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About Globalisation : Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation: Based on the IES Lectures Series Spring 2003

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About Globalisation : Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation: Based on the IES Lectures Series Spring 2003

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Rachel 30093265

book

Credible-This book was published in 2004, January the first. Whilst this book is 19 years old and can be seen as outdated it still holds relevance to this day especially regarding the views of globalisation and the fashion industry.

Reliable- publishers of this book are Bart De Schutter and Johan Pas... Bart De Schutter has many qualifications including a doctor in law and a masters in political and diplomatic sciences

Both publishers have credible qualifications within the field of business.

Authenticity- The publisher was ASP... this stands for academic and scientific publishers. ASP work with institutions and publish credible research from people within the university.

Accuracy-This book brings credible research and topics to surface. Their references listed are all credible and reputable, this shows that they have gathered relevant, qualitive information from various other sources whilst writing this book.

Purpose- This book shares various viewpoints on globalisation and is non biased. The purpose of this book is to educate students on globalisation and the different views surrounding this topic.

Harvard reference: De, SB, & Pas, J (eds) 2004, About Globalisation : Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation: Based on the IES Lectures Series Spring 2003, ASP, Bruxelles. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [3 November 2023].

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University of South Wales Web Login Service

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You are seeing this error message due to one of the following reasons: You used the Back button while browsing a secure web site or application You may have mistakenly bookmarked the web login form instead of the actual web site you wanted You did not sign in within 5 minutes of being presented with the login page Your browser is preventing cookies for this site (e.g.

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How globalisation changes the face of clothing industries

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How globalisation changes the face of clothing industries

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Dexter Collins 30097882

Secondly, we have another source titled ‘Globalization changes the face of textile, clothing and footwear industries’ which takes the form of a press release from a United Nations agency called the ‘International Labour Organization (ILO).  Immediately, we can already see that the source is credible for use within academia even knowing the source is from 1996 and may be considered out of date, this issue is rectified through the ILO being a reliable source since because it is a major organization within the UN and therefore would have no biases towards any topic, this is evidenced through external source from an annual speech from the secretary general Antonio Guterres where he states that the UN launched ‘Data Strategy for Action by Everyone, Everywhere’ will further the UN efforts for reliable and more resilient data (A. Guterres (2020), World Statistics day, UN Headquarters, New York, USA.) Moreover, we can also identify the next CRAAP factor ‘relevance’. This is evidenced through qualitative data provided by the ILO; It explains that as a result of globalisation, there has been a net global increase in employment and especially within the ‘informal’ employment sector in many developing countries (ILO/96/33, 28 October 1996), we can also see that there is evidence to reinforce not only this notion that more developing countries have seen a rise in informal employment, but also that it is accurate as well, this is because quantitative data is also provided where tells us that the PESTLE factors of economic and social factors are effected as a result of the globalisation of the clothing industry there has been a large percentage increase of TFC (Textile, Clothing and Footwear) workers and production output between the years of 1970 to 1990 in developing countries (figure 2 for illustrative purposes) such as Malaysia with a 597% increase, Bangladesh with a 416% increase, Sri Lanka with 385%, 334% in Indonesia, 271% in the Philippines and finally 137% increase of TFC workers in South Korea (ILO/96/33, 28 October 1996). Furthermore, we can also discuss the authority as being suitable for academic use because since this source comes in the form of a press release, then even though the name of the author(s) are unknown, the contact details of the author(s) being listed as ‘newsroom@ilo.org’ clearly imply that it was written by member(s) of the ILO who have strong connections to public relations, media and corresponding with external news agencies. Finally, we can also see that the entire purpose of the press release is to inform external news agencies such as the BBC, Financial Times of important/newsworthy events involving the ILO, this obviously shows that since the ILO is works closely with the UN, then they would be only releasing information that is reliable which of course proves its validity in the world of institutionalised academia.

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ILO/96/33

GENEVA (ILO News) - The geographical distribution of production in the textile, clothing and footwear (TCF) industries has changed dramatically in the past 25 years resulting in sizeable employment losses in Europe and North America and important gains in Asia and other parts of the developing world. This trend, says the International Labour Office in a new report ( Endnote 1) has been accompanied by a parallel shift of production from the formal to the informal sector in many countries with generally negative consequences on wage levels and conditions of work.

The available evidence, however, also suggests that globalization has led to a net gain in the level of worldwide employment and that the informal sector promotes "a growing volume of employment in developing countries, especially in clothing and footwear". And, as the report also points out, employment in formal sector establishments has changed very little since 1980, while real earnings have in fact risen in several industrialized countries.

The total number of TCF workers in the formal sector is estimated at 23.6 million worldwide. "No one knows just how many work in the informal sector but the figure may be five to ten times as high", says Mr. Kari Tapiola, Deputy Director-General of the ILO.

Written by staff from the ILO Sectoral activities department, the report will serve as a basis for discussions by participants in a "Tripartite Meeting on the Globalization in the Footwear, Textiles and Clothing Industries" held in Geneva from 28 October to 1 November. Delegates to the meeting represent the governments, employers' organizations and trade unions from 34 leading TCF producing, exporting and importing countries.

The meeting will discuss labour and employment issues relevant to the TCF industries and is expected to provide guidance for national and international action to promote employment, basic workers' rights and sound working conditions throughout the sector.

Much of production capacity and jobs have shifted to the developing world. In the twenty years from 1970 to 1990, the number of TCF workers increased by 597 percent in Malaysia; 416 percent in Bangladesh; 385 percent in Sri Lanka; 334 percent in Indonesia; 271 percent in the Philippines; and 137 percent in Korea.

China now employs 5.3 million workers, the most in the world, an increase of some 2 million workers since 1980.

During the same 20-year period, employment in the developed world declined sharply. The number of TCF workers has decreased by 58 percent in Germany; United Kingdom - 55 percent;

France - 49 percent; and the United States - 31 percent. The US still employs 1.6 million workers, down from 2.5 million in 1980.

The decline has been even more severe in Northern Europe. In the 10 years between 1980 and 1990, Finland lost 73 percent of its TCF jobs. Sweden and Norway lost 65 percent.

While the evidence presented in the report "contradicts - for the formal sector - the hypothesis that globalization leads to real earnings compression in the higher-income countries", it also points to a "widening earnings gap between TCF workers in higher- and lower-income countries."

For example, in 1992 the average hourly labour costs (wages and social charges) in the textile, apparel and leather industries were: Germany - $18.40; Italy - $15.70; France - $13.40; Japan - $10.30; Canada - $10.50; US - $10; Spain - $9.70.

This compares with: Mexico - $1.70; Hong Kong - $3.70; Korea - $3.80; Taiwan, China - $4.20.

In response to fast-changing demand patterns, the TCF industries have witnessed a gradual "shift of full-time in-plant jobs to part-time and temporary jobs and, especially in clothing and footwear, increasing recourse to home work and small shops" notes the ILO report. Wages of homeworkers are almost universally based on the piece rate system and tend to be substantially lower than for equivalent factory workers. The first, and to date only, international Convention (No. 177)promoting the rights of homeworkers was adopted by the ILO in June 1996.

"Child labour", says the report, "is still very much a reality in the TCF sectors" and has recently increased as a result of the growth of the informal sector and homework. Of late however, rising pressure from consumer groups, but also from governments, trade unions, employers' organizations and NGOs has begun to reverse this trend. Among other significant measures: the adoption of "Codes of ethics" by several large multinational enterprises such as Levi's, The Gap, Reebok and others.

In the clothing industry, the number of clandestine workshops has grown exponentially in recent years. Few pay any respect to labour legislation and many hire illegal migrants. Many are involved in counterfeiting products from famous trade marks, an activity estimated to account for more the 5 percent of world trade in clothing.

The impact of the globalization of TCF differs according to country and the individual industry.

Clothing

At present, more than 60 percent of world clothing exports are manufactured in developing countries. Asia is the major world supplier today, producing more than 32 percent of the world's clothing exports.

This emergence as the major world supplier has occurred in three successive waves of production.

During the first wave of production, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, the territory of Hong Kong and Taiwan achieved excellent results within their own borders, but then began to cut down production and invest heavily in other least-cost countries. As a result, between 1985 and 1990, the production of the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia increased greatly and led the world market in exports.

These countries have in turn begun to invest or redistribute part of their production to a third wave of countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and more recently Laos, Nepal and Viet Nam.

China however, has become the leading world producer and supplier of clothing - currently generating almost 13 percent of the world supply - without the benefit of outsourcing from other countries. Instead, the country has thrived under a government policy geared toward developing a clothing and textiles industry open to the outside world.

On the American continent, NAFTA has made Mexico a privileged supplier of clothing to Canada and the United States - the leading purchaser of clothing, importing 24 percent of the world's supply.

In addition, foreign investors who had anticipated the signing of the free trade agreement, have built up the clothing industry in Mexico which, with its 8,000 clothing enterprises, is in a strong position against its Latin American competitors.

In Central and Eastern Europe, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic are gradually becoming important suppliers to the European market.

Each country has tended to specialize in a specific range of products and their volume of exports to the OECD countries has been steadily growing since the middle of the 1980s ($2.4 million in 1987; $5.2 million in 1991).

Since 1991, the place left empty by the former Yugoslavia has prompted foreign investors and entrepreneurs to shift their activities to other countries. Croatia, the Russian Federation, Slovenia and Ukraine have thus become host countries for the relocated activities of European clothing industrialists.

In several instances, ultra-modern factories capable of holding their own against their most successful Western counterparts have been constructed to ensure that they can produce articles complying with European quality standards.

Morocco, Mauritius, Tunisia and more recently Madagascar, have become important clothing producers which export most of their production to industrialized countries. African countries as a whole, however, have been little affected by the globalization of the TCF industries.

Textiles

The biggest changes in the textile industry occurred in the 1960s when new production centres began rapidly springing up in Asia.

Many of these centres opened first to service the less capital-intensive clothing industry, then used the export earnings from these products to set up their own textiles production.

Other developing countries entered the market with investments from multinational enterprises.

As a result of new production centres, the share of textiles from developing countries increased dramatically throughout the 1970s. The production of certain fibres by these countries increased by nearly 300 percent, to account for more than 21 percent of the world's supply by 1980.

During the past two decades, textile production in Asia has forged further ahead at an average increase of 3.6 percent per year. By comparison, industrialized countries have only increased production an average of 0.2 percent per year over the same period.

Despite the tendency towards relocation, industrialized countries still lead in the worldwide production of textiles, due to their great strides in modernizing the production process.

In 1990, Germany was still the main world exporter of textiles, producing 12 percent of world exports in value. Italy was second, producing 8.6 percent of world exports. Four other industrialized countries - Belgium (5.7 percent), France (5.5 percent), Japan (5.3 percent) and the United States (4.5 percent) - were in the list of the 10 major world exporters.

The other major exporters were in Asia. The territory of Hong Kong ranked third with 7.4 percent of the value of world exports, followed by China in fourth place with 6.5 percent, Taiwan in sixth place with 5.7 percent, and the Republic of Korea in seventh place with 5.6 percent.

Footwear

The footwear and clothing industries are similar in structure and share many of the characteristics of production and trade. Most of the countries that have emerged as successful producers and exporters of garments have also become important in footwear.

Among the exceptions, Brazil and Mexico have become key players in footwear, but much less in clothing. A few other countries - such as Singapore - are major producers of garments but not footwear.

Almost all of the higher-cost countries have seen their footwear production fall. In the United States, the industry has declined - since the late 1970s - more than in any other industrialized nation, although footwear production in France, Germany and the United Kingdom has declined significantly in the ensuing years.

Production has also declined, albeit more slowly, in major Southern European producer countries - since 1985 in Italy, 1988 in Spain, and 1991 in Portugal.

As in the clothing and textile industries, footwear production has shifted largely to developing countries capable of producing large shares of the world's supply at far less cost.

In 1992, for example, 63.2 percent of the world's total pairs of shoes were produced in Asia and the Middle East, even though these regions accounted for only 43.5 percent of shoe consumption.

In contrast, North and Central America, which produced only 6.4 percent of the world's shoes, consumed 20.6 percent.

The countries of Western Europe produced 11.7 percent and consumed 18.2 percent of the global shoe production.

Percent changes in employment in the tclf industries (Endnote 2), 1980-1993

Globalization of the footwear, textiles and clothing industries. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Globalization of the Footwear, Textiles and Clothing Industries: Effects on Employment and Working Conditions. ISBN 92-2-110182-7. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1996.

Source: International Labour Office.

Includes Leather, in addition to the Textile, Clothing and Footwear industries discussed above.

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Globalization Changes the Face of Textile, Clothing and Footwear Industries

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"Adding value: challenges for UK apparel supply chain management – a review"

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"Adding value: challenges for UK apparel supply chain management – a review"

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Rachel Monk 30093265

Credible-Lucy Daly, one of the writers of this article have eleven publications, and has been cited one thousand two hundred and twenty two times in the past. They referenced a lot of credible sources within the article and both Lucy Daly and Margaret Bruce are from the Manchester Business School, university. This review was published in 2011, this is still a current source. It brings to surface current issues the fashion industry is facing and different perspectives.

Reliable-I would say this is a reliable source because it has been peer reviewed by other academics and professionals. It has a professional tone throughout the paper. It looks at different perspectives of globalisation within the fashion industry and what type of effect it is having on people, nature, and the industry itself.

Authenticity-Margaret Bruce is a professor at the MBS( Manchester Business School) and Lucy Daly is a Director of Open Programmes at MBS. I have cross referenced their identity to the official MBS homepage and linkedin profiles. They both have official roles at Manchester university which shows they both have expertise in research.

Accuracy-I think that this journal article is accurate and topical. I would say this paper doesn't have a particular bias, their research is supported by credible evidence. They look at fast fashion and leave no room for their own opinion but rather project what others are saying within the field. The paper seems to illustrate that they conducted case studies, this would mean this article contains primary research as well as secondary. There is more room for error with primary research because you can't compare it to anything solid to identify if the statistics are correct etc...

Purpose- I would say the purpose of this article is to share credible information with other academics and to try and keep up to date with various topics such as the fashion industry. This is important for students because it allows them to use sources that are current and credible.

Margaret Bruce margaret.bruce@mbs.ac.uk & Lucy Daly (2011) Adding value: challenges for UK apparel supply chain management – a review, Production Planning & Control, 22:3, 210-220, DOI: 10.1080/09537287.2010.498574 [ Accessed 31 Oct. 2023]

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Rachel Monk 30093265

Credible-Mckinsey & company is a retail company that released a report under their insights that is extremely relevant to the fashion industry and globilisation.This article was released on the 7th of February 2019, I find this to be useful and not outdated as it is only four years old.

Reliable- This is a recent report, the writer of this article have experience in the fashion industry.

Imran Amed-CEO and editor of "The Business of Fashion"

Anita Balchandani- Senior partner at Mckninsey and Company

Marco Beltrami- Attended Brown university and studied music

Achim Berg- Senior Partner at Mckinsey and Company

Saskia Hendrich- Senior expert and Mckinsey and Company

Felix Rolkens- A leader at the Mckinsey and Company

This article may have a certain bias because a lot of these people work for the company that have released the report.

Authenticity-This article was released by their official page and the company is a worldwide recognized firm. They are a management consultant firm, they were founded in 1962 by a man named James O. McKinsey. James was a professor at the University of Chicago.

Accuracy-The information provided by them seem to be accurate, obviously the statistics provided may be outdated by now due to this being published four years ago.

Purpose- To educate people about their business and what they do. This was a useful article in identifying external issues that were affecting the fashion industry such as Brexit etc...

Harvard reference:Amed, I., Balchandani, A., Beltrami, M., Berg, A., Hedrich, S. and Rölkens, F. (2019). The fashion market and ‘Trade 2.0’. [online] McKinsey & Company. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-fashion-market-and-trade-2-0 [Accessed 3 Nov. 2023]

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Fashion is inherently sensitive to the policies and politics that shape cross-border trade. Recent talk of trade shifts between the United States and some of its key trading partners has brought the issue to the fore. At the same time, the axes of global trade are shifting, amid a surge in commerce between emerging economies in the Global South. The dynamics may lead to a rethinking of sourcing and pricing strategies in the year ahead.

That's why "Trade 2.0" is one of the ten big trends for fashion players to watch in 2019. This article is an extract from our latest State of Fashion report, written in partnership with the Business of Fashion (BoF); the broader report covers what you need to know about all ten.

As 2019 begins, fashion companies find themselves in a crosscurrent of trade-related news flow. A sharp rise in trade tensions between the United States and other large economies seems set to increase costs for some players and increase the risk of disruption. At the same time, new trade agreements promise better trading conditions in certain instances.

In the United States, the fashion industry accounts for 6 percent of imports but pays 51 percent of tariff receipts, so the tariffs issue is critically important. In addition, with new tariffs coming into force on goods from China (including leather clothing, woven fabrics, and wool yarn), there is a direct feed-through to the consumer. Companies such as Gap and Samsonite, which have large manufacturing operations in China, have said they plan to raise their consumer prices.

Still, while China and the United States are raising tariffs against each other, China is at the same time trying to make some imports cheaper. A Chinese government decision to cut import duties led LVMH to reduce prices by 3 to 5 percent in July 2018 on some items sold in China. In September 2018, China announced it would reduce tariffs for textiles and construction materials to 8.4 percent, from 11.5 percent. Any reduction of tariffs usually must be offered to all countries equally under World Trade Organization rules, but China said US goods would still be subject to retaliatory tariffs.

Despite some of the positive developments in trade, the dominant theme over 2017 has been tightening of trade conditions between specific partners. For the G-20 economies, there were $74 billion worth of restrictive measures in May 2018, compared with $47 billion in May 2017, a rise of 58 percent. Trade-facilitating measures, which include eliminating or reducing tariffs and simplifying customs procedures, meanwhile, fell from $163 billion to just $83 billion, a 49 percent drop. Consumers are also noticing more gloomy trade sentiments: Google searches for the words "trade war," "trade tensions," or "tariffs" are at the highest level for at least five years, after growing by a factor of ten in 2018. The International Monetary Fund, meanwhile, predicts rising tariffs and that the ensuing escalation of trade tensions could reduce global economic growth by 0.5 percent by 2020.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, executives are becoming concerned, and increasingly cite trade relations as a major worry for the coming year. McKinsey's Economic Conditions Snapshot in September 2018 was the second in a row in which trade policy was cited as a threat to global economic growth (exhibit). Sixty-two percent of respondents said it was their number one concern, up from 56 percent in March 2018. It's worth noting, however, that sentiment tempered somewhat in December 2018.

A related issue is Brexit. A report by the UK Trade Policy Observatory suggests that due to its high level of exports, reliance on international talent, and dependence of raw materials from abroad, the UK textiles, apparel, and footwear industry will be one of the hardest hit by the United Kingdom leaving the European Union in March 2019. Some 63 percent of clothing designers and 55 percent of UK-based luxury-goods makers are involved in exports, and around 10,000 EU citizens are employed in the UK fashion industry. This explains why some 80 percent of respondents from Fashion Roundtable, a lobbying body formed to advise the UK government on matters relating to Brexit respondents, said that they felt Brexit would be bad for fashion in the United Kingdom and European Union. The prospect of Brexit has also started to affect fashion companies in other countries, particularly those being paid in sterling, which has fallen by around 12 percent against the euro and 10 percent against the dollar since the Brexit referendum in 2016.

Against this backdrop in Europe, the US fashion sector is also facing trade-related risks. According to the United States Fashion Industry Association's 2018 Fashion Industry Benchmarking Study, "protectionist trade policy agenda" in the United States is the number-one business challenge. Before 2017, it never ranked higher than eight. The United States has announced tariff hikes on $200 billion worth of goods from China, including clothing. To highlight the proactive stance taken by some fashion players, the American Apparel & Footwear Association at the end of May 2018 published a letter signed by 60 US labels (including Abercrombie & Fitch, Kate Spade, Levi Strauss, Macy's, Nike and Under Armour) arguing against increased taxation of Chinese textile and apparel imports.

Some fashion companies have begun to reconsider their presence in, and exposure to, countries where tariff barriers could further increase the cost of doing business. Puma, Steve Madden, and Wolverine World Wide are among companies that stated they would consider moving production out of China. Many companies had begun this process before the trade tensions mounted, but they cite the recent developments as a tipping point.

McKinsey's 2017 survey of 63 international chief procurement officers suggested that China's share of apparel exports is likely to continue falling, although trade tensions are just one of several factors driving this downward trend. Some 62 percent of respondents said they expected China's share of their companies' sourcing to decrease between now and 2025.

Trade data shows that these plans are now becoming reality: a marked and ongoing shift is under way in the apparel industry's sourcing markets, with new emerging markets increasing their share compared with China. Still, while China might have passed its manufacturing zenith in apparel, it will likely remain an indispensable sourcing market for some time to come.

While concern over trade tensions is rising, there are also positive dynamics, with new agreements being put in place and new trade routes being developed. The EU has recently entered into new agreements including clothing and apparel with Canada, Mexico, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, and several countries from Eastern Europe. In September 2018, Canada agreed to join the United States and Mexico in a trade deal that will replace the North American Free Trade Agreement.

In addition, South-South trade is on the rise, amid expectations it will increase from around 25 percent of global trade at present to around 30 percent in 2030. Already, significant new relationships are emerging. China's expansive One Belt, One Road initiative, which involves large investments in the development of trade routes in the region, has the potential to play a large role in this development.

Finally, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) will enable more free trade between Asia and South America and within Asia. RCEP members export around $405 billion of textiles a year (more than half of the global total) and import around $115 billion, so the agreements will have a significant economic impact.

Overall, we expect trade-related forces will drive two key dynamics in 2019. Escalating trade tensions will see international brands rethink their sourcing strategies, perhaps to the benefit of countries involved in newly negotiated trade agreements. A further increase in South-South trade, especially between emerging countries in the Asia-Pacific region, is likely. Fast fashion, which depends on short lead times, will need to find new strategies to maintain delivery speed and production quality, for example through nearshoring or even onshoring. Still, tough commercial decisions will be required in the face of tariffs in key consumer markets. Luxury players, especially those that derive most of their income from China or the United States, may be required to choose between raising prices or managing squeezed margins.
For more on all ten trends that will define the fashion agenda in 2019, see The State of Fashion 2019: A year of awakening.

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Companies should make contingency plans for a potential shake-up of the global fashion trade market. Here's how the industry could be reshaped by new barriers, trade tensions, and uncertainty.

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Dexter Collins 30097882

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全球化与中国时尚消费城市的兴起-2

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GLOCAL FASHION: IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN GARMENT AND TEXTILE SECTOR

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GLOCAL FASHION: IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN GARMENT AND TEXTILE SECTOR

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Maram 30111958

Jain, M. (2017). Glocal Fashion: Impact of Globalization on Indian Garment and Textile Sector. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, [online] 8(9), pp.31–34. Available at: https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=1d917a15-7803-47c9-84b7-d61b73d9ac1e%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=125346010&db=bth [Accessed 29 Oct. 2023].

The publisher of this article is an Indian political scientist and historian who served as an associate professor of history at Gargi College, Delhi. In 2014, she was nominated as a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Government of India. Which indicates her knowledge of the economic world and her academic background in this field, for this publication to qualify for the credible classification.

This article was published in Google Scholar in 2017, which indicates the high reliability of its information due to the reliable sources used.

The purpose of the paper is to show the impact of globalization on the change in Indian clothing, The modern fashion scenario in India is greatly influenced by Western fashion. Creating fusion fashion clothing, this combination of international and local fashion is a result of internationalization and globalization.

Summarising the points mentioned in the article that are related to internationalisation and globalisation influencing clothing and fashion:

When global fashion becomes local it is called globalization, The Indian economy has an impact on the emergence of globalization and the textile industry in the 1990s, this resulted in an increase in Indian imports from abroad and keeping pace with the latest fashion and clothing trends. Globalization has also affected India's development negatively, Friedman (1999) defines healthy glocalization as “the ability of a culture, when it encounters other strong cultures, to absorb influences that naturally fit into and can enrich the culture, to resist those things that are truly alien, and to compartmentalize those things that, while different, can nevertheless be enjoyed and celebrated as different”.

It mentioned that the two most important factors affecting the Indian fashion industry are customer choices and the globalization of the Indian economy.

The article's strength is in the way it highlights how globalization has affected Indian fashion. Because of globalization, multinational corporations like Levi's and Pepe Jeans are now able to enter the Indian market, and it has been discussed that certain brands have been able to capitalize on the growing demand for denim. On the other hand, these foreign companies face competition from local companies such as (killer). Due to globalization, India was not only affected by changes in its fashion, but it also changed the world by wearing Indian clothes or the Indian character, whether in fabrics or models.

noted that not all external influences on clothing are acceptable to Indians. This is due to religious beliefs and some rituals, and this indicates that influences are more accepted in the modern environments of India.

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GLOCAL FASHION: IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN GARMENT AND TEXTILE SECTO...

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1.The rise of consumer cities as a result of globalisation of the apparel/clothing industry (Note this has been translated from its original Mandarin text to English, the other note marked 1. is the translated version)

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1.The rise of consumer cities as a result of globalisation of the apparel/clothing industry (Note this has been translated from its original Mandarin text to English, the other note marked 1. is the translated version)

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Dexter Collins 30097882

http://www.dlyj.ac.cn/EN/10.11821/dlyj201312027

Throughout this article review, we will be evaluating multiple articles (collected through secondary research) as to their ability to help us review the impact of globalisation and internationalisation on the clothing industry. This will be done through the use of such methods like the CRAAP (Credibility, relevance, accuracy, authority and purpose) method in order to deduce, whether or not the various articles are able to be used within institutionalised academia.

Firstly, we will be looking at a research paper conducted by East China Normal University of Shanghai written by Wang Minfeng and Sun Ying where we can immediately see the fulfilment of the first criteria within CRAAP, where this is through the institution of which this came from as according to an online article  it regards the institution as being largely reputable throughout China; “East China Normal University has an excellent reputation in education, and its affiliated schools are also famous.” (Yuan Liu and Tingjie Ma, 3 August 2022, Strategies of top Chinese Universities) and that this did come from a professional institution with relevant sources within the paper being cited as further evidence, moreover, we can also see that it is not too out of date either because our source (dated as 2013) was only 10 years ago but that gap could possibly lead to a small degree of skeptisism. Furthermore, we can also deduce that the source is also relevant for use in academia, as it provides qualitative reasoning where Wang Minfeng and Sun Ying in their research paper titled Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities do heavily emphasize the importance of consumer spaces within the 2st century metropolis, as through the introduction of cooperation between brands and the in-depth urban planning of high end retail stores in major cities around the world, (largest cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Paris and London being referred to as type 1 cities and smaller cities being type 2, 3and 4) where many cities when expanding/redesigning certain areas aim to build their global image such as one of luxury by incorporating more ‘urban openness’ for the international branded stores (such as Lois Vuitton) where the stores may be built not being connected to other stores in order to build an image of ‘exclusivity’ (Wan Fen and Sun Ying, Dec 2013, 2.1 Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities), which result in fewer external barriers (such as accessibility and the further exclusivity of these shopping districts)  so that more consumers may reach a cities' flagship market area and thus invest money into the internationalised brands and further help build up the image of these cities as consumer cities as those with strong economies through the introduction of globalised clothing/fashion brand retailers (Wan Fen and Sun Ying, Dec 2013, 2.1 -2.3 Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities), Moreover, we can also see that the source is also extremely accurate as Wang Feng and Sun Ying does site multiple sources in order to accredit their statements throughout the paper, additionally, they also make use of several infographic maps in order to further illustrate their findings such as a map (figure 1)  illustrating the hierarchy of fashion consumption cities types 1 through 4. Furthermore, we can also see that the papers’ authority is also suitable for academic purposes as the authors to provide their affiliated academic institutions and that the paper is also featured on the China Editorial office of Geographical research which not only shows the authority of the paper but also further reinforces the reliability of the paper too as it is featured on a professional organisations’ website too. Moreover, we can also see the purpose within the paper as being clear within the paper as one of informative since because it’s a research paper, then its entire purpose is to inform the reader about the specified contents.

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Textile and clothing industry: Innovation and internationalisation as success factors

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Textile and clothing industry: Innovation and internationalisation as success factors

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Dexter Collins 30097882

Next, we also have another source in which we can argue whether or not it has a place within higher educational research and it comes in the form of another research paper titled ‘Textile and clothing industry innovation and internationalisation as success factors’ from a German investment banking company called ‘Deutsche Bank’, where we can already see reasoning for its credibility because since Deutsche Bank is a multi-national bank, it means that it is an extremely professional organization which therefore, only has professional employees within it. Additionally, on the paper it lists the contact details of the author and the editor of the paper too, this of course suggests that the paper was audited by a professional which therefore improves the credibility of the source. Furthermore, we can also deduct from this research paper that it is also relevant to the topic too as it also provides qualitative data about the internationalisation of the clothing industry; As a result of the internationalisation of the fashion industry, it has resulted in a massive change in structure for the clothing/fashion industry which would then go on to lead to large declines in employment rates within the fashion industry (Eric Heymann, July 13 2011, 1-2 Textile and the clothing industry, Deutsche Bank).. Moreover, we can also see that this source is also accurate enough for use within higher educational institutions as it also provides quantitative data, which serves to simply back up the qualitative data with it providing statistics such as Germany seeing a 70% decrease in output within the fashion/clothing industry (Eric Heymann, July 13 2011, 2-3 Textile and the clothing industry, Deutsche Bank). Next we can also look at the authority of the article as being one of suitability for research as not only are the authors’ contact details listed, but also all other people affiliated with the article too (such as the editor, managing director and technical assistant), furthermore, the authors’ email being eric.heymann@db.com shows that he is an accredited individual who is a professional on this topic as the db (standing for Deutsche Bank) e-mail domain shows he is a high ranking employee within the organisation which also conveniently further emphasizes this sources’ incredible credibility. And lastly we can clearly see that the source is fit for purpose because this research papers’ purpose is to inform the audience of the ‘current’ (2011) issues involving the German fashion/clothing industry which is further supported by the inclusion of several easily interpretable graphs (see figure 3) for further accessibility to a wider audience of not only experienced investors within the industry, but also research students from academia too!

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Textile and clothing industry: Innovation and internationalisation as success factors - Deutsche Bank Research

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The German textile and clothing industry has experienced a dramatic structural change in the last few decades. Competitive pressure has led, on the one hand, to declining domestic production and, particularly in the case of labour-intensive products, to the transfer of production abroad.

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Internationalization strategies of the fashion industry

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Internationalization strategies of the fashion industry

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Andre, W.V, Demol, M. and Schramme, A. (n.d). (PDF) Internationalization strategies of the fashion industry. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331703778_Internationalization_strategies_of_the_fashion_industry [Accessed 27 Oct. 2023].

while im searching for articals that includes an information about my question, I have accroced this credible peaper, which has been one of the trusted articls i have founded in Google Scholar.

One of the authors of this article, Dr. Walter van Andel (1981), received his MBA from Western Illinois University after studying business and economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam. In addition, to the writer Annick Schramme is the academic director of Antwerp Management School's Knowledge Community Creative Industries. we can see that the booth authors have an Excellent background on business filed which means their articles can be trusted in universities.

Although the publication date of this article is unknown, it is still relevant today, particularly considering current perspectives on globalization and the fashion business. This may be considered one of the weaknesses of the paper.

The purpose: is an overview of the primary locations for both manufacturing and worldwide sales is provided, along with a description of the current status of globalization in the independent and high-end fashion business. This chapter also sheds light on the factors that encourage and hinder internationalization.

To sum up the main points in this article that are related to (how globalization and internationalization has affected the clothing industry).

Concentrating on business models and how internationalization affects them, the operational management of internationalization is explored, all of these are considered as strength of the paper.

The paper discussed the global market at the beginning and mentioned the increase in international trade. China topped the list in 2011. In addition to the point of change in the global fashion cities, in 2012, the fashion capitals became London, New York, Paris, and Milan, and we conclude from this that fashion changed its direction from historical cities to financial ones. Furthermore, we note that each company's internationalization process is typically a slow one that involves several steps. One of the strategies mentioned is The Uppsala model which describe that Lack of knowledge is seen to be the primary contributing cause for example, business, institutional, internationalization knowledge. Another model is the born global “the entire world is a possible market rather than following a gradual interna process”. Lastly entry modes, which is the obstacles to overseas distribution and sales. One of the difficult obstacles to the internationalization of sales is the high costs, especially for beginners, as they need investments in time and spaces to display products. For example, fashion showrooms during fashion weeks are expensive, which makes their entry more difficult. from my point of view, the designer must focus on fashion business and develop alternative plans, whether for time or money, in order to be able to succeed in entering the global fashion market and benefit from the opportunities offered by globalization at the present time.

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Rachel Monk 30093265

Credible- Evan Davis is an English journalist... the guests that appeared on this video were Catarina Midby( sustainability manager) for H&M, Carol Kane( Co founder and joint CEO) of Boohoo, and lastly Kim Winser Founder and CEO of Winser London. This can be seen as credible insights into these businesses and how things actually work.

Notes on this video

Carol Kane... admits to Boohoo taking part in fast fashion producing clothes that are on the cheaper side. Seems to talk about this in a positive manner. She talks about how people wear outifts 3/4 times before having to get new outfits to go out. She explained that in the last three years they have chosen UK clothes manufacturers because it is faster and results in better pay for the employees making the clothes. The other 50% they still produce and manufacture their clothes in other countries around the world.

Caterina Midby... explains that H&M isn't necessarily focused on fast fashion but rather personal style and sustainability. Takes about a year to design new looks and get them online. A lot of people see H&M as fast fashion.Caterina explained how the leftover stock gets given to charity.

Kim Winser... Doesn't associate herself with fast fashion at all and rather focuses on personal unique fashion like H&M. She produces a higher quality range of clothing which she thinks sets her apart from fast fashion because people wouldn't be able to afford new clothes.

Reliable- the information provided was reasonable and by comparing this information to other sources, nothing seems to be false.

Authenticity-BBC is an authentic source however they have produced questionable information in the past.

Accuracy-This source has not been peer reviewed and a list of references were not supplied apart from the guests... this source may have different biases depending on the different business owners/ employees.

Purpose- to educate people about fast fashion and how globalisation plays a role in this. Globalisation allows business owners to cut costs and expand their business to different countries.

Harvard reference: www.bbc.co.uk. (n.d.). The Bottom Line - Fast Fashion - BBC Sounds. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b06mts63 [Accessed 26 Oct. 2023]

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The Bottom Line - Fast Fashion - BBC Sounds

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How do fast fashion brands deliver the latest trends in double-quick time?

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Rachel 30093265

Credible-This piece was written by Roger T Bogg and he was a operations director at the textile institute. This was written in 1990 and so it is rather outdated but I still feel a lot of what he wrote is current to this particular time.

Reliable- The textile institute is seen as a reliable source and whilst he didn't write on their behalf, he still worked at the institute so I would say that this source is reliable. It can be argued that this source is difficult to use, it has little references. The newspaper that wrote this article is called "The Courier", this is a Scottish newspaper. This newspaper is published by DC Thompson in Dundee.

Authenticity-This newspaper article was uploaded to the British Newspaper Archives- It is relevant to our topic of research. This source is out of date, and does have a certain stance that is trying to market the textile institute to reading viewers.

Accuracy- I would say some of the information provided is accurate, but the statistics have changed. The institute has roughly 1500 members now not 8000. The British Newspaper Archive has thousands of newspaper articles that can be accessed for free that have been written by many people. Some of the information is incorrect and outdated so it is important to do your research on the company or person who has written it. I found with this article, it was written by a man that had experience in this field and worked at a worldwide recognized company.

Purpose- To acknowledge the change in the textile industry since globalisation has emerged. I think part of this article was to market the Textile Institute to try and get more people to join their membership.

Harvard reference: www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk. (n.d.). Register | British Newspaper Archive. [online] Available at: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000564/19901119/171/0018 [Accessed 1 Nov. 2023].

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Register to get involved in the biggest newspaper digitisation project that's ever taken place in the UK!

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Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry—the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer

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Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry—the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer

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Tokatli, N. (2007) 'Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry- the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer' Journal of Economic Geography, 8(1), pp.21-38.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm035

The author of this article is an academic at The New York School, New York, which illustrates to us that their work is going to be credible. Moreover, they have numerous publications in the field of economic geography, which not only shows their credibility as an author, but is relevant to our research question as it is a massive part of the changes to the fashion landscape as a result of globalisation. This article is relevant to us as it investigates how globalisation has impacted the company Zara's manufacturing model from solely local, to outsourcing globally. However, it can be argued that this article is not relevant as it was published in 2007, and so the data is not going to be current. On the other hand, the theory discussed in this study is applicable to other cases where globalisation has directly impacted a company, for example its effect on the companies supply chains. The article comes from a reliable journal which has 17 volumes published since 2001, which shows to us that the paper is accredited and reliable when researching the impacts of globalisation on the clothing industry. It can be argued that the article holds no bias or pretences about Zara, for the reason that instead of an analytical approach to the research, the author is observing the changes in the company as its outsourcing increases. The accuracy of the writing is made clear by the comprehensive points throughout, which are all backed by credible sources. While it could be argued that the purpose of this article is not relevant to us by now, it does give an in depth history of the retailer which is useful when looking at the long term effects of globalisation on the retail market.

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The Globalisation of Luxury Fashion: The Case of Gucci

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The Globalisation of Luxury Fashion: The Case of Gucci

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Maram 30111958

Armitage, J. and Roberts, J. (2021). The Globalisation of Luxury Fashion: The Case of Gucci. Luxury, [online] 6(3), pp.1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/20511817.2021.1897268 [Accessed 28 Oct. 2023].

‌This piece are credible because both authors has  academic qualifications, John Armitage holds the positions of Professor of Media Arts and Co-Director of the Winchester Luxury Research Group at the University of Southampton, UK's Winchester School of Art. And Joanne Roberts is a professor at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom, where she also serves as the director of the Winchester Luxury Research Group and the Winchester School of Art.

This article credible because it is visually embodying the globalization of fashion, one of the strength that it corresponds to the current time because it was published two years ago, and therefore the information is more accurate and consistent with today’s globalization . And Gucci considered as a perfect example to to explain current globalization and its impact on fashion.

Here is some summary of the paper and an explanation of how this article relates to my question: by looking at the case of the Gucci brand. There was discussion on luxury fashion in general, and emphasis was placed on its globalization, "the meaning of the globalisation of luxury fashion is at once economic (luxury goods) and aesthetic (luxurious countenances, clothing, existences, accoutrements, and bodies)".

The globalization of Gucci began in the middle of the twentieth century, one of the most prominent manifestations of globalization in this Italian brand is the integration with luxury fashion brands that are geographically distant (e.g., Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche in 1997), Which affected the culture of France and Italy. Some of the signs of globalization and internationalization that appeared in Gucci are its arrival in the United States through the establishment of its offices (1953), The power of Gucci began to appear in its control over celebrities’ clothing by wearing expensive pieces decorated with the famous Gucci symbol (G). By examining the information mentioned in the paper, I noticed that Gucci today is no longer centered around Italy only, but rather about gathering alternative worlds that are not organized between cities or between countries, but between luxury brands. An aspect of electronic globalization that appeared in Gucci is digital initiatives based on social media, according to that in 2016 Gucci launched a do-it-yourself service that allows consumers to customize selected products. This service is enhanced by offering a 360-degree view of its consumers in real time. The strength of this article lies in highlighting the points of globalization that appeared with the famous fashion and clothing brand Gucci. But one of the weak points is that the paper did not contain the negative effects and threats to which Gucci is exposed due to current globalization.

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Business networks and retail internationalization: A case analysis in the fashion industr

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Business networks and retail internationalization: A case analysis in the fashion industr

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Guercini, S. and Runfola, A. (2010) 'Business networks and retail internationalization; A case analysis in the fashion industry' Industrial Marketing Management, 39(6), pp.908-916.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.06.010

Immediately this article can be recognised as credible, because both authors have attained phD's and work as lecturers; Guercini at the University of Florence and Runfola the University of Perugia. This asserts to us that their research is corroborated by their employers; additionally both authors have extensive bodies of research in the field of marketing and business. The main issue raised with this article is that it was published in 2010, which would suggest that its currency is outdated. However, the research undertaken in the article is a substantial investigation into the inclinations of internationalisation on clothing industries, and so the data collated is valuable to researchers studying this. The research both authors have undertaken is thorough, for example not only looking at secondary research and analysing previous case studies, but collecting primary research through formal interviews. This suggests to us that, although the paper doesn't reflect the current politics of the international relationships of businesses globally expanding, the theory offered from the findings is important, and thus relevant. This theory includes specifically the principle of psychic distance and the roles that firms take on in order to internationally expand. It can be argued that this article provides reliable information on international business strategy as a result of the extensive research undertaken. The methodology of the article is what stands out, moreover the authors cite credible journals as they aim to answer their research questions, which supports this article being an accurate academic work of worth to us undertaking the theme of globalisation and internationalisation. It's clear that the authors hold no bias, because their findings are coming in part from managers and entrepreneurs in fashion corporations, thus the findings that have come from their research are originating straight from the source of the subject. The article concludes with a proposed model for business integration into international markets, and so the article is purposeful to fashion corporations who are attentive to this.

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Andrea Runfola, PhD is Assistant Professor at the University of Perugia. His current research interests include business networks, retail format innovation, supply chain management and international sourcing strategies.

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Business networks and retail internationalization: A case analysis in the fashion industry

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The paper presents different theoretical perspectives on the issue of business networks and their role in the process of internationalization. With re...

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Capitalist crisis and the geography of the clothing industry

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Capitalist crisis and the geography of the clothing industry

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Montero Bressán, J. (2023) 'Capitalist crisis and the geography of the clothing industry' Human Geography, 16(1) pp.45-59.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786221120933

Firstly, it can immediately be argued that this article is credible because the author, who has a PhD from Durham University, has an extensive history of publications in this field of research. The author draws on credible sources to his discussion throughout the whole paper, implying that this field of research is his expertise. The author is based at the Universidad Nacional de San Martin, and although this article hasn't been funded directly by the university, it is published under the university's name, which shows that the university itself sees the article as correct and credible. The author has a comprehensive work history having worked at Argentina's Ministry of Labour, and as a consultant for the International Labour Organisation, which assures readers of the article that he not only has an academic knowledge in this field but professional knowledge. The article is newly published this year, containing up to date data analysis and current evidence on this theme, which strongly suggests that it is a credible article in this subject area. However, it could be argued that because the author has worked for the government that some bias could occur (for example a more pro-globalisation/international perspective on its impacts) but this wouldn't necessarily impact the accuracy of the research presented. It can be strongly argued that this article presents accurate and purposeful research, primarily because the author is approaching the subject from an insider perspective, discussing the relationship between globalisation growth in the fashion industry and the 2008 market crash ( and also its impacts on supply chains in the industry.) The intent of this article is an investigation of how globalisation has impacted the clothing industry, which is the same research question we're investigating in this task, showing how it is purposeful to us as researchers.

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Shein: the Chinese company storming the world of fast fashion 

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Shein: the Chinese company storming the world of fast fashion 

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Olcott, E. and Eley, J. (2021) 'Shein: the Chinese company storming the world of fast fashion' Financial Times

Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ed0c9a35-7616-4b02-ac59-aac0ac154324

The Financial Times is an internationally recognised newspaper, which most people would see as credible and accurate. Therefore, it can be presumed initially that the findings in this newspaper article, how the Chinese company Shein has developed on to the global clothing market, is going to be of worth to researchers in this field. The first author, Jonathon Eley, is a retail correspondent for the Financial Times, and the author Eleanor Olcott is an expert in Chinese technology, and so one could argue that their article is going to be credible for this topic. The article was published in 2021 at the height of Shein's notoriety, which supports the article in being relevant for this research theme. Likewise, the article is relevant to us as its analysis of Shein solely, offers us in-depth information into their international business strategy. From a globalisation perspective they have been able to gain capital rapidly by being able to avoid import taxes and have lower shipping rates as China is a "developing country" (Financial Times, 2021). In addition, they haven't attempted to internationalise the demand from their home country, but rather their model is driven solely by what customers abroad (United States, Europe) are demanding. Immediately here you can see that this newspaper article is relevant to the theme of globalisation and internationalisation as it answers the question of how a company like Shein has been able to expand on a global market. It can't be said that any newspaper is without bias, and it is possible for this article to have biases that a research journal wouldn't. However, what certifies this article is the current data provided from reliable sources like Earnest Research and Morgan Stanley, which aid the article in being reliable to us as researchers. The article does look at both the positive and negative strategies and effects of a global company like Shein, for example they're renowned for being able to strategise an exclusive supply-chain. On the other hand, they're infamous for their unethical working conditions and clothing pollution. The article does include commentary from an academic in consumer psychology from the University College London, which states a level of accuracy and assurance in what is being written. The article has purpose as it aims to create a picture of Shein's enigmatic globalisation strategy in the highly competitive world of fashion retail.

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Shein: the Chinese company storming the world of fast fashion

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The brand has become the biggest in the US market by being cheaper and faster than rivals like Zara. But is its model sustainable?

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Thailand's position in clothing industry 2010 

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Thailand's position in clothing industry 2010 

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Harvard reference:

Kittichai W. Elena K. Nancy N H. Raedene C. 2010

The competitive position of Thailand's apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13612021011081751/full/html

This article is formulated by American university department employee's majority of North Carolina and published by a limited company, this would make the article authentic and reliable for its time. This article's accuracy is questionable as it is now 13 years out of date. However, this article is in depth for the time and can be useful for understanding modern articles on a similar subject.

The article is not now current, when written it used sources and interviews that were between 1 and 9 years old which made it for its time informed and current this would mean for now it can be a useful tool for comparing how the clothing industry has developed grown and changed in 13 years.

This article's purpose is to bring light to and assess the current position and plans for the Thai clothing industry and its global standing affects and so on, this article also assesses the liberalisation and amendments of textile policies of which it delivers on and is well informed and researched.

This article does have a possibility of biases as it is an American source reviewing and commenting on the Thailand clothing industry, however the sources they have used and the fact they are representing a university of which is a source that should remain impartial and professional, with this considered I would give reasonable playability that they are credible, reliable and accurate as an article.

Kasey 30115892

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Kittichai (Tu) Watchravesringkan (Consumer, Apparel, and Retail Studies Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA)

(Apparel, Educational Studies and Hospitality Management Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA)

(Consumer, Apparel, and Retail Studies Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA)

(Consumer, Apparel, and Retail Studies Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA)

Abstract

Purpose

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Recent liberalization of the world's textile and apparel trade policies and the consequent changes in trade patterns posited threats to smaller textile‐ and apparel‐exporting nations, including Thailand. Thus it is important to understand how the new trade environment affects the competitiveness of Thailand's apparel industry. This study seeks to provide insights into how Thailand's apparel industry has responded to increasingly fierce global competition by drawing on Porter's theory of The Competitive Advantage of Nations.

Design/methodology/approach

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To assess the competitiveness of the Thai industry, the study triangulated data from various sources, including secondary statistics, media reports, and relevant industry publications. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were also conducted, and participants included key executives from Thailand's apparel industry, government officials, and academics. The interviews were conducted at various locations in three Thai provinces: Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Samutsakorn, over a two‐week period.

Findings

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Findings revealed the existence of four determinants supporting the Thai apparel industry: basic v. specialized factors; sophisticated and demanding consumer market; the presence of interdependent economic agents; and strategies and structure of Thai companies and domestic rivals. These four determinants are identical to the "diamonds" outlined in Porter's theory of The Competitive Advantage of Nations and a new source of competitiveness. Furthermore, the Thai government was found to play an important role, by providing support to enhance the global competitiveness of Thai companies.

Originality/value

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The study is among the first to attempt to provide insights into the competitive national advantage of the Thai apparel industry. Based on the findings, the outlook is positive for the continued success of Thailand's apparel industry in the global arena.

Citation

Watchravesringkan, K.(T)., Karpova, E., Nelson Hodges, N. and Copeland, R. (2010), "The competitive position of Thailand's apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 576-597. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612021011081751

Publisher
:
Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright

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The competitive position of Thailand's apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization

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The competitive position of Thailand's apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization - Author: Kittichai (Tu) Watchravesringkan, Elena Karpova, Nancy Nelson Hodges, Raedene Copeland

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Globalization And The Fast Fashion Phenomenon: The Impact Upon Labors, Environment And The Consumer Behavior

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Globalization And The Fast Fashion Phenomenon: The Impact Upon Labors, Environment And The Consumer Behavior

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And our final source takes the form of a journal article from the Istanbul Aydin University, Department of Political Science and International Relations and is dated from April 2021 and here we can already see evidence of outstanding credibility because as according to an external source (topuniversities.com), the Istanbul Aydin University is regarded as “one of the top private universities in Istanbul.” In addition to this, it is further credible as it is up to date because it was released in April 2021. Next we can also see that the source is relevant because it does also provide relevance to the topic too; through the use of qualitative data, we can see that as a result of globalization of the fashion industry, the monopolization of large firms has led to increased inequality amongst a significant portion of the population (Hind. B Zekri, April 2021, Globalization And The Fast Fashion Phenomenon: The Impact Upon Labors, Environment And The Consumer Behavior, 653). Moreover, we can also see that the source is also accurate too. This is because it provides quantitative data to provide information about one of the PESTLE factors about the impact of globalization resulting in the rise of ‘fast fashion’ within the industry where we can see the appearance of an environmental factor due to 1.2 billions tons of greenhouse gasses/2% of net emissions per year and even 4% of total drinking water consumption going towards the production of fast fashion items within the industry. Furthermore, we can also evaluate the authority of the journal article as the author (Hind Ben Zekri) being a ‘Masters’ student means that he is already is acquainted with institutionalised academic practices used within writing journal articles and conducting research at a professional standard. And finally we can discuss the purpose of the source where we can identify the audience as being environmental activists as it does make use of the organization ‘Greenpeace’ as a source when discussing the previously mentioned PESTLE factor and we can also see that this source is intended to provide a somewhat opinionated stance on the topic as seen through the author explaining that as a result of Capitalism, human lives have been sacrificed whilst the rich plunder the planet of its resources which also support the hypothesis that the targeted audience of this journal are environmental activists.

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Authors

Hind Ben Zekri Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Political Science and International Relations

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52520/masjaps.102

Keywords:
Fast Fashion, Globalization, Labors, Environment, Consumers

Abstract

In a society deeply marked by mean of values of capitalism, consuming has become a habit, almost a need felt by most of us. Moreover, as globalization has revolutionized the fashion world by creating the concept of "fast fashion", the real cause of this consumption, we owe it to fast fashion, this segment of the industry of clothing impacts the environment as one of the main polluters on earth, as well as the impact that it has on the labors. The idea of fast fashion is in order to, quickly, frequently and inexpensively produce micro-trends seen on the catwalks to make them accessible to the public. This paper seeks to understand the phenomenon that it is the fast fashion from its emergence to it vast popularity among society. Furthermore, we discuss, the colossal results that it has on one hand the environment from waste in landfills and unregulated settings, on the other hand the conditions of labors that are calamitous. In addition, we debate about the exigence and role of the fast fashion companies, but in order to have a general opinion of this phenomenon, this paper will also point out over the consumer perspective on this phenomenon, consequently, a questionnaire survey was conducted to deepen the results and findings for a plausible solution.

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Globalization And The Fast Fashion Phenomenon: The Impact Upon Labors, Environment And The Consumer Behavior

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Hind Ben Zekri Istanbul Aydın University, Department of Political Science and International Relations https://doi.org/10.52520/masjaps.102 Fast Fashion, Globalization, Labors, Environment, Consumers In a society deeply marked by mean of values of capitalism, consuming has become a habit, almost a need felt by most of us.

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Havard reference:
Martin R. 2016 Globalization and workers in developing countries available at: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=990100103003011089094025020004013007028083047068050089011033030006116022051008032118104120029090098077055023030030101093125093000116083020069029095107021001084104029071029005087125065091017&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE

This article's reliability can be tested as all its sources are referenced under neath it on the website of which there are 101 if they are to be checked they are from reliable sources and therefore this article should be viewed as such, the author for this article is also writing for a large corporation that writes reports and therefore a reliable corporation to be writing such an article.

It is an authentic article for the same reasons as the article's reliability in the fact that it was produced by a large firm this authenticity will further make it a source for good Indepth information about its subject topic of globalization and workers in developing countries.

This article is accurate as it uses an extensive and broad range of research references from many different regions and backgrounds all of which are credible to a degree which are noted but also linked so are too able to be factually checked for accuracy.

The purpose of this article is to inform and research the effects of globalization on workers in developing countries both positively and negatively and to do this it will Analyse and review other articles and sources on the subject topic both to condense and understand.

In conclusion this article other than it being from 2016 is accurate reliable and has a reasonable purpose making it useful for researching globalization's effects on workers in developing countries.

Kasey Jones 30115892

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44 Pages Posted: 20 Apr 2016

There are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: January 31, 2003

Abstract

Stories on the positive and negative effects of globalization on workers in developing countries abound. But a comprehensive picture is missing and many of the stories are ideologically charged. This paper reviews the academic literature on the subject, including several studies currently under way, and derives the implications for public policy. First, it deals with the effects of openness to trade, foreign direct investment, and financial crises on average wages. Second, it discusses the impact of exposure to world markets on the dispersion of wages by occupation, skill, and gender. Third, it describes the pattern of job destruction and job creation associated with globalization. Because these two processes are not synchronized, the fourth issue addressed is the impact on unemployment rates. Fifth, the paper reviews the labor market policies that can be used to offset the adverse effects of globalization on employment and labor earnings. Finally, it discusses how the international community could encourage developing countries to adopt sound labor market policies in the context of globalization.

Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform, Public Health Promotion, Health Monitoring & Evaluation, Economic Theory & Research, Environmental Economics & Policies, Labor Policies, Free Trade

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globalization and workers in developing countries

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Globalization and Workers in Developing Countries

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Stories on the positive and negative effects of globalization on workers in developing countries abound. But a comprehensive picture is missing and many of the

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Harvard reference:

Lois L. 2008 The Moving Frontier: The Changing Geography of Production in Labour-Intensive Industries page 149 available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7zj3DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT171&dq=internationalisation+of+clothing+industry&ots=GuyK53oak7&sig=1P7J-8_J2PLB9r8KIdSSUsLGe8Y&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

The reliability of this source can be brought into question as it was first published in 2008 making it an older source and not up to date to modern economics and markets therefore it cannot be fully reliable for assessing modern day internationalization of the labour driven clothing industry however to be used as a comparison this is ideal as it gives insight into years previous.

This articles accuracy is however fine as the author is Routledge reveals which authors comprehensive articles on select topics within depth research into them making it accurate and reliable to write a study on internationalization of labour-intensive industries furthermore, they are an established publisher, and this makes them credible.

The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the labour_intensive clothing industry and the effects internationalization has upon it in the long term, such as extra stress and alienation of the workers from the business, with the purpose of informing and spreading awareness without hidden agendas this should make the source reliable and accurate.

Overall, this source is not reliable for the fact it is severely out of date however, this can be used as a reference for previous years information on the topic of internationalization for the clothing industry as whole and the workers in labour-intensive jobs effected by its growth, additionally this article provides key information from both its time and as early as 1990 so has a broad range of sources backing itself.

Kasey Jones 30115892

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Originally published in 1992 and based on two theoretical approaches: the Global Commodity Chain and the Global Production Network, this book investigates the multitude of processes, as well as diverse consequences of global integration upon industries, regions, enterprises and employees. In doing so, it draws from the experience of Western and Eastern and South-eastern Europe.

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R.J Barry. J 2007 New political economy: Globalisation verses community available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13563469708406283?casa_token=g5E2h8AwRA4AAAAA:7gN0JtgNezsiEaHmww7RkTQV8JWnobtMr8P1oUpXpTnjwDCT5g0k67TKlifIx0IrwOjU_uRi-r8

The date of this source is a major drawback for its source as it was published in 2007 making it less reliable as a modern source however can still provide useful information and insight for the modern day, as it was still written and published by an unbiased source and holds key information about positives and negatives that globalisation has on local communities.

The accuracy of the journal can be checked, as it has been cross referenced twice before by other credible sources in the economics it can be safe to say that this article holds correct unbiased opinions assuming those who cross referenced the journal are not biased themselves. Additionally, this journal is accurate as the sources referenced by it are credible and are written within a reasonable time from of this to hold accurate information about the period of which written.

The purpose of this journal is brought to light the effects of globalisation on the communities both original corporation locations and the locations in other countries they migrate too, both on work and on other companies in the area, the creation of a monopoly and much further. This informs and breaks down the further effects in the long term and whether it is healthy for a community as a whole, now this article is older it is possible to see if it was accurate and true what its projections are for the future and further use it as a reference.

Kasey Jones 30115892

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Globalization and Fashion: Too Fast, Too Furious

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Globalization and Fashion: Too Fast, Too Furious

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Maram 30111958

Ledezma, V. (2017). Globalization and Fashion: Too Fast, Too Furious. Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts, [online] 4(9). Available at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=luja [Accessed 29 Oct. 2023].

This paper was published 6 years ago, it is credible because it includes valid sources from academic references, I got the journal from the reliable research website (Google Scholar).

Was written by Victoria Ledezm, A writer from Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada, specializing in the arts, social sciences,business and economics. while there is no information about academic background for the author but since the item is published under the institution's name, it is evident that the university finds it to be accurate and reliable. ) The lack of sufficient information about the writer is classified as a weakness of the article(.

In this paper, the effects of globalization on the fast fashion industry's development are examined. Using an international assembly line, fast fashion has lowered prices and accelerated manufacturing to keep up with the quick emergence of new trends. Which makes these points the strength for this article.

This journal includes a definition of globalization, which is the economic and social process whereby global markets and cultures increasingly dominate local markets and cultures. Also, it discusses the influences that have appeared on the fashion industry due to fashion and as a result of globalization. One of the results of globalization is the emergence of fast fashion (It is the direct transfer of designs from fashion shows to boutique retailers),the advantage of this fashion is its low prices due to inexpensive manufacturing in addition, It allowed the fashion world to deal with rapid changes and market requirements. The article's strength lies in providing evidence of real-world fashion companies that exhibit fast fashion, Zara, H&M and Forever21 the embodiment of fast fashion in the United States. Globalization provided low labor and international markets to create a global assembly line and Zara is proof of this. It is true that globalization has contributed to the emergence of fast fashion to the world in a positive way, but it has a negative side, because of the large demand for fast fashion products, pressure is placed on manufacturing workers although they are deprived of their most prominent rights to complete the required work for a small wage. Moreover, despite textiles' detrimental carbon dioxide emissions to the environment, most fast fashion retailers utilize them because of their low cost. Chemicals and dyes are released into the water, harming the aquatic ecology.