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WHO. (2023) Social

Determinants of Health.

https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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Reflection:
For me, the most relevant aspect of competency standard 12.3 was recognizing the importance of effective communication and respect for cultural diversity in healthcare. I now realise how cultural backgrounds can have a huge impact on a patient's healthcare experience, decisions, and consequences.I now feel more capable of caring for patients from cultures other than my own because I have little bit learnt to embrace cultural variety. This skill is important to me at work because it promotes trust and open communication between patients and healthcare providers. It assures that each patient receives equitable and respectful care that is personalised to their specific requirements, resulting in better health outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Cultural Diversity Health and Wellbeing Australia. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds - Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians - January 2019. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/competency-standards-framework/

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To me, health entails achieving a condition of well-being that includes physical, mental, emotional, and social harmony. It is a state of dynamic balance in which my body and mind perform properly, allowing me to live a full life.

Recognising multiple viewpoints and knowing how health is understood in various cultural contexts is critical in culturally safe nursing care. It needs to recognise that health ideas, practises, and values differ amongst individuals and cultures. Therefore, offering care that respects and adjusts to these many viewpoints is very important.

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Principal health issues that refugees face

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Principal health issues that refugees face

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Country focus: Nigeria
Nigeria is a low-income country with a large population that faces economic issues such as income inequality and poverty. Nigeria's armed conflict has forced an estimated two million people to evacuate their homes. Many of them are now internally displaced, while others have migrated to neighbouring countries.

Australia issued a total of 5,947 refugee and humanitarian visas iin 2020-21 (Australian Red Cross). At the end of 2021, manny of refuges in Australia came from Nigeria. Three common health concerns listed on the Australian refugee health practice guide that are likely to be present in people arriving from Nigeria are Human immunodeficiency virus (HPV), Hepatitis B, Mental health issues.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that targets the immune system of the body. The most advanced stage of the disease is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nigeria is dealing with a significant HIV/AIDS burden. It's important to provide HIV testing, counseling, and treatment to refugees to prevent further transmission and ensure their health.one of the primary and highly effective treatment options for HIV is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). It involves the use of a combination of antiretroviral drugs to suppress the replication of the HIV virus in the body.

Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B is a deadly liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that can be easily prevented with a vaccine.This disease is most usually transmitted by contact with contaminated bodily fluids. It is a prevalent concern among Nigerian refugees. To address and prevent the spread of this infectious disease, adequate healthcare and immunisation programmes should be in place. One treatment option for hepatitis B is antiviral medication.

Mental Health Issues: Nigerian refugees typically have mental health issues originating from traumatic experiences during conflicts and displacement, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. One treatment option is culturally sensitive mental health services and therapies such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

Australian Refugee Health Practice guide, 2019. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/referrals/western-australia/
Australian Red Cross. Refugee and asylum seeker facts. https://www.redcross.org.au/act/help-refugees/refugee-facts/
Smart Traveller Australia. (2023, June). Nigeria. https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/africa/nigeria
Department of Home Affairs Australia. (2023). Fact Sheet: Nigeria. Australian Government - Department of Home Affairs. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/nigeria

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Rahat Fateh Ali Khan perform | © alberto / Alamy Stock Photo

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Music in Pakistan has a long history, moving back more than 5000 years.Folk music in Pakistan varies by area or region, including Balochi, Punjabi, Potohari, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Saraiki, Pashto, and Hindko music.There are some important genres of traditional music in Pakistan, including as Qawwali, Ghazal, and Sufi music. Pakistan has even produced a well-known Qawwali vocalist, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.

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Ceramics and glazed ceramics have a long history in Pakistan, dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation around 2500 B.C.E. When you visit Pakistan, you'll see various kinds of handcrafted products, such as handwoven carpets, shining marble pieces, copper and brass objects, woodwork, clothing with gorgeous embroidery, and unique local-style shoes. There are also a number of interesting art objects to discover.

Encyclopaedia Britannica.The arts of Pakistan. https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/The-arts

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Eid ki seviyan, also known as sweet vermicelli, is a popular traditional delicacy offered on occasions like as Eid, Ramzan, and Bakrid. The focus of these celebrations is on sharing delicious food with family and friends.

Method:

1)Prepare all of the components for your seviyan first. Set the vermicelli aside, broken into smaller pieces.

2)Chop your prefered dry fruits and keep them ready to use.

3)Heat 1 tablespoon of ghee (clarified butter) in a pan.

4)Allow the ghee to melt before adding 1 cup broken vermicelli.

5)Stir in the chopped dry fruits and raisins to the roasted vermicelli.

6)Reduce the heat to low and add 2 cups of milk. Alternatively, water can be used in place of milk.

7)Mix and whisk the ingredients thoroughly. Continue to stir for another 2 to 3 minutes.

8)Incorporate 1/4 cup of sugar into the mixture and keep stirring.

9)Add 1/4 cup milk powder, or leave it out if it's not available.

10) Recombine the components.

11)Stir in 1/2 teaspoon cardamom powder until thoroughly mixed.

12) As you continue to cook, the mixture will thicken and the vermicelli will absorb the milk. 13)Turn off the heat once all of the milk has been absorbed.

14)Serve your meethi seviyan while it is still hot, warm, or cold. When serving, garnish with more sliced dried fruits if desired.

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Calotropis procera is a well-known plant with a long history of use in treating ailments such as diarrhoea, stomach difficulties, sinus fistula, skin diseases, and jaundice, mainly through the use of its leaves. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate its geographical distribution, natural habitat, and physical properties.

Murti, Y., Yogi, B., & Pathak, D. (2010). Pharmacognostic standardization of leaves of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(1), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.59938

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Whether you're a guest, a tourist, or someone travelling from close or far, you'll always be greeted with a warm and helpful attitude in Pakistan. Even those with little money will go out of their way to help tourists. This warm welcome is rooted in both cultural traditions and religious beliefs. In Islam, guests are seen as special blessings from God, and it's a fundamental principle to treat them with kindness and care.Rosie Gabrielle- has shared a story of how Pakistan changed her life on her YouTube channel.Gabrielle, R.  (2020, Feb). Pakistan changed my life.YouTube. https://youtu.be/Dv75wGwQ2t4?si=OMBsFzaLVGSvhWtm

Samantha. (2019, October 21). Pakistani Hospitality: Stories from the Kindest Country on Earth. [Website Article]. Retrieved from https://intentionaldetours.com/pakistani-hospitality-stories/

Pakistan Travel Blog. (2023). 12 Things to Know About Pakistani Culture. https://www.pakistantravelblog.com/12-things-to-know-about-pakistani-culture/