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“Her heart of compressed ash, which had resisted the most telling blows of daily reality without strain, fell apart with the first waves of nostalgia.” - In this sentence, a synaesthetic metaphor is used to depict the emotional state of a character. The heart is described as being made of "compressed ash", suggesting fragility and dryness, qualities more often associated with touch or sight. The heart falling apart with "waves of nostalgia" combines a tactile sensation (falling apart) with an emotion (nostalgia), creating a powerful synesthetic image that enhances the emotional resonance of the sentence.

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"Her laughter rang out like bells" - This is an example of synaesthesia, where two different sensory experiences are blended. Here, the sound of her laughter is likened to the sound of ringing bells, indicating the clarity and perhaps the joyous quality of her laughter.

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The repeated names in the Buendía family represent a metaphor for the cyclical nature of history. The repeated destinies of the characters suggest that history is not linear but cyclical, with the same mistakes being repeated generation after generation.

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The town of Macondo itself is often seen as a metaphor for the country of Colombia, or even the entirety of Latin America. Its isolation, its growth and decay, its periods of war and peace, all reflect the larger historical and political developments of the region.