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Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language. A language's sound system is made up of a set of phonemes which are used according to phonological rules.

For example, the phoneme /ɛ/ is different from the phoneme /i:/, so if we use the word set [sɛt] instead of seat [si:t], the meaning of the word will change.

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Phonemics, in linguistics, the study of the phonemes and phonemic system of a language.  Phonemes are the smallest units comprising spoken language. Phonemes combine to form syllables and words.

For example, the word 'mat' has three phonemes: /m/ /a/ /t/.

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In linguistics, allophones are variations of a phoneme. It can vary depending on its position in a word or the sounds around it.
Allophones are specific realizations or pronunciations of a phoneme that occur in different contexts or environments.

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                                  PHONETICS

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                                  PHONETICS

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Phonetics studies the speech sounds that are fully perceived and reproduced, their acoustic properties and how the brain works and what processes are set in motion when we speak and hear a language. How humans produce speech and what speech sounds like.

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Contrastive Analysis, also known as Comparative Linguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics that focuses on comparing two or more languages or language subsystems to determine their differences and similarities.

The term "contrastive" suggests that the analysis is primarily interested in examining the distinctions and similarities between languages, rather than focusing on language families and historical aspects.

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Specifies that phonemes are distinctive speech sounds that is they make a difference to the meanings of words. Therefore, these sounds, called phonemes, are consciously pronounced and establish differences in meaning.