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Is the study,  production and perception of the language sounds.
Examples:
1. /aʊ/ as in "house"
2. /ɔː/ as in "dog"
3. /f/ as in "fan"

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When talking about Contrastive Analysis there is much more emphasis in comparing the differences and similarities languages have and it became a subdiscipline of Linguistics in the early 80’s with the aim of using the findings in order to apply them when teaching and learning languages.

One of the most representative contributions into this field was written by Robert Lado in 1957 and it was called “Linguistics across Cultures”

But, why was is it necessary to have Contrastive Linguistics? Far from what could be imagined, after the World War II, there were many more people interested in teaching not only English, but also other languages as well as the studies referred to bilingualism and language phenomena.

There are some terms which are closely related to Contrastive Analysis: Transfer which refers to the influence Language 1 has on Language 2, interference that refers to several kinds of difficulties learners have to face when learning a second language, and Cross Linguistic Influence which refers to the different ways a language can affect another in and individual speaker.

Once they have been identified, it is important to recognize the use and differences between Comparative and Contrastive Linguistics since their goals are different.

On the one hand, Comparative linguistics look for commonalities and similarities from a historical perspective, on the other hand, Contrastive linguistics look for divergence and differentiation, basically used for learning, teaching and translation procedures.

Finally, it is impossible not to mention positive and negative transfer as a part of CA, the first one is about items of L1 which are also present in L2, making it easier to learn, the second one takes place when no concordance between both languages occurs.

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Is a variant in the language system a difference in the pronunciation of the same phoneme in a particular language.
Examples:
1.  The /p/ sound at the beginning of the word "pin" is aspirated, while the /p/ sound in the middle of the word "spin" is unaspirated.
2. The /t/ sound different in word-initial as in "top" [tʰɑp]. However, in word-medial or word-final positions sound, similar to a quick "d" as in "water" [wɑɾɚ]
3. The /r/ sound as in "red" [ɹɛd], and with the tongue closer as in "run" [ɹʌn].

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It's the smallest sound unit in the language, and helps to difference the meanings of the words.
Examples:
1. /b/
2. /p/
3. /k/

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It forms part of the linguistics and focuses on the analysis and study of phonemes; in other words it helps to review how the human speech is perceived.
Examples:
1. bat /bæt/
2. rain /reɪn/
3. cap /cæp/

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It is the science that study the speech sounds, the sound patterns that occur with languages, and the rules of the language. For example, the way we pronounce the word "bakes", it differs the ending with the word "waves". Or the difference between "mire" and "mile". Another pair of words could be "rock" and "lock".