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1. explore what underlies the emergence of "new medicine"(Paul. Unschuld). Does it make sense?

2. What people mean by "Disease" over time.

3. mainly focus on new medicine period from Han dynasty to Song dynasty (220-1279), focus on Daoist medicine.

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Disease as a violation of the natural law

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Disease as a violation of the natural law

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Huang di nei jing (written around 70-0BC ):

"Qi" and Localization of spirts in human body

Spirts are within human body like "qi". Undisciplined approach of "qi" can cause disease. It is a natural law in this new mindset.

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"Qi" as a dynamic and natural form of flowing energy in universe

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"Qi" as a dynamic and natural form of flowing energy in universe

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Yin and yang are seen as qi (in both yin and yang forms) operating in the universe.

In Zuozhuan(written around the middle of the fourth century BC):

"There are six heavenly influences [qi] which descend and produce the five tastes, go forth in the five colours, and are verified in the five notes; but when they are in excess, they produce the six diseases."

Laozi BC 571-471:

“everything is embedded in yin and embraces yang; through chong qi [vital energy] it reaches he [harmony].” (Laozi ch.42)

Zhuangzi BC 396-286:

“When the qi of yin and yang are not in harmony, and cold and heat come in untimely ways, all things will be harmed.” (Zhuangzi ch. 31)

Yinyang (Yin-yang) | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (utm.edu)

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Early Dao medicine (start around 200): Disease as evil 

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Early Dao medicine (start around 200): Disease as evil 

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llness was unavoidable and humans must make use of the gifts of nature in order to treat these illnesses.

The priests offered their services, bringing their knowledge of the Dao, the correct Way, to help people avoid contracting disease and guide them back to health. Disease is the evil, while priests can use their knowledge of Dao to fight against evil spirts.

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base on concept shift

separate with the practions

概念太多 有点杂乱 qi可以当做例子。

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Confucianism and Mohism argue around "fate"

An interpretation of Confucius (551-479 BC): Disease is the fate.

Mo Di (468-376 BC): Disease may due to some factors.

"This encouragement to deploy whatever crafty strategies might give an advantage in the ongoing struggle for survival can still be found in the cultural heritage of modern China."

see the book

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In a new medicine, people started to longing for existential autonomy, the new perspective in conditions of health and sickness was a concerted effort to reject the superior of the Heaven(unpredictable fate, like disease)

"My fate lies in my own hands, not in heaven!" p16

Ge Hong 286-363(Eastern Jin dynasty) Daoist/Taoist practitioner

Tao Hongjing 456-536(南朝) read Ge Hong at a young age

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Han dynasty (BC202-220)

The idea that ancestors would punish their living descendants for their sins evolved in the course of the centuries into the idea that living descendants would have to bear the punishments for the past sins of their ancestors as well as for their own transgressions.

see the book

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Disease as something we can be explained

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Disease as something we can be explained

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Zou Yan (around 300-200 BC) yin yang school

Disease is internal imbalance of Five elements.

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Intergration with Daoism and Buddhism: seen as karma and spirtual disharmony

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Intergration with Daoism and Buddhism: seen as karma and spirtual disharmony

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Theory became more systematical to treat disease

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Theory became more systematical to treat disease