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Alunos: Maria Edaurda, Bruno e  Lara - 321

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Curiosidades:

• A riqueza de um Maasai é medida pelo número de cabeças de gado que cada família possui

· Seus furos da orelha feito com corte de faca é uma questão estética, mas serve também para estocar snaf, tabaco macio. Para isso criam compotas de armazenamento feitas de pequenas abóboras selvagens e as encaixam na orelha.

·  As tatuagens no rosto são feitas com um fio de metal quente em forma de anéis e servem para diferenciar os clãs. Alguns também levam tatuagens nos ombros, significa que são guerreiros e que já estiveram em batalha

· Além dos panos vermelhos, roxos e azuis, alguns homens carregam lanças sobre os ombros e simes (facas Maasai) nas cinturas.

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Práticas culturais:

· “Adumu”, dança dos jovens guerreiros Maasai, uma espécie de competição que destaca aqueles que pulam mais alto e de forma mais reta.
Interessados em impressionar as jovens donzelas que assistem ao espetáculo, os guerreiros Maasai consideram as danças como as melhores ocasiões para flertar com as meninas que, um dia, serão suas futuras esposas. Eles demonstram uma vitalidade singular e dançam durante horas, balançando para trás e para frente, a cabeça e o tronco. E pulando. Pulando muito alto.

· Circuncisão= o rosto dos rapazes são pintados com pigmentos e lamas claras que realçam os seus traços adultos. Este é um dos momentos mais importantes do povo Maasai.

· Mutilação Genital feminina= geralmente realizada entre meninas de 8 a 12 anos por mulheres respeitadas na aldeia

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Características:

· Leste da África; norte da Tanzânia e sul do Quénia

·  Sedentários = procuram fonte de água e fazem pastagem do gado bovino

· Reconhecidos pelos belos e coloridos adereços utilizados pelas mulheres, especialmente seus gigantescos colares, brincos e pulseiras
· 800 mil pessoas formam a nação Maasai

· Vestem-se com panos quadriculados vermelhos e azuis sobrepostos, abraçando atenção no cenário rodeado por montanhas. O cabelo é curto e penteado. As orelhas são furadas, os rostos tatuados com cicatrizes e nos pés levam sandálias confeccionadas com pneus de carro. Carregam inúmeras voltas de colares de miçanga branca ao redor do pescoço e um cajado, que serve para guiar as centenas de cabeças de gado que possuem.

· A maioria das pessoas falam suaíli ou ol maa

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The Tapirapé are a Tupi-Guarani people who inhabit the region of Urubu Branco, in the northeast of Mato Grosso. Among the Tapirapé, there is no figure of strong leadership like the cacique, as it is an extremely egalitarian society. The leaders of the different houses in the village maintain daily contact, through nightly meetings of the men in the courtyard of the takara. The current leaders are young individuals, between 30 and 40 years old, who speak Portuguese well, can read and write, and are well informed about the national news that they follow on the radio.
Their main subsistence activity is agriculture, but they also produce handicrafts, fishing and livestock as a complement. The village is made up of houses arranged in a circle around the House of Men, the takara. Another organizing principle is the so-called “bird societies” or, wyra. Exclusively male, they are divided into two large “halves”, which are made up of age groups: older men, mature men and young people. A man attaches himself to his father's "bird society" and as he grows up he passes on to the other group of his own half. Wyra act competitively as hunting parties, ceremonial work, singing, farming, building houses, etc.

Names:
Letícia Costa
Arthur Leon
Sofia Bezerra

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The Himba are an ethnic group of about 20,000 to 50,000 people, pastoral and speak the Otjihimba language, a Herero dialect. Since the century XV who live close to the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola, but move freely between the two countries. For them, there are no borders.

The Himba inhabit mainly the North of Namibia and the region of Kunene, in Angola. The Himba tribes are semi-nomadic and where women are known to cover themselves with a paste called otjize a mixture of buttery fat and ocher.

The Himba, known for their red skin, are nomads who survive by herding cattle over the hot desert of northern Namibia.

The Himba raise cattle and goats. Every morning, after applying the red “Otjize” paste, the women milk the cattle before the village youths take them out to pasture. Milking the animals, as well as other activities such as building houses and bringing water to the village are done by women.

The customs of the Himbas serve to better adapt that society to the environment in which they live, strengthening social ties between subjects and facilitating man's control over nature.

Names:
Leonardo Pereira Menezes
Gustavo Rocha Siqueira
Guilherme Franco Almeida
T:321

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Grupo: Yasmin, Matheus, Kailayne e Gustavo Bichara.

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Grupo: Yasmin, Matheus, Kailayne e Gustavo Bichara.

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avajos among the Apaches.
The Apaches populated the plains of the central and southwestern United States around the year 850. They clashed with Spanish settlers over trade relations, territorial borders, and hunting. In the 19th century, the United States government launched a war of extermination against the Apaches to facilitate the colonization of the West. The Apaches' worldwide reputation as fierce warriors began in the 16th century. The Apache were also known for being skilled warriors, and often fought with other indigenous tribes and with European settlers who began to arrive in the region in the 16th century.
 The Apaches currently live on Indian reservations and practice agriculture, fishing and hunting. They still maintain many original aspects of their culture, such as the Apache language.
One of the main Apache leaders in history was Geronimo. He led a movement against the imposition (by the US government) of Indian reservation lands on the Apaches. Geronimo lived between 1829 and 1909.

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Nome: Victor Maciel, Vinícius de Almeida.

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Nome: Victor Maciel, Vinícius de Almeida.

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According to Aymara tradition, the dead were dressed, sat with their knees close to their chins and tied. Then a basket was woven around the body, leaving only the face and the tips of the feet outside. Personal items could also be placed inside the bundle.

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Izabela Rabite
Gabriel Tocantins
Paula Xavier

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Aymara mythology has many legends about the origin of things, such as the wind, hail, mountains, and lakes. The Aymara share with other ethnic groups some of the Andean myths of origin. In one of them, the god Tunupa is a creator of the universe. He is also the one that taught the people customs: farming, songs, weaving, the language each group had to speak, and the rules for a moral life.

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The Inuit

(also called Inuit) are members of the indigenous Eskimo nation who inhabit the arctic regions of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland.

The Greenlandic Inuit are descended from the Thule migrations from Canada around 1100 d.c.

Inuit means people in Inuktitut (their language) and is the generic name for culturally related human groups that inhabit the Arctic, with physical characteristics that help them survive in the cold.

The first contacts of the Inuit occurred during the 15th century, when they established relations with the crew of cod fishing boats and some whale fishermen from France. This initial connection was of purely commercial interest, as the Europeans were interested in the fur trade practiced by the Inuit.

As in all encounters between European navigators and indigenous peoples, the Inuit tradition holds many details about the estrangement and impact caused by this cultural shock. According to some accounts, the French and Inuit agreed that the former learned to occupy certain areas. In return, the natives asked for flour to protect themselves in periods of food shortage.

In this first known moment of Inuit history, named after the “pre-flour” era, they lived with the abundant natural resources of their region. To protect themselves from the cold, they wore animal skins. To wage war, they made weapons with bones and other materials. At that same time, they sold skins in exchange for weapons, clothes, butter, tea, lard, among other products. After the first European expeditions, religious people established themselves in trading posts and initiated contact with indigenous peoples with the aim of making them Christians.

The teachings about their environment are passed down from generation to generation. The family is the foundation of Inuit culture. They greatly appreciate cooperative work and the act of sharing what they have with others.

Even with many external interferences, the native people managed to maintain their culture. The language, for example, was not lost and is part of the school curriculum.

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Language: Aymara;Spanish

Religion: Roman Catholicism combined with indigenous beliefs

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In colonial times the Aymara tribes were the Canchi, Colla, Lupaca, Collagua, Ubina, Pacasa, Caranga, Charca, Quillaca, Omasuyo, and Collahuaya. The Aymara numbered about three million in the early 21st century. Basically agriculturalists and herders, the Aymara live in an area of poor soil and harsh climate.

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What does the word Aymara mean?  Individual of the people of the Aymaras, aborigines of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes.

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What does the word Aymara mean?  Individual of the people of the Aymaras, aborigines of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes.

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Argentina: 20 822 (2012)
Bolívia: 1 598 807 (2012)
Chile: 156 754 (2017)
Peru: 548 292 (2017)

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1. The Bhopas: Introduction - Nomadic tribe known as the Bhopas - Historical role as entertainers for Maharajas - Current survival through instrument-making, playing, poetry, and storytelling

2. Healing Songs and Performances - Bhopas asked to perform for the sick - Belief in the songs aiding recovery - Introduction of variations in well-known stories to engage the crowds - Allusions to local personalities and events

3. System and Living Situation - Bhopas at the lowest level of the Hindu caste system - Lack of permanent homes - Perception as squatters and hustlers

4. Challenges and Subsistence - Loss of livelihood for Bhopas - Reliance on semi-nomadic street performances - Traveling between fairs and festivals 5. Cultural Significance and Impact - Preservation of oral storytelling - Contribution to local tourism - Unique position in the cultural fabric

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Aymara is the language of the Native American people of the Andean region of Lake Titicaca.  The Aymara-speaking population occupies western Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile and northern Argentina (1.5 million speakers).

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Totaling more than 7 million people across the South American continent, the Aymara and Quechua nations remain mainly in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andean Altiplano, corresponding to more than 70% of the original population both in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and in the Republic of Peru .

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Totaling more than 7 million people across the South American continent, the Aymara and Quechua nations remain mainly in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andean Altiplano, corresponding to more than 70% of the original population both in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and in the Republic of Peru .

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Aymara is an official language in Bolivia and Peru and is spoken as a mother tongue by part of the population in Chile.

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The Aymarae language (native name: Aymar aru) has its roots in the Aymara language family.

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The Aymara or Aimara people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.