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In the 1830s the United States government forcibly removed the southeastern Native Americans from their homelands and relocated them to lands in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). This tragic event is referred to as the Trail of Tears. Over 10,000 Native Americans died during removal or soon upon arrival in Indian Territory.

Smith, Mailing Address: 301 Parker Ave Fort, and AR 72901 Phone: 479 783-3961 Contact Us. Stories of the Trail of Tears - Fort Smith National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/fosm/learn/historyculture/storiestrailoftears.htm. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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The mechanical reaper was used by farmers to harvest crops mechanically. This machine proved to be the answer for wheat farmers because it increased food production as well as making harvesting easier. Farmers could now process more wheat much quicker and with less labor force.

“Mechanical Reaper: Invention, Impact & Facts - Video & Lesson Transcript.” Study.Com, https://study.com/academy/lesson/mechanical-reaper-invention-impact-facts.html. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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The steel plow was used to break up tough soil, bury crop residue, and help control weeds. Due to the rich soil in the Midwest of the United States, wood plows would commonly break. And even if the wood plow didn’t break, farmers would still have to stop every few minutes to clear soil that had clumped on the blade, resulting in minimal efficiency

“How Has the Steel Plow Changed Over Time? | John Deere MachineFinder.” MachineFinder, https://www.machinefinder.com/ww/en-US/faq/steel-plow-history. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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California Gold Rush, rapid influx of fortune seekers in California that began after gold was found at Sutter's Mill in early 1848 and reached its peak in 1852. According to estimates, more than 300,000 people came to the territory during the Gold Rush.

California Gold Rush | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Gold-Rush. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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One of the most important mining discoveries in American History, the Comstock Lode in Nevada, was the first major silver discovery in the United States and virtually ended the California Gold Rush.

Discovered under what would become one of the most important gold camps in the West – Virginia City, on the eastern slope of Mt. Davidson, the mines would yield more than 500 million dollars of silver and gold ore during the first decades.

Comstock Lode – Creating Nevada History – Legends of America. https://www.legendsofamerica.com/nv-comstocklode/. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights, and westward expansion. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865. The conflict was the costliest and deadliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured, and much of the South left in ruin.

“Civil War - Causes, Dates & Battles.” HISTORY, 20 Apr. 2023, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history.

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The Stock Raising Homestead Act of December 29, 1916, was implemented to facilitate settlement on lands unsuitable for agriculture other than animal grazing. Up to 640 acres of land could be acquired with no cultivation of the land required.

yongli. Homestead. 10 Nov. 2015, https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead.

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Little Crow was the chief of a band of the Dakota Sioux Tribe. In 1851, Little Crow’s band had agreed to move to a reservation in southern Minnesota. By agreeing to this, the tribe had given up 24 million acres of their land in return for the promise of protection and supplies from the US government.

However, it soon became clear to the Dakota Sioux that life was hard on the reservation. Much of the land was unsuitable for farming, and the US government had failed to pay some of the annuities. In 1861, disease spread throughout the Dakota Sioux’s crops  This put the Dakota Sioux in a desperate situation – they were unable to buy or grow food and they began to starve.

but on 17 August 1862 four Sioux men killed five white settlers. The following day, Little Crow launched an attack on the Indian Agency believing that they would be too preoccupied by the civil war to fight back. The tribe stole food from the agency’s storehouses and attacked white settlers. Over 700 white settlers and US soldiers were killed.

Little Crow’s War 1862. https://www.tutor2u.net/history/reference/little-crows-war-1862. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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Reconstruction (Dec 1863-March 31 1877) 

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Reconstruction (Dec 1863-March 31 1877) 

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Reconstruction, in U.S. history, was the period that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.

Reconstruction | Definition, Summary, Timeline & Facts | Britannica. 8 Aug. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history.

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Over the course of eight hours the American troops killed around 230 Cheyenne and Arapaho people composed mostly of women, children, and the elderly. During the afternoon and following day, the soldiers wandered over the field committing atrocities on the dead.

Eads, Mailing Address: 1301 Maine Street P. O. Box 249, and CO 81036-0249 Phone: 719 438-5916 Contact Us. History & Culture - Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/sand/learn/historyculture/index.htm. Accessed 29 Sept. 2023.

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1865, Congress passed “An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees” to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

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U.S. Senate: Freedmen’s Bureau Acts of 1865 and 1866. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/FreedmensBureau.htm#:~:text=On%20March%203%2C%201865%2C%20Congress,including%20newly%20freed%20African%20Americans. Accessed 29 Sept. 2023.

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13th Amendment                      (Dec 6 1865)

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13th Amendment                      (Dec 6 1865)

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The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

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The Indian Peace Commission of 1867–68 was the U.S. Government's last major attempt at a peaceful settlement with the various Native American tribes. Through their reports and recommendations, the commission greatly influenced federal Native American policy

Kratz, Jessie. “The Last Attempt: The Indian Peace Commission of 1867-1868.” Pieces of History, 29 Nov. 2022, https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2022/11/29/the-last-attempt-the-indian-peace-commission-of-1867-1868/.

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Joseph Glidden's innovative barbed wire was essential to the settlement of the American plains  It proved to be an effective method of securely enclosing one's property, thereby keeping cattle in and trespassers out

NIHF Inductee Joseph Glidden Invented the Barbed Wire Fence. 28 Sept. 2023, https://www.invent.org/inductees/joseph-f-glidden.

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No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;

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Trans Continental Railroad Complete (May 10-1869)

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Trans Continental Railroad Complete (May 10-1869)

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In addition to transporting western food crops and raw materials to East Coast markets and manufactured goods from East Coast cities to the West Coast, the railroad also facilitated international trade. The first freight train to travel eastward from California carried a load of Japanese tea

“10 Ways the Transcontinental Railroad Changed America.” HISTORY, 25 July 2023, https://www.history.com/news/transcontinental-railroad-changed-america.

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1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote.

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Battle of Little big horn (June 25 1876-June 26 1876)

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Battle of Little big horn (June 25 1876-June 26 1876)

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The battle was a momentary victory for the Lakota and Cheyenne. The death of Custer and his troops became a rallying point for the United States to increase their efforts to force native peoples onto reservation lands.

Agency, Mailing Address: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument P. O. Box 39 Crow, and MT 59022-0039 Phone:638-3236 Contact Us. Story of the Battle - Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/battle-story.htm. Accessed 29 Sept. 2023.

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the law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals

“Dawes Act (1887).” National Archives, 9 Sept. 2021, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dawes-act.