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Kendi çatışmalarimizla ne kadar yüzleşirsek, kendi cozumlerimizi ne kadar ararsak, o kadar içsel özgürlük ve güç kazanırız.

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'Kadın psikolojisi üzerine yoğunlaşan Horney, "Asıl hedef, insanı kendini gerçekleştirmesine
götüren güçlerin özgürleştirilmesidir," diyerek psikanalize farklı bir bakış açısı getirmiş, bu
yapıtında kapsamlı bir biçimde derlediği nevrozlar hakkındaki çalışmalarıyla literatürde yeni bir
çığır açmıştır.'

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'Çok iyi bilindiği gibi kültürümüz bir erkek kültürüdür ve bu nedenle kadının kendini ortaya koyması ve bireyselliği büyük ölçüde engellenmektedir.'

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Psikanalitik Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde Nevrotik İhtiyaçlar Çözümlemesi: Kayıp Kız Filmi

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Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University | Volume: 8 Issue: 3

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The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (such as desires and fears that we are not fully aware of) and claims that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality. The psychodynamic perspective has evolved considerably since Freud's time and now includes new approaches such as object relations theory and neuropsychoanalysis. Some psychodynamic concepts have stood up well to empirical scrutiny, and while some aspects of the theory remain controversial, the psychodynamic perspective continues to influence many different areas of contemporary psychology. (Robert Bornstein)

Considered the father of psychology, Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and one of the most influential physicians of the 20th century. He introduced new theories, changed the way people think, and left an impact on psychology in the 21st century as well. But along with his theories on the unconscious and the development of therapeutic techniques, he was also known for his controversial concepts. (Riya Yadav, 2018)

Freud's theory of the Oedipus complex was based on the belief that young children experience an unconscious desire for their opposite-sex parent. It was considered an essential part of the phallic stage of psychosexual development (between three to five years old), and Freud believed it could lead to pedophilia if not resolved in time.

Freud also had controversial views about women, believing that their lives were dominated by reproductive sexual functions. For Freud, women were essentially men without penises (Cohler & Galatzer-Levy, 2008), so naturally, he introduced a phase of 'penis envy' - where a woman realizes she lacks a penis and experiences jealousy towards males. Freud claimed that the only way they could overcome this penis envy was to have a child of their own - even going so far as to suggest that they desired a male child in their efforts to gain a penis. (Riya Yadav, 2018)

His theory was unjustly based on a model where there was no place for femininity unless directly linked to masculinity. Women were seen as forever morally inferior to men, who were said to have a more developed superego than women. This, according to Freud, was a problem that could never be solved.

In his time, Freud's concept of penis envy was criticized by the psychoanalyst Karen Horney. Her criticisms actually led to the formation of feminist psychology, and she presented the idea that men experienced envy due to their inability to give birth, referring to it as "womb envy." She explained that men felt envious of the "biological functions of the female sex" (such as breastfeeding, pregnancy), calling them "males striving for achievements as excessive compensation" (Linda Brannon, in her book Gender: Psychological Perspectives). Horney argued that Freud's theory of penis envy made more sense when taken as a metaphor; penis envy was a symbolic desire for the prestige and social position that men experience. Thus, women felt inferior due to the freedom and social status they lacked because of their gender.

Freud responded to her by writing, "We shall not be greatly astonished if an analytical woman who has not been sufficiently convinced of the intensity of her own desire for a penis also fails to attach due importance to this factor in her patients." For Freud, the development of Horney's concept of womb envy was rooted in the penis envy that she herself experienced (R. Yadav, 2018).

Fifty years after Freud, the feminist theorist Jessica Benjamin published "The Bonds of Love" (1986), where she wrote that penis envy was not due to the absence of a penis as Freud described, but rather due to socio-cultural reasons, making it an insignificant part of female sexuality.

According to Freud, our personality develops from a conflict between two forces: our aggressive biological drives and those that seek pleasure in relation to our internal (socialized) control over these drives. Our personality is the result of our efforts to balance these two competing forces. Freud suggested that we can understand this by imagining three interacting systems within our mind. He called them the id, ego, and superego.

The unconscious id contains our most primitive impulses and is present from birth. It directs impulses for urine, thirst, aggression, and sex. Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the "pleasure principle," in which the id seeks immediate gratification. Through social interactions with parents and others in the child's environment, the ego and superego develop to assist in controlling the id. The superego develops when a child interacts with others, learning the social rules of right and wrong. The superego acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how to behave. It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or, when we fail to meet the ideal, feelings of guilt. In contrast to the instinctual id and rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our personality. It is what Freud considered the self and is the part of our personality that is observed by others. Its task is to balance the demands of the id and superego within the context of reality. Thus, it operates on what Freud called the "reality principle." The ego helps the id satisfy its desires in practical and socially acceptable ways.

The id and superego are in constant conflict because the id desires immediate pleasure regardless of consequences, while the superego tells us to behave in ways that align with social and cultural expectations and demands. Therefore, the task of the ego is to find a middle ground. The ego assists in fulfilling the id's desires in a rational manner that won't lead us to feelings of guilt. According to Freud, a person with a strong ego, capable of balancing the demands of the id and superego, has a healthy personality.

Freud believed that inequalities in the system can lead to neurosis (a tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety disorders, or unhealthy behaviors. For example, a person dominated by their identity may become narcissistic and impulsive. A person with a dominant superego may be controlled by feelings of guilt and deny themselves acceptable social pleasures. Conversely, if the superego is weak or absent, a person may become a psychopath. An excessively dominant superego can be seen in an overcontrolled individual whose rational control over reality is so strong that they are unaware of their emotional needs, or in a neurotic person who is overly defensive (using excessive ego defense mechanisms).

Unlike Freud, Horney saw narcissism as a product of someone's environment rather than an inherent trait. A child who is pampered and admired may grow up to be a narcissist. According to Horney, perfectionists have unrealistic high standards for themselves and others. She attributed this to authoritarian parents who made them feel worthless as children. Perfectionists see themselves as superior to others in an attempt to achieve a perfection that they will never attain (Vanacore, 2020).

Considering all of Freud's theories, I can say that while some of his theories may appear brilliant, others seem unfounded and somewhat untrue in my judgment as well as that of many critics. Horney believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Freud believed that unfulfilled behavior and sexual frustration created anxiety, and individuals would use defense mechanisms to compensate. Horney believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships.

According to Horney, basic anxiety (and therefore neurosis) can result from various situations. She suggested that people often have experiences in childhood that contribute to neuroticism, including injustice and discrimination, isolation from other children, lack of respect for their needs, lack of warmth, parental conflicts, etc. (Cherry, K, 2022).

In this line of thought, I can say that in my judgment, I cannot make a clear distinction to choose the author who aligns closest to my judgment. I can say that both Freud and Horney have made significant and valuable contributions to the development of psychology in their own ways. In Freud's theory, I support the conflict between the id and the superego, and I believe that this conflict disrupts the intrapsychic balance within us, stemming from an unfulfillment of instincts. I think there is a continuous source of instincts within us, which in its twists and turns seeks the fulfillment of caprices, but the superego, as a channel, deposits these instincts into the ego to convert them into socially acceptable desires.

On the other hand, Horney states that anxiety is the basis of every psychological disorder, and this anxiety can arise as a result of various situations as mentioned above. It is precisely this theory that makes me agree with her because I find her judgment aligns with mine, and I cannot make a distinction between her and Freud in this aspect since both theories hold significant meaning in my reasoning.

Regarding the "penis envy," I don't entirely agree with Freud. In his theory, it seems as if he portrays the female gender as inferior, and various psychological disorders can arise from this sense of inferiority. In my reasoning, I don't believe there is a real envy for the penis. If there has ever been any envy between the sexes, I think it may have been the result of social factors rather than envy for the male organ. At the time when Freud concluded this, I believe this factor influenced his deviation from reality. The power given to men at that time or their social positions create a difference compared to women, and that may have been the only envy women had at that time.

However, on the other hand, Horney's counter-response to Freud shows a deviation from reality as well, and I believe she may have been influenced by Freud's theory and made this hypothetical "counter-reply" not well-grounded in some aspects, but simply to oppose him. I don't think there is any real jealousy between the sexes, but of course, my opinion remains entirely hypothetical.

But even if we were to accept the assumption that women have envy for the male organ, according to Freud, we would simultaneously consider why men shouldn't have this envy towards women. Therefore, we either agree with both theories or support none.

As for the Oedipus or Electra complex, I believe there is a strong basis of truth and reality, which I have examined extensively in real cases, and I think getting stuck in them and not identifying with the parent of the opposite sex constitutes a bridge to the emergence of subsequent psychological problems if not resolved in time.

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"A Comparative Analysis of Freud and Horney's Theories"

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The perspective I have chosen is the psychodynamic perspective. There are several reasons why I have chosen this perspective. Among them, I can mention as the most important one, the establishment of...

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İlk adı Karen Danielsen olan Karen Horney 16 Eylül 1885 Hamburg doğumlu bir psikanalisttir. Karen Danielsen Horney, 1909 yılında avukat Oska Horney ile evlenmiş ve 1926 yılına kadar evli kalmıştır. Bu evlilikten üç çocuk sahibi olmuştur. Karen Horney, 4 Aralık 1952'de New York'ta hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Eğitim ve Kariyer Hayatı

Karen Danielsen, Freiburg, Göttingen ve Berlin üniversitelerinde tıp okudu ve 1911 yılında tıp doktoru unvanını aldı. 1913-1915 yılları arasında Sigmund Freud'un öğrencisi ve yakın arkadaşı Karl Abraham ile çalıştı ve analiz eğitimi aldı. 1915'ten 1920'ye kadar Berlin hastaneleriyle bağlantılı olarak klinik ve ayakta psikiyatri çalışmaları yaptı ve 1920'de yeni kurulan Berlin Psikanaliz Enstitüsü'nün öğretim kadrosuna katıldı.

Karen Horney, 1932 yılında Amerika'ya yerleşti ve burada psikanaliz alanında çalışmalarına devam etti. Psikanalizin önemli isimlerinden biri olan Horney, kadınların psikolojik gelişimi ve cinsiyet rolleri üzerine yaptığı çalışmalarla tanınır. Sıcak, yumuşak kalpli bir eğitim analisti ve sevilen bir profesör olarak saygı gören bir insandı. Horney, kendi kişisel gelişimi için mücadele etti ve kadınlara, kendi Neo-Freudyen yolunu izleyerek kendi haklarını güvence altına almalarını teşvik etti.

Karen Horney Kuramı

Karen Horney Nöratizm Kuramı adı altında çalışmalarını sürdürmüştür. Bu kuram insanların savunma mekanizmalarının rolünü ve kişiliklerini oluşturmaya yöneliktir. Nörotik kişilik teorisi kişinin çocukluğunda bir travmanın neden olduğu nörotik davranışların temeli oluşturacağını ve kişinin bu travmalara karşı geliştirdiği savunma mekanizmalarının kişiliklerini etkileyebileceğini destekler. Horney kişinin içsel çatışmaları ve benlik algısını anlamaya çalışan bir yaklaşımı öne sürer.

Horney, Freudcu teorilere genel olarak bağlı kalsa da, erken dönemde Freud'un erkek psikolojisinin bir dalı olarak ele aldığı kadın psikolojisi görüşüne karşı çıkarak kendi fikirlerini savunmaya başladı. Freudcuların dogmaları benimsemesine neden olan tapınma duygusunun etkisi altında kalmadan psikanaliz teorisindeki erkek yanlılığının diğer belirtileri gibi kavramları açıkça reddetti. Rahim kıskançlığı kavramını ortaya attı. Erkeklerin annelik, hamilelik, emzirme gibi kadına özgü yaşamlarına duydukları kıskançlık ve erkeklerin de üstünlüklerini iddia etmelerini sağlayan bir görüş ortaya koydu.

Freudyen teoriye bağlı kalmaması, Horney'nin 1941'de New York Psikanaliz Enstitüsü'nden
atılmasına neden oldu. Horney, derneğin Amerikan Psikanaliz Dergisi'ni kurdu ve 1952'de
ölümüne kadar editör olarak görev yaptı. Ayrıca, Our Inner Conflicts (1945) ve Neurosis and
Human Growth'ta nevrozların kişilerarası ilişkilerdeki rahatsızlıklardan kaynaklandığı yönündeki
görüşlerini açıklayarak yazmaya devam etti.

Karen Horney Vakfı, ölümünden sonra New York'ta kuruldu ve hala aktif olan Karen Horney
Kliniği'nin açılmasına da katkıda bulundu (1955).

Selin Su Hazar
Referanslar

Karen Horney. (2021). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Erişim tarihi: 9 Ekim 2023 www.britannica.com/biography/Karen-Horney.

Karen Horney: A Portrait: The 120th Anniversary, Karen Horney, September 16, 1885.

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İlk adı Karen Danielsen olan Karen Horney 16 Eylül 1885 Hamburg doğumlu bir psikanalisttir. Karen Danielsen Horney, 1909 yılında avukat Oska Horney ile evlenmiş ve 1926 yılına kadar evli kalmıştır. Bu evlilikten üç çocuk sahibi olmuştur. Karen Horney, 4 Aralık 1952'de New York'ta hayatını kaybetmiştir.

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Karen Horney: Psikanalitik Sosyal Kuram 📕📙🌾