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The process by which a society reaches a higher stage of social and cultural development

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Economic system where colonies existed to make their mother country rich by supplying raw materials and buying its goods

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The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus’s voyages.

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An indentured servant was a person who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the Americas.

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A system where people are treated as property and can be bought, sold, or owned for life

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A religious group from England who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by removing practices they thought were too much like the Catholic Church.

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Trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas where goods, enslaved people, and raw materials were exchanged in a three-part route across the Atlantic Ocean.

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A Spanish labor system in the Americas where colonists were given control of Native Americans, who had to work for them in exchange for supposed protection and Christian teaching.

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The British colonies in the south (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) etc.

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The Middle Colonies were the British colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware)

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The New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire) were British colonies

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Colonists were not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains because that land was set aside for Native Americans.

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Colonist in America who wanted independence from Britain during the Revolutionary War.

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Colonist in America who stayed loyal to Britain and the king during the Revolutionary War.

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The first set of rules for how the United States was governed after the Revolutionary War.

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People in the early United States who wanted a strong national government.

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People in the early United States who did not want a strong national government.

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A time in the 1600s–1700s when people in Europe and the Americas started using reason, science, and logic to understand the world instead of just trusting tradition or religion.

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A plan to unite the American colonies for defense and cooperation

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A law that set rules for how new lands north of the Ohio River could become states.

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A situation near the end of the Revolutionary War where some Continental Army officers were upset because they hadn’t been paid.

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A plan to settle a big argument at the Constitutional Convention about how states would be represented in Congress.

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A rule made at the Constitutional Convention about how slaves would be counted for representation and taxes.

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A British policy in the 1600s–1700s where the British government mostly left the American colonies alone.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships

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Campaign to end slavery

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Manufacturing businesses that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof with specialized tasks

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and promoted protective tariffs and federal funding for internal improvements

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions to avert a crisis between North and South, including multiple measures like admitting California as a free state

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Passed by Congress in 1854; allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery, repealing the Missouri Compromise

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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Granted African American men voting rights

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government.

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad.

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers.

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation and pioneered "Vertical Integration."

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success.

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire, organizing Standard Oil and controlling 95% of U.S. refineries.

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals amassed great wealth through monopolies.

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks; he bought out Carnegie and started U.S. Steel.

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying they strengthened the U.S. through business pursuits.

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money to benefit the greater good.

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who monopolized industries through unethical practices.

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The campaign to allow female voters

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but weakened by U.S. refusal to join; precursor to the UN

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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Tax on imports

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and be prepared to use it aggressively

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US in exchange for German support to reclaim lost territory

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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The death and destruction of a lot of Jews and other people by the Nazis during WWII

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the worlds political problems

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the worlds economic problems

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe

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Named by Winston Churchill. The metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading and the USA must use military force if necessary

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Belief that if one country becomes a communist, its neighbors will also become communist

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons, others will too, ending the world as we know it

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima

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More powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and irradiating countries

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA

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Supreme Court case that ended the segregation of schools

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Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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an economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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the general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability.