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1. Listening for Gist: Listening to understand the general idea or main point of a conversation or audio passage without focusing on specific details.

2. Prediction: Anticipating what will happen or what will be said next based on the context or information provided.

3. Comprehension Exercises: Activities designed to assess understanding of spoken language by testing the ability to grasp key information, details, and overall meaning.

4. Listening for Language Items: Focusing on specific grammatical structures, vocabulary, or language features during listening practice.

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Listening for gist: There are times when we listen to something in order to get a general idea of the content, or 'the gist', rather than specific details.

Example: Listening to the weather forecast

Listening for predictions: By asking students to predict what they are going to hear, based on a topic word or sentence, you are preparing your learners for what to expect. Guided questions help them decide what to listen for, and keep them focused on the main points. This technique can be repeated towards the end of a listening passage by asking students to predict the ending. This can be done in pairs or groups and it keeps students actively involved in the listening process.

Example

Before Listening:

Topic Introduction:

Topic: Climate Change

Sentence: "Today's listening passage will discuss the impact of climate change on polar bears."

Guided Questions:

1. "What do you predict the main challenges facing polar bears due to climate change might be?"

2. "Who do you think will be involved in the conversation about climate change and polar bears?"

3. "What solutions or actions do you anticipate the speakers might propose to help polar bears?"

Listening for comprehension: Exercise to check students' understanding

Example:

Listen to a conversation between two people discussing a movie and decide if statements are true or false.

Example: "The main character of the movie is a detective." (True/False)

Listening for language items

An exercise may require that you listen and identify specific lexical or grammatical items in a text

Examples:

-Listening for idiomatic expressions or phrasal verbs in a spoken passage. For instance, recognizing expressions like "kick the bucket" or "hit the hay" in a casual conversation.

-Listening for modal verbs or auxiliary verbs used in a conversation. For instance, recognizing the use of "can," "could," or "might" to express ability, possibility, or permission.

1. istening for Sentence Structures:

Listening for different sentence types, such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory sentences. For example, identifying questions in a conversation and noting the word order used.

Listening for sentence connectors or discourse markers. For instance, recognizing words like "however," "therefore," or "nevertheless" used to connect ideas in a spoken passage.

2. Listening for Functional Language:

Listening for specific language used for making requests, giving instructions, offering suggestions, etc. For example, identifying phrases like "Could you please...?" or "I suggest that we..."

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Room 1: 2.Prediction: predict what students are going to hear, based on a topic word or sentence. Example: Listen conversation and then guess what will happen?

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Skimming: read through the paper to get the general idea of the paper.

Eg: What is the author’s opinion, choose the best summary

Definition:

Scanning is a reading skill used to quickly locate specific information in a text, such as names, dates, numbers, or key terms, without reading the entire passage comprehensively.

Example:

You need to find the answers quickly. Instead of reading the entire chapter word by word, you use scanning. You quickly skim through the paragraphs, looking for keywords or phrases related to each question.

Definition: Superficial reading involves quickly scanning through a text to gain a general understanding of its main points or topic without delving deeply into the details.

Example: Suppose you're assigned a lengthy article to read for a class, but you're short on time. Instead of reading every word, you skim through the article, paying attention to headings, subheadings, and the first sentences of paragraphs.

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Skimming: Skimming involves quickly reading through a text to get a general idea of its content, without focusing on every word or detail. => It's useful for quickly determining if a text is relevant to your needs.
Ex: You're browsing through a magazine at a doctor's office and want to quickly see what articles are featured. => You glance over the titles, subtitles, and images on each page to get a general sense of the topics covered without reading every word.

Scanning: Scanning involves searching through a text to locate specific information or details, rather than reading it from start to finish. => It's useful for quickly finding particular facts, names, dates, or keywords within a text.
Ex: You're searching for a specific recipe in a cookbook. => Instead of reading each recipe from start to finish, you quickly flip through the pages, scanning for the name of the dish you want to make. Once you find it, you stop scanning and read the recipe in detail.

Imaginative reading:We imagine people, landscapes, colours, emotions, sounds, voices, smells, tastes and so on. Try to create the right conditions so that your child can do the same when they read a story. This will be much easier if your child doesn’t get distracted while they’re reading.

A superficial reading means that you quickly read from start to finish without stopping to ponder the things you don’t understand
By reading a book through once superficially, you will be much more prepared for the second time around. You will understand the authors main point. You will have some idea of the flow of the discussion. And this is the case even if you only really read 50% of the book.

Precise Understanding:
Definition: Gaining a thorough and accurate understanding of the text, focusing on details, vocabulary, and the author's intended meaning.
Example: When analysing a poem, we should pay close attention to word choice, figurative language, and symbolism to interpret the author's message.

A practical understanding is the approach in teaching is a form of instruction that promotes hands-on learning, real-world application, and problem solving which immerse students in hands-on activities that allow them to actively participate in, investigate, and experience the subject matter.

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Skimming:

Definition: to get the general information of the text

Examples: give the students an article and ask what the article is talking about

Scanning:

Definition: look for specific information in the text

Example: Give the students the exercise that asks them to find out specific names, date, etc.

Superficial understanding

Definition: find out the main points based on the clues

Example: ask the students the questions "what the story is taking about?"

precise understanding: focus on the correct meaning of the word or sentence. Ex: In the sentence, 'The concert was rescheduled due to unforeseen circumstances,' precise understanding means recognizing that 'rescheduled' refers to a change in timing and 'unforeseen circumstances' indicates unexpected events.

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1. Skimming:

Definition: Reading quickly through a text to find the main information without reading every detail.

Example: When needing to find an article on a specific topic, you can skim through paragraphs to determine if the article is relevant.

2. Scanning:

Definition: Reading rapidly to locate specific information or keywords in a text.

Example: When searching for a specific number in a data table, you can scan through the rows to quickly find the information you need.

3. Superficial reading:

Definition: Reading in a shallow or cursory manner, not paying attention to important details.

Example: Quickly reading an article without paying attention to main points or significant details presented by the author.

4. Imaginative reading:

Definition: Reading a text in a creative manner, imagining situations or images described in the text.

Example: While reading a novel, you may imagine landscapes, characters, and events in your imagination.

5. Precise understanding:

Definition: Understanding the content of a text accurately and in detail.

Example: Reading a computer manual carefully to understand each step thoroughly.

6. Practical understanding:

Definition: Understanding how to apply and use information in a practical and useful way in a specific situation.

Example: Reading instructions for using a product to learn how to use it in real-life situations or repair it when necessary.

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G3:

Exapmple of Precise Understanding: Imagine This is the first time you learn you're learning how to bake cookies for the first time. You carefully follow a recipe, measuring out each ingredient precisely and following each step in the instructions.

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Skimming: Reading for the general idea or theme.

Example: Meaning of a conversation between 2 people.

Scanning: Reading for specific information

Example: What's the tourist's telephone number?

Superficial reading: Reading for identifiable main points, clues, etc.

Example: What color of the dress they want to buy?

Imaginative reading: Reading with mental images to better understand and remember

Example: [Imagine] The Sun is rising.

Precise reading: Reading for definitions

Example: A paragraph about business skills (time management, task management, etc.) - what is time management?

Practical understanding: Reading using practical situations to test understanding

Example: How to tie your shoes - Follow the instructions

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Precise understading: It means the reader have to read clearly and accurately comprehesion of a concept.

For example: You read “telephone” in the reading and you have to answer correctly “What does “telephone” mean?  It is a … ….

Practical Reading: It involves or concerns about experience, real situations, or instructions,…..

Ex: You reading “ Cooking Book” and you have to follow the steps in it.

How many steps? What is step 1? , ….

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1. Arouse SS’ interest

2. Set the scene

3. Teach essential vocabulary

4. Provide sensible reason for the first reading