice.
. Smile and laugh when other people smile and laugh.
. Around one being able to string a few sounds together.

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. Enjoying listening to music and sometimes move their body to dance along to the song.
. Enjoy looking at pictures book together with an adult.
. Copy a lot of things that the adults do like saying 'hello' or 'goodbye'.
. Understand a few words.
. Concentrate on activities for longer, such as playing with the toys that they like.

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. Listen to stories for longer and being able to answer the questions about the story.
. Enjoy make believe play.
. Start to like simple jokes even if they don't understand them.
. Ask many questions using things like who, what, where and when.

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. Focus on one thing for longer without being reminded.
. Rely less on objects to learn new words.
. Use their language in skills like learning to read, write and spell.
. Share and discuss more complex ideas.
. Use language in a range of social situations.

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. Use language to predict and draw conclusions.
. use long and complex sentences.
. Start conversation with adults and children that they don't know.
. Keep a conversation going by giving reasons and choices.

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. Be able to change topic well in conversations.
. Use more subtle and witty humour.
. Know how to use sarcasm / know when sarcasm is being used to them.
. Understand and use slang terms with friends.

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. Being able to have long and complicated sentences and go in lots of different directions.
. Understanding figurative language, make predictions based on information not given to them and understand sarcasm.
. Develop rapidly as they learn 7-10 new words a day.
. Be interesting and engage in stories.

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. To cry when parents leave.
. Is shy around strangers.
. Puts out an arm or a leg to help with getting dressed.
. Has favourite toys.

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The child will cry when the parent leaves to show the loss of their attachment.
Being shy around strangers is good as they don't know them so they don't know how to react.
Has favourite toys shows the child knows the difference and is coming on well.

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Please re complete this section to EXPLAIN.

P Melody 17.10.23

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. Toddlers learn to explore and express feelings, engage with others, and become more independent when it comes to getting their needs met.
. During these years, toddlers are gaining skills to help set them on a path for school success.
. Start to show and verbalize a wider range of emotion.
. Are interested in pretend play, but may confuse real and 'make believe'.
. Are spontaneously kind and caring.

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Social: Enjoys playing with other children, may have a particular friend.
Emotional: Develops respect for feelings, gain independence and learns to label and talk about their feelings, demonstrates a caring attitude and understands what is right and what is wrong, develops confidence and self-esteem.

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. Shows more independence from parents and family.
. Starts to think about the future.
. Understands more about his or her place in the world.
. Pay more attention to friendships and teamwork.
. Want to be liked and accepted by friends.

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. Children start to form stronger, more complex friendships and peer relationships.
. It becomes more emotionally important to have friends, especially of the same sex.
. Children experience more peer pressure.
. Children become more aware of their body as puberty approaches. Body image and eating problems start more around this age.

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. Start thinking more logically.
. Are introspective and moody and need privacy.
. Values friends and others opinions more and more.
. May test out new ideas, clothing styles, and mannerisms whilst figuring out why/ how they fit in.

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. Start to be independent and may start emotionally distancing themselves from their care givers.
. Start trying to discover strengths and weaknesses, at times seeming self centred or impulsive or moody.
. Show pride in success.
. Spend a lot of time with friends and may be interested in dating.

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From the time they are born, children go through constant changes in growth and this wiki unfolds the different milestones that children navigate through to improve their physical development at 0 to 3 years, with milestones such as kicking, head control, crawling and so much more.

Download FREE teacher-made resources covering 'Physical Development of 0 to 3 year Milestones'

What are physical development milestones?

Physical development milestones are some of the most vital stages of growth in children from the time they are born to support their development until they are older. These milestones create the foundation to how children build core skills to learn and associate themselves with the world around them. These milestones are different depending on the age of the child or the age range they are in, such as 0 to 3 months or 9 - 12 months.

It is a fundamental area of development in EYFS education and has resources in place to assist and prepare children where necessary to reach towards these physical milestones at an appropriate age.

These physical development milestones focus on areas which improve children's fine motor skills such as small muscle movement (pincer grip, eating, writing, getting dressed), finger-grip control and hand-eye coordination. This also includes their gross motor skills which focus on their large muscle movements (kicking legs, running, walking, jumping), bodily strength, balance and flexibility.

Why is it important to reach milestones?

Milestones are little checkpoints which show us successful growth patterns in children. So, children reaching their milestones is important because this is how we manage to see and understand how the child is developing or behaving.

Since verbal communication or language hasn't developed in younger children fully, we can use physical development in 0 to 3-year-olds as a form of communication or lens to monitor their progress and understand other areas of their development.

When children are not reaching their expected physical milestones at a specific age range, it is possible that the child could be experiencing a developmental delay or a major condition. Either way, this should be seen as urgent and treated right away by consulting a doctor to explore any possible causes and solutions.

You might like to use these EYFS Development Matters Checkpoints to monitor and find areas to observe if you have any concerns about little ones. This can also help you to plan and assess activities to see if they'll be suitable for your little one's level.

Physical Development at 0 to 3 years: Milestones

Physical development milestones start as soon as children are born and already show signs of physical movement by kicking their legs, moving their fingers or clenching their fists. These little movements and milestones can reveal how children are feeling and also prepares them for other milestones, too.

Remember that children grow differently and experience development in their own pace and based on different backgrounds. So, practising patience, support and understanding can help to reduce levels of frustration and anxiety when children aren't reaching milestones at a specific time.

Here is a detailed breakdown of the physical development of 0 to 3-years milestones in different age ranges and how to help children reach them.
Physical Development Milestones at 0 to 3 Months

Involuntary reflexes (suckling, getting startled and grasping).

Holds up their head during tummy time.

Opens and clenches fists, gripping your finger.

Kicks their legs and lifts their arms.

Smiling at people by 3 months.

Physical Development Milestones at 4 to 6 Months

Grabs toys towards their mouth or in each hand.

Has better head control during tummy time.

Sits up with support.

Turns head in the direction of a sound.

Rolls over to one side

Physical Development Milestones at 6 to 9 Months

Moves by rolling over side to side

Sits without support

Able to move objects/toys from one hand to the other

May show signs of creeping or crawling

Starts reaching for objects

Physical Development Milestones at 9 to 12 Months

Starts crawling well.

Rolls around freely.

Can lift arms to be picked up.

Claps their hands.

May stand with support from furniture.

Starts using the pincer grip;picking up small objects.

Moves legs & feet forward with support from furniture or an adult.

Physical Development Milestones at 1 to 2 Years

Begins walking on their own but may still fall often.

Stands without support.

Uses fingers/cutlery to feed and pick up food.

Can push themselves on bikes/riding toys.

Uses their hands to land on the ground.

Holds hands up to balance.

Starts dancing or responding to music.

Crawls up the stairs.

Starts to learn how to run in a gradual pace; penguin-like run.

Holds pencils or crayons with a fist to draw/scribble.

Physical Development Milestones at 2 to 3 Years

Learns to climb the stairs or playground

Learns to kick and throw a ball.

Walks well on their own.

Starts running on the own and picking up their pace.

Able to eat well on their own.

May ride a tricycle.

May learn to dress and undress themselves.

Starts jumping.

How to support children through these physical milestones and development?

Children need guidance and support as they go through physical development and helping them reach those milestones takes time, positivity and presence.

For example, around the age of 0 - 12 months, children are still learning to gain control of their bodies and during their earlier months, little ones rely on involuntary reflexes and support to navigate through their milestones. So, giving little ones regular massages after bath time around the arms, back, legs and thighs can help relieve any muscle tension or discomfort.

And by the time they reach the age range of 2 to 3 years, they respond to high energy levels as they've gained better control of their bodies. So they develop a strong interestin playing and exploring their new skills independently. The best way for them to explore their curiosity and releasing that energy is through outdoor play or exposure to outdoor learning environments. And we know you'll love our collection of fantastic outdoor play activities here to get little ones trying something educational and exciting.

Twinkl's support

We know that physical development in 0 to 3-years-old children may be different, so we've prepared materials, plans, resources and activities that could help you navigate through different outcomes.

You may learn more about physical development through the Statutory Framework in Early Years Foundation Stage in this wiki here. It covers detailed information about physical development in EYFS, and you can apply it alongside this wiki about childhood development for further insight on other areas of development.

There's so much to choose from here at Twinkl, and we hope that it comes in handy. Please let us know how you've come to use our materials and resources with your little ones or shout if you've got any ideas you'd like to share with us, too. We love hearing your stories and experiences.

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Physical Development at 0 to 3 years | Milestones Wiki

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Explore children's physical development at 0 to 3 years and their milestones at different age ranges. Support little ones as they exercise their little muscles.

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Toddler Social and Emotional Checklists

1 - 2 Years Old

Toddlers are learning how to express themselves and they aren't afraid to share how they feel. Sometimes that's an outburst of laughter, and other times it's a temper tantrum.

Help your toddler find ways to show how they feel by using words. Talk about how they might feel-angry that playtime is over, sad because Grandma is leaving. Talk about how you feel to show them how to act. For instance, explain that you are sad that it's rainy and you can't go to the park, or happy that a friend is coming for a visit.

You'll notice your toddler is becoming more adventurous, and wants to explore on their own. You can help them build confidence by encouraging safe ways to try out new things, while you remain close by. Your toddler might wander a bit further away, while checking to make sure you are nearby. They might want to try a new toy or puzzle. Encourage your toddler to try on their own, and let them know that you saw them getting it done, "Jerome, you turned the toy around until you found the button to make it work. I like how you kept trying to figure that out."

2 - 3 Years Old

Between the ages of 2 and 3 years old, your toddler will become more independent. They will begin to move from sitting next to a friend, to back and forth play with other children. This is a good time to help your toddler learn about taking turns, and thinking about other people. Talk about what you see in others, "Liza moved closer and is looking at your cars. Do you think she wants to play?"

This new independence mixed with a continued need for adult support can be confusing for children and may lead to a time of more tantrums. It is also a time they are learning that words have meaning, such as no, mine and I will do it! Show your toddler how to use words or point to a "feeling chart" to name what they are feeling, and show that their thoughts are important by giving them choices.

Head off tantrums by giving them appropriate choices-would you like to put on your pajamas first or brush teeth first? Your toddler will feel valued and loved, and they will get to practice making decisions. Make sure you are also taking deep breaths, modeling how to interact with others, and showing them how to feel and express emotions in a safe way.

More Social and Emotional Resources for Parents of Toddlers

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Learn about healthy toddler social & emotional development. MiKidsMatter has checklists, tips, & additional resources for Michigan parents.

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Congratulations, you have survived the "terrible twos!" Hopefully, you have energy left to enjoy what lies ahead for you and your preschooler. They call the next few years the "magic years" -- partly because it seems like magic that your child is finally listening to you and partly because for your child, it is a time for their imagination to run wild.

Your 3- to 4-year-old child will continue to grow and develop in many ways in the coming year. Although children reach developmental milestones at different times, your child will likely achieve the following developmental milestones before they turn 5.

If your child is not very talkative, that will likely change soon. Between or at ages 3 and 4, your child should be able to:

Say their name and age

Speak 250 to 500 words

Answer simple questions

Speak in sentences of five to six words, and speak in complete sentences by age 4

Speak clearly, although they may not be fully comprehensible until age 4

Tell stories

Your child will start asking lots of questions. "Why is the sky blue? Why do birds have feathers?" Questions, questions, and more questions! While it may be annoying at times, asking questions is a normal developmental milestone. In addition to asking "why?" all the time, your 3- to 4-year-old should be able to:

Correctly name familiar colors

Understand the idea of same and different, start comparing sizes

Pretend and fantasize more creatively

Follow three-part commands

Remember parts of a story

Understand time better (for example, morning, afternoon, night)

Count, and understand the concept of counting

Sort objects by shape and color

Complete age-appropriate puzzles

Recognize and identify common objects and pictures

Your busy preschooler continues to be on the move. Between or at ages 3 and 4, your child should be able to:

Walk up and down stairs, alternating feet -- one foot per step

Kick, throw, and catch a ball

Climb well

Run more confidently and ride a tricycle

Hop and stand on one foot for up to five seconds

Walk forward and backward easily

Bend over without falling

Help put on and remove clothing

Your child is becoming much more nimble. At this point in their development, your child should be able to:

More easily handle small objects and turn a page in a book

Use age-appropriate scissors

Copy circles (3) and squares (4)

Draw a person with two to four body parts

Write some capital letters

Build a tower with four or more blocks

Dress and undress without your help

Screw and unscrew jar lids

Turn rotating handles

Your 3- to 4-year-old is not only becoming more independent physically, but also emotionally. You may start to notice fewer tantrums when you leave your child with a sitter or at preschool.

In addition, your 3- to 4-year-old is becoming more social. Your child may now be able to cooperate with their friends, take turns, and may begin to show some problem-solving skills.

At this point in development, your child should be able to:

Imitate parents and friends

Show affection for familiar family and friends

Understands the idea of "mine" and "his/hers"

Show a wide range of emotions, such as being sad, angry, happy, or bored

In addition, you may notice your child's imagination is in overdrive. This can be good and bad. Fantasy and pretend play becomes more interesting and involved, but your child may also start developing unrealistic fears, such as believing a monster is lurking in the closet.

There's a ton you can do every day to help your child learn and grow, such as:

Allow your child to make simple choices, like what to wear or what to play.

Give plenty of time for your kid to be active, and play games together like tag.

Let your child do some self-care on their own, like getting dressed, using the bathroom, and brushing teeth.

Practice counting and singing simple songs, like the ABCs.

Read to your child every day.

Set time to play with other kids -- let them work out conflicts on their own, but step in when needed.

Suggest activities like drawing and making art with paper, scissors, and glue.

Talk to your child -- patiently answer questions and help them express their feelings.

Teach your child how to make up after hurting someone's feelings.

And when it comes to TVs, smartphones, computers, and tablets, doctors suggest that you:

Keep technology out of bedrooms.

Limit screen time to 1 hour a day of high-quality programs.

Talk about what you watch together and how it applies to the world.

All these new skills are exciting. You need to let your child explore, but you also need a watchful eye, especially when it comes to common dangers likes falls, burns, poisons, and strangers.

Here are some tips to keep in mind:

Always wear helmets on bikes, tricycles, and other riding toys.

Check the height and weight limits of your child's car seat -- when your child outgrows it, use a booster seat.

Don't keep guns in your home. If you have a gun, keep it unloaded, locked away, and separate from bullets. And make sure children can't get the key.

Let your child explore, but guard against falls, especially around playgrounds, doors, windows, and stairs.

Keep an eye out when playing near streets and driveways.

Use caution in the kitchen -- spills, splatters, and hot surfaces can all cause serious burns.

Watch your child at all times when in or around water -- and think about signing your kid up for swimming lessons.

Discuss caution around strangers.

You'll also find that your child can reach drawers, cabinets, and countertops that used to be considered safe. Make sure medicines, cleaning products, and even small household objects that can be swallowed -- like magnets and batteries -- can't be seen or reached.

This is also the age to make sure your child knows what to do around strangers. Teach your child their full name, address, and phone number. Also, let your child know to ask only certain adults for help, like people with uniforms or name badges. And tell your child:

No one can ask you to keep a secret from your parents.

No one can ask you to see or touch your private parts -- the parts that a bathing suit covers.

No one can ask you to look at, touch, or help with their private parts.

All kids grow and develop at their own pace. Don't worry if your child has not reached all of these milestones at this time. But you should notice a gradual progression in growth and development as your child gets older. If you don't, or if your child has signs of possible developmental delay, as listed below, talk to your child's doctor.

Signs of developmental delay in 3- to 4-year-old children include:

Inability to throw a ball overhand, jump in place, or ride a tricycle

Frequent falling and difficulty walking stairs

Inability to hold a crayon between their thumb and fingers; has trouble scribbling and cannot copy a circle

Unable to use a sentence with more than three words and uses "me" and "you" inappropriately

Persistent drooling and trouble speaking

Cannot stack four blocks and has trouble handling small objects

Continues to experience extreme separation anxiety

Lacks interest in interactive games and doesn't engage in fantasy play

Does not play with other children and doesn't respond to non-family members

Self control isn't improving when angry or upset

Does not understand simple commands, or repeats the commands

Avoids making eye contact

Resists getting dressed, sleeping, and going to the bathroom

Also, if you notice your child resisting or struggling with doing things that they were once able to do, tell your child's doctor. This can be a sign of a developmental disorder. If your child does have developmental delay, there are many treatments available to help your child.

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3- to 4-Year-Old Developmental Milestones: Cognitive, Language, and Motor Skills

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Ages 3-4 are full of first times for your preschooler! WebMD explains developmental milestones in 3- to 4-year-olds, and how to help them learn and grow.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Developmental Milestones

Middle childhood brings many changes in a child's life. By this time, children can dress themselves, catch a ball more easily using only their hands, and tie their shoes. Having independence from family becomes more important now. Events such as starting school bring children this age into regular contact with the larger world. Friendships become more and more important. Physical, social, and mental skills develop quickly at this time. This is a critical time for children to develop confidence in all areas of life, such as through friends, schoolwork, and sports.

Here is some information on how children develop during middle childhood:

Emotional/Social Changes

Children in this age group might:

Show more independence from parents and family.

Start to think about the future.

Understand more about his or her place in the world.

Pay more attention to friendships and teamwork.

Want to be liked and accepted by friends.

Thinking and Learning

Children in this age group might:

Show rapid development of mental skills.

Learn better ways to describe experiences and talk about thoughts and feelings.

Have less focus on one's self and more concern for others.

Positive Parenting Tips

Following are some things you, as a parent, can do to help your child during this time:

Show affection for your child. Recognize her accomplishments.

Help your child develop a sense of responsibility-ask him to help with household tasks, such as setting the table.

Talk with your child about school, friends, and things she looks forward to in the future.

Talk with your child about respecting others. Encourage him to help people in need.

Help your child set her own achievable goals-she'll learn to take pride in herself and rely less on approval or reward from others.

Help your child learn patience by letting others go first or by finishing a task before going out to play. Encourage him to think about possible consequences before acting.

Make clear rules and stick to them, such as how long your child can watch TV or when she has to go to bed. Be clear about what behavior is okay and what is not okay.

Do fun things together as a family, such as playing games, reading, and going to events in your community.

Get involved with your child's school. Meet the teachers and staff and get to understand their learning goals and how you and the school can work together to help your child do well.

Continue reading to your child. As your child learns to read, take turns reading to each other.

Use discipline to guide and protect your child, rather than punishment to make him feel bad about himself. Follow up any discussion about what not to do with a discussion of what to do instead.

Praise your child for good behavior. It's best to focus praise more on what your child does ("you worked hard to figure this out") than on traits she can't change ("you are smart").

Support your child in taking on new challenges. Encourage her to solve problems, such as a disagreement with another child, on her own.

Encourage your child to join school and community groups, such as a team sports, or to take advantage of volunteer opportunities.

Child Safety First

More physical ability and more independence can put children at risk for injuries from falls and other accidents. Motor vehicle crashes are the most common cause of death from unintentional injury among children this age.

Protect your child properly in the car. For detailed information, visit the American Academy of Pediatrics' Car Seats: Information for Familiesexternal icon .

Teach your child to watch out for traffic and how to be safe when walking to school, riding a bike, and playing outside.

Make sure your child understands water safety, and always supervise her when she's swimming or playing near water.

Supervise your child when he's engaged in risky activities, such as climbing.

Talk with your child about how to ask for help when she needs it.

Keep potentially harmful household products, tools, equipment, and firearms out of your child's reach.

Healthy Bodies

Parents can help make schools healthier. Work with your child's school to limit access to foods and drinks with added sugar, solid fat, and salt that can be purchased outside the school lunch program.

Make sure your child has 1 hour or more of physical activity each day.

Keep television sets out of your child's bedroom. Set limits for screen time for your child at home, school, or afterschool care and develop a media use plan for your family.external icon

Practice healthy eating habits and physical activity early. Encourage active play, and be a role model by eating healthy at family mealtimes and having an active lifestyle.

Make sure your child gets the recommended amount of sleep each night: For school-age children 6-12 years, 9-12 hours per 24 hours (including naps)

For More Information

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Child Development: Middle Childhood (6-8 years old) | CDC

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What to typically expect as developmental milestone indicators from middle childhood (6-8 years of age).

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Child Development: Middle Childhood (9-11 years old) | CDC

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What to typically expect as developmental milestone indicators from middle childhood (9-11 years of age).

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The tween years are upon you, and with them, some opportunities and challenges arise as a parent. Hanging out with your 11-year-old can be really fun as they're starting to understand the world and converse like mini-adults.

However, the intensity and the drama of a pre-teen-especially for girls-can be frustrating and difficult for a parent to handle. From the complex social dynamics at school to the physical changes that can confuse and embarrass a tween, here's what to expect from an 11-year-old.

Physical Development

Age 11 often means big physical changes. For girls, puberty might have already started; boys often enter it later (around age 12), but it's not unheard of for boys to start it by 11.

In 11-year-old girls, physical changes include increased body fat, beginning of breast enlargement, pubic hair growth, widening hips, underarm hair growth, oilier skin and hair, and the first menstrual period.

Physical changes in boys might include larger muscles, vocal changes, oilier hair and skin, the beginning of underarm, facial and pubic hair, darkening scrotum, and testicle and penis growth.

Tweens are beginning to grow into their new bodies, so there might be a little physical awkwardness as they adjust.

You might start to smell unexpected odors from your child around this time. Sweat glands are starting to get active, so remind your kid about the importance of regular bathing and putting on deodorant every day.

Emotional Development

Get ready for a wild ride with the emotions of your 11-year-old. Once the child hits puberty, expect moodiness and a roller coaster of both distress and happiness.

While many 11-year-olds still accept family beliefs and recognize adults as authority figures, this is also the time that they begin to question that authority and might have their first introduction to risky behaviors such as drinking, smoking, or self-harm.

Although 11-year-olds are starting to develop their own personality among a social group, they haven't yet resisted the concept of " family time." Make participation in family activities, such as going to church or dinner with grandparents, and responsibilities like chores part of the standard daily routine.

Social Development

While friendship has long been important to your child, this time is when it becomes vital, for better and for worse. The idea of a " group identity" starts to play a role, and tight-knit cliques can form. Peer pressure ​starts to influence your child into doing things that they probably wouldn't do on their own.

Your child will begin to test boundaries and push back on rules (if they haven't already) due to the influence of their friends. This is the time to pick your battles. Good grades and avoiding drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes are the battles you want to choose, while clothing and hairstyle choices can be a good way to give your tween some freedom.

Cognitive Development

Younger children tend to live in the moment and focus on what affects them right here and right now. Around age 11, they start to realize that the choices they make now could have longer-term effects.

Eleven-year-olds are also beginning to realize that there are multiple ways to look at a piece of information, situation, or issue and start to understand that there is a gray area where there was previously only black and white.

Any speech issues that appeared in a child's past should be resolved by this time. If you still notice speech difficulties-the "r" sound is the most common to still linger from your child's younger days-register for speech therapy to correct problems.

At age 11, children begin to move past the playdates of their younger years into more typical teenage behavior at sleepovers or group outings to the movies. Their competitive spark continues to ignite, particularly in sports, as the pre-teen starts to dedicate more time and energy to particular hobbies.

Students can begin to lose interest in school and learning around this age or in the next few years to come. Continue to engage their curiosity, and help make learning exciting. At the same time, resist overscheduling your tween. They need downtime, as well as time to focus on homework. Pick just a couple of activities together, and focus on commitment to those choices.

Other Milestones

Many 11-year-olds begin experiencing brain changes that help them transition into becoming more independent. Their still-developing frontal cortex and their need for acceptance, however, can lead to increased risk-taking behavior.

Don't be surprised if your 11-year-old makes some impulsive choices or poor decisions at times. While you don't want to shrug it off and let them off the hook, understanding why you might be seeing some interesting behavior choices can help you better respond.

If your child makes unhealthy decisions, create rules that focus on safety. Encourage them to think before they act and talk about the potential consequences of their behavior.

When to Be Concerned

Each child develops at a different pace, so milestones are meant more as guidelines as to what to expect rather than deadlines for shifts to occur. You don't need to be overly worried if your 11-year-old isn't displaying "typical" tween behavior, nor do you have to be concerned if puberty doesn't begin during this year (if it doesn't begin by age 14, then it's time to talk to the doctor).

You can be concerned, however, if you think that your pre-teen is falling into some dangerous patterns of behavior. Preventable injury is the leading cause of death for this age range, and parents have to contend with social media and inappropriate internet use. Strong enforcement of rules and setting reasonable limits will help contend with some of these parental problems.

All kids develop at a slightly different pace. Kids who lack social and emotional maturity, however, may become targets for bullies or they may struggle with loneliness and isolation.

It's important to help your child sharpen their skills when you notice deficits. And if you're concerned about potential developmental delays, talk to your child's pediatrician. It's important to address any problems now, before your child enters the teen years.

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Here Are the Developmental Milestones You Can Expect From Your 11-Year-Old

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The tween years are upon you, and with them, some opportunities and challenges arise as a parent. Hanging out with your 11-year-old can be really fun as they're starting to understand the world and converse like mini-adults. However, the intensity and the drama of a pre-teen-especially for girls-can be frustrating and difficult for a parent to handle.

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Speech, language and communication milestones

Between the ages of 13 and 18 young people have learnt the basics of language and they are constantly developing and improving on their skills. Through these years they will learn many different ways they can use language which they have not had to do previously. Their language will continue to mature into adulthood.

By 13 years:

Young people should be able to do:

Follow complex spoken instructions containing a large amount of information, new vocabulary and complex grammar

Have an understanding of common simple sayings in context

Acknowledge and have understanding of another's point of view even if it is conflicting or different to their own.

Understands factual information but may struggle to understand information that requires inferring.

Developing an understanding of sarcasm however this is in an exaggerated state with

"Saliha using props to help this teen develop his social communication styles in different environments."

14-18 years:

At this age a young person will be able to understand:

Long and complicated instructions with many different directions.

Use the language they have been given by their communication partner to solve complex problems during a conversation.

Understand figurative language, make predictions based on information not given to them and understand sarcasm.

When they haven't understood their communication partner and will ask for clarifications appropriately.

The vocabulary of a young person at this age will:

Develop rapidly as they learn approximately 7-10 new words a day.

Enable them to understand double meanings and subject words.

You can expect the narrative of a young person to:

Involve lots of long and complex ideas.

Be interesting and engaging stories.

Socially, young people should be able to:

Use their language to persuade and negotiate with others.

Keep up with rapidly changing talk.

Switch their language styles to suit the environment, situation and communicative partner.

"Older teenagers are able to have interesting and engaging stories with lots of complex ideas."

Speech clinic

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When researching information Annalise, remember to write in your own words if you have not used a direct quote.
P Melody 17.10.23

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A reading list is a list of sources that you have read to get information.
Please look back in your search history and copy & paste the web links of pages that you have read from.

P Melody 17.10.23

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You have provided a wide selection of examples of how development progresses in this area Annalise but you are writing in bullet points again. This criteria asked you to EXPLAIN which means writing in detailed in depth sentences.
I am not asking you to recomplete this section as you have provided a wide selection but this is something that you need to be mindful of moving forward.

P Melody 17.10.23

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Bruner's theory on cognitive development is that children use 3 types of internal representations to understand the world these are enactive, iconic and symbolic. he also says that social interaction and language play a crucial role in cognitive development.

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Maslow's theory is that a person says psychological needs are essential. these are things that people need for physical survival e.g. air, food, drink, shelter and water. if you fail to meet these needs a person cannot function properly.

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skinners theory on speech, language and communication is that he believes children learn language as parents selectively reward or punish only those behaviours which they recognise as appropriate.

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Ainsworth theory is an explanation for the emotional bonds and the relationship between people. This theory states that people are born with a need to forge bonds with their caregivers. These early bonds can influence has a child deals with attachment later on in the future.