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Telemedicine is a new direction in medicine:

Telemedicine is the provision of health care services in settings where distance is a critical factor, by health professionals using information and communication technologies to exchange necessary information for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injury, for research and evaluation, and for continuing education of health professionals to improve public health and community development. It is one of the fastest growing segments of health care in the world (about 20% per year). The term "remote medicine" is also used (less frequently). It has the potential to improve patient health outcomes, access to health care and reduce healthcare costs. As TM applications continue to evolve it is important to understand the impact TM might have on patients, healthcare professionals and the organisation of care.

https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44497/9789244564141_rus.pdf

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Tele-education is a type of education where students learn via the Internet, videos, and other resources rather than attending traditional classroom settings. It is often referred to as e-learning, which includes all electronic learning and teaching platforms.

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Mobile telemedicine complexes refer to integrated systems that bring together mobile technology and telemedicine to provide healthcare services remotely, especially in areas with limited access to traditional healthcare facilities.

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Benefits of Tele-Education for Ill Patients:

1.Individualized Support:

The tele-education program offers one-to-one sessions, tailoring information delivery to the individual's needs, promoting a personalized approach.

2.Convenience and Accessibility:

Low session frequency is suitable for less severe disorders, making it convenient for patients without the need for specialist care.

Remote access to sessions reduces barriers, ensuring that individuals can receive support from the comfort of their homes.

3.Holistic Approach to Wellness:

The program addresses educational, psychological, and behavioral/cognitive dimensions, aiming to restore skills and mobilize resources for daily functioning and disease management.

4.Practical Coping Strategies:

Sessions focus on practical aspects like hygienic and dietary measures, sleep habits, and leisure activities, helping patients identify coping strategies for combating depression.

5.Comprehensive Understanding of Depression:

Dedicated sessions on identifying symptoms, suicidal ideation, and causes of depression, including family and friends, contribute to a thorough understanding of the condition.

6.Clear Information on Antidepressants:

A dedicated session provides clear information on antidepressants, emphasizing treatment duration, aiding patients in making informed decisions about their mental health.

7.Patient Empowerment and Collaboration:

The final session empowers patients by identifying what they've learned, addressing questions, and collaboratively summarizing the work done, with summaries shared with their GP.

8.Support for Control Group:

Even the control group receives standard care and an educational booklet on depression, promoting awareness and providing additional resources for their mental health.

7. Continued Monitoring and Support:

Regular GP monitoring, potential referrals to specialists, and psychologist-led questionnaire assessments ensure ongoing support and a comprehensive understanding of patient well-being.

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02594322/full?highlightAbstract=tela%7Ceduc%7Ceducation%7Ctele%7Ctelae

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Telemedicine provided remote monitoring (55 studies), or real‐time video‐conferencing (38 studies), which was used either alone or in combination. The main TM function varied depending on clinical condition, but fell typically into one of the following six categories, with some overlap:

i) monitoring of a chronic condition to detect early signs of deterioration and prompt treatment and advice;

ii) provision of treatment or rehabilitation, for example the delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy, or incontinence training;

iii) education and advice for self‐management, for example nurses delivering education to patients with diabetes or providing support to parents of very low birth weight infants or to patients with home parenteral nutrition;

iv) specialist consultations for diagnosis and treatment decisions,

v) real‐time assessment of clinical status, for example post‐operative assessment after minor operation or follow‐up after solid organ transplantation

vi) screening, for angina .

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002098.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=telemedicine%7Ctelemedicin

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There are a large number of definitions of the term "Telemedicine". A formal definition is important from a legal and policy perspective. The World Health Organization's telemedicine policy proposed the following definition in 1997

https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/63857

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Mobile technologies could enhance telemedicine by enhancing communication between healthcare providers, thereby enhancing access to specialist advice and potentially improving patient health outcomes.

used sources:

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012927.pub2

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The purpose of a teleconference is to facilitate remote communication, allowing individuals or groups to discuss, collaborate, and make decisions without the need for physical presence. It enhances efficiency, reduces travel costs, and enables real-time interaction among participants.

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The purpose of conducting and participating in the teleconference.

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02021708/full?highlightAbstract=teleconfer%7Ctypes%7Cof%7Cteleconference%7Ctyp%7Cteleconferenc%7Ctype

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01569760/full?highlightAbstract=teleconfer%7Cpurpos%7Cpurpose%7Cof%7Cteleconference%7Cteleconferenc

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02393052/full?highlightAbstract=teleconfer%7Cpurpos%7Cpurpose%7Cof%7Cteleconference%7Cteleconferenc

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A teleconference is a meeting of three or more people who are separated by distance, using electronic communication. The participants might be in the same city, or could be thousands of miles apart, in different countries on different continents. They may interact with one another, or the conference might be one-way – a lecture or presentation that a number of people can attend at the same time from different places. Therefore, teleconferencing is a way of bringing a group of people together from different locations without having to travel long distances.

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The study evaluates the impact of mobile technologies on healthcare providers' performance, satisfaction, use, patient outcomes, costs, and technical difficulties.

used sources:

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012927.pub2

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A study of 19 trials, mostly in high-income countries, found that mobile technology, particularly phones, was frequently used for digital image transfer. The trials had varying conditions and interventions, with most having high risk of performance bias and detection, attrition, and reporting biases. Two studies reported technical problems.

used sources:

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012927.pub2

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Teleconferences in medicine serve various purposes, such as facilitating remote consultations between healthcare professionals, discussing patient cases, conducting medical education sessions, and collaborating on research or clinical studies. They enhance communication and collaboration among medical professionals, allowing them to share expertise and insights, especially when physical presence is not possible or practical.

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Components:

a. Mobile Units: These complexes often involve mobile medical units equipped with the necessary medical instruments and communication technology. These units can be vehicles or portable setups.

b. Telecommunication Systems: Robust telecommunication infrastructure is a crucial component, enabling real-time communication between healthcare professionals and patients. This may involve video conferencing, remote monitoring, and other telemedicine technologies.

c. Medical Devices: The mobile complex would include various medical devices for diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment. This could range from basic diagnostic tools to more advanced equipment, depending on the complexity of healthcare services provided.

d. Data Management Systems: Efficient systems for managing patient data securely are integral. Electronic health records (EHRs) and other data management tools ensure that patient information is easily accessible to healthcare providers.

e. Power and Connectivity: Reliable power sources and connectivity solutions are vital for the functioning of mobile telemedicine complexes, especially in areas with limited infrastructure.

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The development of the telemedicine in the world

The telehealth devices in use today resemble earlier telemedicine equipment, but modern health tech is smaller in size and greater in scope of features. Wearables like fitness wristbands and heart rate monitors are an early example of mobile health tools that track patients’ vital data in real time. Smart glasses and smart watches are already popular amongst physicians, and will soon be used to relieve doctors of tedious paperwork. Stanford medical students Pelu Tran and Ian Shakil co-founded Augmedix, a digital health startup that uses Google Glass to automatically transcribe medical records during a patient exam. Concepts like this, which may seem fantastical to physicians now, will someday be commonplace – just like how modern telemedicine seemed an outlandish idea in 1924.

Luckily for the telemedicine industry, there’s still a lot of unexplored territory. Both private and government-owned research firms invest heavily in telemedicine, so the technology develops almost faster than physicians can keep up.

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Use Cases:

a. Rural and Remote Healthcare: Mobile telemedicine complexes are particularly valuable in reaching remote and underserved populations, bringing healthcare services to areas where establishing permanent medical facilities might be challenging.

b. Emergency Response: These complexes can be deployed in emergency situations, providing immediate medical assistance during disasters, accidents, or public health crises.

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Our confidence in the effect estimates is limited. Interventions including a mobile technology component to support healthcare provider to healthcare provider communication and management of care may reduce the time between presentation and management of the health condition when primary care providers or emergency physicians use them to consult with specialists, and may increase the likelihood of receiving a clinical examination among participants with diabetes and those who required an ultrasound. They may decrease the number of people attending primary care who are referred to secondary or tertiary care in some conditions, such as some skin conditions and CKD. There was little evidence of effects on participants' health status and well‐being, satisfaction, or costs.

used sources:

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012927.pub2

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Importance of Tele-Education:

Accessibility:

Overcoming Geographic Barriers: Tele-education enables individuals, regardless of their location, to access educational resources and support remotely.

Personalized Learning:

Tailored Content: Tele-education allows for personalized learning experiences, catering to individual needs and preferences.

Convenience:

Flexible Scheduling: The flexibility of tele-education accommodates learners' schedules, making education more convenient and adaptable to diverse lifestyles.

Cost-Effectiveness:

Reduced Expenses: It can reduce costs associated with commuting, accommodation, and physical materials, making education more affordable for many.

Specialized Training:

Access to Experts: Tele-education facilitates access to specialized instructors or experts who might not be available locally, enhancing the quality of education.

Continuity of Learning:

Uninterrupted Education: During disruptions like pandemics or natural disasters, tele-education ensures continuity of learning, minimizing disruptions to educational pursuits.

Lifelong Learning:

Promoting Continuous Development: Tele-education supports ongoing learning throughout one's life, encouraging individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge beyond traditional educational timelines.

Global Collaboration:

International Connectivity: It fosters global collaboration, allowing students to connect with peers, educators, and resources from around the world, promoting a diverse learning environment.

Technology Integration:

Embracing Innovation: Tele-education encourages the integration of technology into the learning process, preparing individuals for the digital era.

Environmental Impact:

Reduced Carbon Footprint: By minimizing the need for travel and physical infrastructure, tele-education contributes to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to learning.

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02281573/full?highlightAbstract=tela%7Ceduc%7Ceducation%7Ctele%7Ctelae

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Healthcare is now routinely delivered by telecommunications-based services in all developed countries and an increasing number of developing countries. Telemedicine is used in many clinical specialities and across numerous healthcare settings, which range from mobile patient-centric applications to complex interactions amongst clinicians in tertiary referral hospital settings. This paper discusses some recent areas of significant development and progress in the field with the purpose of identifying strong trends in both research and practice activities.

used link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4659877/

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Teleconferences in medicine serve several important purposes:

1. Remote Consultations: Healthcare professionals can discuss patient cases, share medical opinions, and provide expertise even when physically distant.

2. Medical Education: Teleconferences are used for conducting educational sessions, such as lectures, workshops, and training programs, making medical knowledge more accessible.

3. Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Medical professionals from different specialties can collaborate, fostering a holistic approach to patient care and treatment planning.

4. Research Collaboration: Teleconferences enable researchers to discuss findings, plan studies, and coordinate efforts, facilitating progress in medical research.

5. Case Discussions: Physicians can present and discuss challenging cases, seeking input and opinions from other experts to arrive at the best possible diagnostic and treatment decisions.

6. Continuing Medical Education (CME): Healthcare providers can participate in CME activities, staying updated on the latest advancements and evidence-based practices in their respective fields.

7. Global Reach: Teleconferences allow for international collaboration, enabling healthcare professionals worldwide to share knowledge, experiences, and best practices.

Overall, teleconferences contribute to improved patient care, medical education, and research by overcoming geographical barriers and promoting efficient communication among healthcare professionals.

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Participating in teleconferences in medicine serves several purposes, including:

1. Remote Patient Consultations: Healthcare professionals can discuss patient cases and provide consultations even when physically separated.

2. Collaboration and Communication: Enables healthcare teams to collaborate, share information, and communicate effectively, especially when team members are in different locations.

3. Continuing Medical Education (CME): Healthcare providers can engage in educational sessions, staying updated on the latest medical advancements and evidence-based practices.

4. Research Collaboration: Facilitates discussions among researchers, clinicians, and experts, promoting collaboration on medical research and clinical studies.

5. Efficient Decision-Making: Allows for timely discussions on treatment plans, diagnoses, and medical decisions, contributing to improved patient care.

6. Multidisciplinary Approaches: Supports a holistic approach to patient care by involving professionals from various specialties in discussions and decision-making processes.

7. Global Networking: Provides a platform for healthcare professionals to connect globally, share insights, and learn from diverse medical practices.

Overall, participating in medical teleconferences enhances communication, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing among healthcare professionals, ultimately benefiting patient care and medical advancements.

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Overview of professional teleconferences

What is an academic conference?

An academic conference is a one-day or multiday event during which researchers present their work to each other. Conferences are an important way researchers stay connected to others in their field and learn about cutting-edge scholarship. In psychology, researchers typically present their work via poster or oral presentation.

There are different kinds of academic conferences. Professional conferences are geared primarily toward professors rather than students, although virtually all conferences will have students presenting either as co-authors with a faculty member or solo during special student programming. Professional conferences can be international, national (like the APA Annual Convention), regional or local. There are also conferences devoted to the different subfields in psychology, for example, social, developmental, neuroscience, etc.

Some conferences are specifically devoted to undergraduate research. The focus is solely on students, and the programming often includes practical workshops, such as how to get into graduate school and how to search for a job.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8619571/

https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psn/2016/09/academic-conferences

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The term telemedicine first appeared in the 1970s, describing treatment provided from a distance or far away using technology. The World Health Organization broadly defined telemedicine as providing health services from a distance by using information technology to obtain crucial data to spearhead diagnoses. Additionally, the notion includes medication and treatment, prevention of disease, and research. Physicians exclusively provided this service initially, but other health professionals began incorporating it into their practice; thus, the general term telehealth was coined. All telemedicine is telehealth, but not all telehealth is telemedicine. Telemedicine in surgery reflects the use of telemedicine services when performing surgical procedures.

Telemedicine has four basic principles: First, it provides virtual clinical support. Second, it is border- or geographical-barrier-free, meaning any person from any place in the world can use the service and receive access to healthcare facilities. Third, telemedicine has allowed hospitals to easily communicate to referral facilities for educational and consultation purposes, thereby reducing the overall cost of treatment to the patient and medical facility. Fourth, telemedicine has permitted the communication of medical centers and referral facilities; hence, enhanced efficiency care is delivered. The introduction and integration of telemedicine into health systems raised the standards of healthcare provided, especially in cases of emergencies. When the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic began in early 2020, it caught the world by surprise. Health sectors around the world were exhausted fighting the pandemic and were rapidly confronted by a lack of resources. Patients would avoid visiting the hospital due to fear of acquiring the virus, and healthcare providers limited the ability of patients to access the facilities they provide. Surgical services were also severely restrained during the peak of the pandemic. With preoperative triage and postoperative management becoming inherently riskier in person, healthcare providers and patients looked for other methods of communication.

https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/prospects-for-the-development-of-telemedicine/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667102622000791

https://evisit.com/resources/history-of-telemedicine

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207141/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8619571/

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1. Synchronous Telemedicine

Early telemedicine developments were popularised around the 'teleconsultation' model of delivering healthcare despite a physically separated clinician and patient. This practice has become widespread, and the associated behavioural and technical issues have been well documented.

The three examples given below offer different perspectives on this observation.

1) Intensive care

2) Emergency medicine

3) Mental health

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2. Asynchronous Telemedicine

The predominant characteristic of asynchronous telemedicine is a time separation between one phase of the process and another. Whether for reasons of efficiency or to overcome resource constraints, the net effect of this separation is that poor availability of a scarce physical or human resource is overcome by careful management of the capture, storage, and transmission of information to accommodate that situation. In the examples considered here, various technical issues arise, and various organizational solutions are adopted, demonstrating that both of these aspects are still significant factors in need of further attention if such solutions are to be developed.

1) Wound care

2) Teledermatology

3) Teleophthalmology

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Telemedicine encompasses various aspects of healthcare delivery through technology. Some main directions include:

1. Remote Consultations: - Patients can consult with healthcare professionals via video calls, phone calls, or online chat.

2. Remote Monitoring: - Continuous monitoring of patients' vital signs and health data from a distance, often used for chronic disease management.

3. Telehealth Education: - Providing health-related information, training, and education to patients and healthcare professionals through digital platforms.

4. Telepsychiatry: - Mental health services provided remotely, including therapy sessions and psychiatric consultations.

5. Mobile Health (mHealth): - Utilizing mobile devices for health-related services, such as health apps, wearable devices, and remote diagnostics.

6. Store-and-Forward: - Transmitting patient data (e.g., images, test results) to a healthcare provider for later review and assessment.

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Additional task-Professional teleconferences enable remote collaboration, allowing individuals or teams to conduct meetings, presentations, or discussions via audio or video communication tools. They enhance efficiency, reduce travel costs, and facilitate real-time interactions among participants located in different geographical areas. Popular platforms include Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco Webex, offering features like screen sharing, chat, and participant management. Effective teleconferences require clear communication, proper technology setup, and consideration for time zones to ensure seamless collaboration in professional settings.

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7. E-Consultations: Healthcare professionals collaborate electronically to discuss patient cases, share expertise, and make joint decisions about patient care.

8. Telemedicine in Rural Health: Bridging the gap in healthcare access for people in remote or underserved areas through virtual consultations.

9. Telestroke Services: Rapid assessment and treatment of stroke patients through telemedicine to improve outcomes.

10. Digital Therapeutics: Using software or digital platforms to deliver therapeutic interventions for various health conditions.

11. Telemedicine for Second Opinions: Enabling patients to seek expert opinions from specialists located in different geographical areas.

12. Tele-rehabilitation: Providing remote rehabilitation services for patients recovering from surgeries or managing chronic conditions.

13. Remote Surgical Consultations: Surgeons can remotely assess patients, review medical imaging, and discuss surgical options.

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What Is Teleconferencing?

Teleconferencing is essentially a live, interactive audio or audio-visual meeting that ensues between geographically dispersed participants. Here, participants communicate via telecommunication networks using their tablets, mobile phones, laptops, desktop computers, and even specially designed tech-enabled meeting rooms.

Types of Teleconferencing

There are several types of teleconferencing, including:

Audio teleconferencing: A voice-only option. You can use your own three-way-calling service for this or third-party teleconferencing services.

Electronic whiteboarding: You’ll need a data and audio telecommunication connection for this. This was initially designed to assist with distance learning by creating a believable-looking digital classroom.

Video teleconferencing: A live, visual connection that uses the internet to transmit crystal-clear audio with full-motion images between various locations.

Computer teleconferencing: Written communication between two or more computers, using keyboard inputs and a common application.

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Telemedicine is now working in a richer information space than in the 1990s. Telemedicine systems are often coupled with peripheral devices, such as ophthalmoscopes, and even camera-based systems are making use of multiple views, some of which can be high definition. A range of multidimensional medical images (such as 3D CT or real-time ultrasound) might also need to be transmitted as part of the telemedicine consultation. Of course, the data space associated with a patient extends beyond the information transmitted as part of the telemedicine consultation. Health informatics has evolved largely independently of telemedicine, but telemedicine systems are already evolving to work in an environment of complex digital information. This is especially true of intensive care applications, where current and previous vital signs records form part of the information space for each patient. The distinction between the telemedicine consultation and the patient record is already blurred in telepsychiatry, but the convergence of telemedicine and medical informatics is likely to make this distinction even less relevant in the future.

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There are three primary types of telemedicine: store and forward, remote monitoring, and real time interactive services . Store and forward telemedicine is a method of telemedicine in which the information is initially stored by the sender and then forwarded to the receiver at their convenience. The option of remote monitoring telemedicine refers to the practice of using various technical devices to check on the health of a patient and provide clinical indicators about them remotely. In real time telemedicine, the sender and recipient are both online at the same time and pass live information back and forth between each other. On the other hand, there are other branches of telemedicine, which are categorized as telecardiology, teleradiology, telepsychiatry, teledermatology, telepathology, telesurgery, teleophthalmology, teledentistry, and general telemedicine, among others . Figure 4 illustrates the various branches of telemedicine.

used link:

Sageena, G.; Sharma, M.; Kapur, A. Evolution of smart healthcare: Telemedicine during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Inst. Eng. (India) Ser. B 2021, 102, 1319–1324. [CrossRef]

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The included studies recruited patients with the following clinical conditions: cardiovascular disease (36), diabetes (21), respiratory conditions (9), mental health or substance abuse conditions (7), conditions requiring a specialist consultation (6), co morbidities (3), urogenital conditions (3), neurological injuries and conditions (2), gastrointestinal conditions (2), neonatal conditions requiring specialist care (2), solid organ transplantation (1), and cancer (1).

Telemedicine provided remote monitoring (55 studies), or real‐time video‐conferencing (38 studies), which was used either alone or in combination. The main TM function varied depending on clinical condition, but fell typically into one of the following six categories, with some overlap:

I) monitoring of a chronic condition to detect early signs of deterioration and prompt treatment and advice, ;

II) provision of treatment or rehabilitation, for example the delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy, or incontinence training;

III) education and advice for self‐management, for example nurses delivering education to patients with diabetes or providing support to parents of very low birth weight infants or to patients with home parenteral nutrition;

IV) specialist consultations for diagnosis and treatment decisions,

V) real‐time assessment of clinical status, for example post‐operative assessment after minor operation or follow‐up after solid organ transplantation

VI), screening, for angina.

The type of data transmitted by the patient, the frequency of data transfer, (e.g. telephone, e‐mail, SMS) and frequency of interactions between patient and healthcare provider varied across studies, as did the type of healthcare provider/s and healthcare system involved in delivering the intervention.

https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD002098.pub2