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Summary: This article details the earliest forms of masonry and how it has evolved to become what it is today. It includes details about many ancient civilizations and how they utilized masonry.

Reflection: The writer includes key details in how masonry was utilized throughout history and details how the craft was improved upon and perfected throughout history. This is a good article for anyone interested in where masonry gets it's roots from and how it evolved from a crude trade into the art it is today.

Citation: “The History of Brick and How Masonry Came to Be.” Beavertown Block, 9 Sept. 2021, beavertownblock.com/2021/09/the-history-of-brick-and-how-masonry-came-to-be/.

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Brick is one of the most commonly used construction materials across the globe. Among other benefits, brick is weatherproof, energy efficient and relatively low maintenance. But who invented the brick, and what is brick masonry exactly? If you've ever asked yourself these questions, keep reading. This post will cover everything you need to know about the history of brick and masonry.
Early days of masonry
Let's start by answering the question, "What is brick masonry?" In short, masonry is the craft of building structures with stone, clay, brick or concrete blocks, and is one of the world's oldest trades.

Civilizations began using bricks made from sun-dried mud as far back as 10,000 years ago. These ancient people preferred structures made of stone or brick because they were more weather resistant than any other previous building technology.

The first kiln-fired bricks were made in approximately 3500 BC. These bricks were much stronger than their sun-dried predecessors, and they were made in uniform shapes, which allowed for easier construction.
Ancient Egypt
Masons were an integral part of the Ancient Egyptian culture, as they were responsible for crafting the pyramids around 2600 BC. The pyramids are built of massive pieces of limestone with granite lining the walls of the burial chambers.

Where the earliest masons merely used mud to bind the bricks, Egyptian masons filled gaps with mixtures of rubber and gypsum. Despite not having the best binding properties, it's safe to say that the Egyptians' mortar has held up pretty well over the years!
The Roman Empire
The art of masonry spread throughout the Roman Empire. All of the Roman temples and buildings, including the Colosseum, were built by masons. Roman soldiers even brought traveling kilns with them everywhere they went to construct their famous roads.
The Middle Ages
Masons generally made castles, cathedrals and bridges out of stone during Medieval times. By constructing their buildings out of large stone blocks and limestone plaster, masons were able to build massive structures that could withstand even the fiercest sieges.
The Industrial Revolution
Great advancements were made in masonry during the Industrial Revolution between 1760 and 1840. Brick production became faster, and the bricks that were produced were much sturdier. Additionally, transporting bricks and other heavy building materials became easier due to improved infrastructure.

It was also at this point when brick production became more standardized. Today, the standard size for a brick in the United States is 2.5" x 3.75" x 8".
Masonry today
Metal frames have mostly replaced brick masonry as the preferred construction method for many buildings these days. However, the masonry industry remains strong thanks to the production of concrete blocks. Concrete is a much more durable material than traditional bricks, and is more economical to produce.
What can we do for you?
The answer to who invented the brick isn't exactly straightforward. What is straightforward, though, is who you should buy all of your concrete blocks from. Beavertown Block Co., Inc. sells the highest-quality masonry supplies for both commercial and residential projects. Give us a call today to get a quote on materials for your next project.

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The History of Brick and How Masonry Came to Be

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Brick is one of the most commonly used construction materials across the globe. Among other benefits, brick is weatherproof, energy efficient and relatively low

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Summary: In this article Cody Arnold addresses how masonry went from a crude form of construction to the precise craft it is today and how it benefits us.

Reflection: Cody Arnold provides plenty of interesting information about how masonry was developed that is sure to intrigue anyone interested in the trade. He even includes how modern masonry benefits us paying homage to all the work that has been put in to make masonry what it is today.

Citation: Arnold, Cody. “The Evolution of Masonry and How It Benefits You.” Ray Arnold Masonry, 30 June 2021, rayarnoldmasonry.com/the-evolution-of-masonry-and-how-it-benefits-you/.

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Ray Arnold Masonry & General Contracting

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Masonry is, perhaps, one of the oldest forms of building as humans have been building with forms of brick for thousands of years. It's also the oldest form of construction .

Some of the earliest evidence of masonry dates back to at least 7500 BCE, when people used earthen bricks. This is believed to be when masonry began in earnest, but over time, the evolution of has changed immensely.

We'll point out some significant moments that helped shape what modern masonry is all about today. We'll also discuss how modern masonry benefits everyone. So read on to learn more about the evolution of masonry and how it benefits you.

The Evolution of Ancient Masonry

There are different styles of masonry, but they are all based on one thing - construction. The three main styles of masonry that are often used today are: Brick Masonry , Stone Masonry and Concrete Blocks.

The development of different styles of masonry has come about due to the different materials that have been used. It also depended on what materials were available in what region.

Prior to the 18th century, most masonry was done using stone as a building material. Due to its strength and durability, stone was the most commonly used building material available.

The Evolution of Medieval Masonry

" You employ stone, wood and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces. That is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good, I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture. Art enters in ." - Le Corbusier.

The ancient Egyptians originally created crude blocks of masonry to build the pyramids. The blocks were flat and were cut into slabs that were used to create floors and walls. Over time, they learned to angle and cut their stone into thinner pieces.

The next step in the evolution of masonry was to develop the wall. The walls were initially built using mud bricks. Stone was then added to create the flat surfaces.

The Evolution into Modern Masonry

As you can imagine, the transformation of masonry over time is quite substantial.
Here are some of the significant milestones that helped to shape modern masonry:

Rome developed brick architecture.

Leonardo Da Vinci developed an architectural style that was very influential.

Vitruvius creates the first composite brick.

Origin:

Ancient Mesopotamians left mud bricks out in the sun to dry over 7000 years ago.

The Pyramid Revolution:

In order to encourage trade, the ancient Egyptians put the focus on convenience rather than luxury. They turned to long-lasting materials.

This was particularly the case with the temples of the pyramid. One of the most impressive things about the Egyptian pyramids is their durability.

Roman Brick:

Around 300 BCE, Greco-Roman builders began using carefully laid bricks to build their buildings. This was a totally new concept. Before then, the way that buildings were built seemed to be almost totally by chance.

Roman builders made use of the principles of geometry to plan and build their buildings. They used big stones to build huge blocks of concrete, and they stacked them up carefully.

Roman brick used a form of mortar known as pozzolana , which is basically volcanic sand mixed with lime. We now know that this is known as "Roman Brick". You'll find Roman Brick in lots of things today.

Today:

Bricks have continued to evolve with time. They are no longer the massive blocks of concrete that they used to be. New types of masonry products today include thin brick, and both natural and manufactured stone.

Modern Masonry Benefits Everyone

There's a lot of benefits to masonry and using this modern form of construction. Let's take a look.

Safety

With newer technologies, masonry construction is much safer than it was in the past. There were no permanent construction site safety standards back then like today. Many people were injured on a regular basis due to accidents on these past sites.

Quality

Modern brick and stone used for building are of better quality and strength thanks to the use of newer composites and ways of mixing these materials together. Consistency of product also produces superior results.

Creativity

Buildings and structures can now be built in almost unheard of ways than in the past. Literally, if it can be imagined, it can be built today because of superior materials. Whether it's a cool new or a customized walkway, it can now be built with relative ease.

Conclusion

This evolution in masonry explains the refinement over the years to make a product that is top quality. Masonry has proven to be effective and adaptable for a wide variety of structures. Even though it may have changed somewhat over the years, masonry is still the best way to build structures.

We hope you enjoyed this article about the evolution of masonry and how it benefits you.

We can certainly vouch for the power, strength and durability of masonry as our company has been in business since 1952. Our masonry technicians are highly skilled and certified in brick and stonework. We have been honored to be a part of many beautiful projects for our customers and we truly appreciate the long-term relationships we have had with them.

Contact Ray Arnold Masonry today to get started on your next masonry masterpiece.

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The Evolution of Masonry and How it Benefits You - Ray Arnold Masonry & General Contracting

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Masonry is, perhaps, one of the oldest forms of building as humans have been building with forms of brick for thousands of years. It's also the oldest form of construction . Some of the earliest evidence of masonry dates back to at least 7500 BCE, when people used earthen bricks.

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Summary: Brandon Johnson goes into incredible detail about how ancient civilizations utilized masonry and how we use it today, including fascinating depictions of historical masonry.

Reflection: This article was a pleasure to read and something you must look into if you have a fascination with history or masonry. It contains interesting facts about how different civilizations used masonry and developed different styles of masonry and relevant pictures providing a good visual to allow you to better understand how it really looked.

Citation: Johnson, Brandon. “Building a Legacy: Tracing the History of Masonry Through the Ages.” Four Oaks Residential, 12 Apr. 2023, fouroaksres.com/history-of-masonry-construction/.

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Four Oaks Residential - Footing + Foundation + Concrete Contractors

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Building a Legacy: Tracing the History of Masonry through the Ages

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Discover the fascinating history of masonry, from its origins in ancient civilizations to its role in modern architecture. Learn about the development of techniques, the rise of secret societies, and the enduring legacy of this timeless craft.

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Summary: The author writes about the evolution of masonry and notable masonry structures including historical details.

Reflection: In this article the author details the history of masonry and major masonry structures throughout history. The writer especially goes into detail on the Great Wall of China and the Colosseum. The article is tied together at the end with a portion that details different aspects of masonry that have stayed mostly the same throughout history.

Citation: James. “The History of Masonry & Notable Masonry Structures .” Fix My Brick, 18 Dec. 2018, fixmybrick.ca/the-history-of-masonry-notable-masonry-structures-part-1/.

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The History of Masonry & Notable Masonry Structures - Part 1 - Fix My Brick

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The art of masonry dates back to the earliest moments in human civilization, when out of need, man sought to supplement the rare, naturally-occurring caves with artificial structures created from piles of stone. The natural availability of stones has been responsible for their early use and contribution to the oldest known structures in human history.

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Summary: This article details the history of masonry and especially the different kinds of bricks and methods of making bricks throughout history.

Reflection: For anyone interested in the more technical side of masonry, this is a must read. The article goes into incredible detail about bricks and how they were made throughout different periods and civilizations. Out of all other articles on the topic, I believe this is the best for those who want to learn in detail how bricks were made and utilized through different bond techniques.

Citation: “Brick Masonry History .” 757 Brick, 6 Dec. 2022, 757brick.com/blog/history-of-brick-masonry/.

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Brick, Stone Veneer & Concrete Pavers | Batchelder & Collins | Norfolk & Williamsburg - Brick, Block, Pavers, Masonry Accessories & Tools

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You encounter bricks every single day. They are everywhere, from brick houses and brick buildings to paved walkways and even some streets. You pass by them all the time and never give them a second thought. Bricks are a popular building material both for sturdiness and decorative value. Have you ever wondered when we first started using bricks and why?

Bricks have a long legacy going back more than 10,000 years. Check out some interesting facts and trivia about the history of bricks and brickmaking and learn why you should choose Batchelder & Collins bricks in your own home construction and remodeling projects.

How Old Is the Oldest Brick?

The earliest bricks discovered date to around 7,000 BCE and were found in what is now modern-day southern Turkey near the ancient Biblical city of Jericho. The first bricks were mud bricks, meaning they were most likely made from mud clay mixed with straw, shaped by hand, and sundried in the open air.

While these are the oldest bricks discovered, the history of brickmaking may go back even earlier. Ancient writings indicate that the ancient Egyptians, Romans, and other early cultures used bricks, with sun-dried bricks being some of the earliest forms.

Turkey and the Middle East

Besides Turkey, bricks dating from 7000 to 3500 BCE have been discovered across the Middle East, particularly in the Tigris region, the Persian Gulf, Pakistan, and South Asia. These were universally air-dried mudbricks.

China

Bricks in China date back to at least 4400 BCE. They were discovered in the Chengtoushan region, and rather than the air-dried bricks from the Middle East, this type of brick was baked in a brick kiln at over 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit. These early examples of fired bricks were more commonly used as flooring than as a building material.

Europe

During the middle ages, workers kneaded clay by hand, placed it in wooden molds, and wiped away the clay. The molds were left to dry, and the bricks were pulled from the frame. This handmade form of brickmaking with molds lasted until the late 19th century.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, Europeans rediscovered the art of bricklaying and commonly erected brick structures. These structures began in Rome and spread to other countries, including England, France, and Germany. By the Renaissance, brick buildings were common throughout Europe. Many significant Renaissance structures, like brick gothic cathedrals, arose.

During the Industrial Revolution era of Great Britain in the 1760s, brick manufacturing used red clay, whose color came from iron oxide within the dirt. These raw materials produced the bright red bricks so familiar today. This made bricks aesthetically preferable to stone as a building material, as buildings made from red bricks were easier to see in the dense fog, thus aiding travelers in inclement weather conditions.

By the early-mid 20th century, brickmaking took a quantum leap forward. New brick-making machines enabled the mass production of bricks, making brick structures easier to produce. Today in places like Poland and the Netherlands, brick homes are wildly popular, and Dutch brick is its own architectural style.

North America

Native Americans in the Southwest used clay, mud, and straw to create clay bricks called adobe, which translates to mudbrick. These clay logs would be sun-dried and then stacked to build brick walls. Adobe brick buildings do not resemble the brick homes of today because the Native Americans, after stacking their building blocks, did not use mortar to fill gaps but covered the walls with additional mud, so the walls looked smooth. These structures probably looked similar to their contemporary Turkish designs.

Fired bricks as we know them today, made from molds and baked in kilns, probably came to the United States around the 1600s with English colonists. We know that brick buildings in the United States went up around 1611, but the building boom of the 19th century made brick the dominant building material it is today.

Boston is famed for its iconic and historic brick rowhouses and brownstones. Even some of the world's most famed skyscrapers used brickwork. In fact, New York's Empire State Building is comprised of 10 million clay bricks.

Types of Bricks Used Throughout History

Types of bricks are classified mainly by the brickmaking process as opposed to the raw materials used, though raw materials are used in conjunction with the creation process to rate the quality of bricks from First to Fourth Class. Modern bricks use various materials, from clay to fly ash to silicates. Brickmaking processes have changed and evolved through history, primarily to produce stronger, more efficient bricks.

Sun-Dried Brick

Sun-dried bricks are also called unfired bricks or mudbricks. They are the earliest forms of bricks and were made where climates were hot and dry enough to "cook" the brick naturally once it was formed. These types of bricks only thrive in arid environments as exposure to water will rapidly deteriorate them. Before the invention of wooden molds, they would have been formed by hand.

Fired Brick

Fired brick, also called fire brick, is generally made from sand, iron oxide, clay, lime, and magnesia. It is among the longest-lasting forms of brick. The Romans pioneered mobile kilns, which allowed remote worksites to arise and make bricks viable for creating everything from public works projects to remote military fortifications.

Molded Brick

Molded brick initially used wooden forms called molds or moulds, which were filled by hand and packed. These later gave way during the Industrial Revolution to steel molds that used hydraulic presses to create extra-strong bricks that could be fired at up to 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit.

Pressed Brick

Pressed brick, or dry-pressed brick, uses thicker materials, allowing for very sharp edges when the brick is pressed and shaped. These types of bricks are prized for their aesthetic value and regular appearance.

What are the Different Processes for Brick Making?

Many different processes exist for brickmaking. The three most common in the modern era are molding, extruding, and dry pressing.

Molding

Originally, molding was done by hand as clay and mud were poured into a wooden mold, then the excess materials were removed. When the brick dried, it was removed from the mold, and another was made. Today, brick molding is done via mass production using high pressure, high heat, and steel molds to create bricks of exceptional strength and durability.

Extruding

Brickmakers produce extruded bricks by forcing clay through a die. This forms holes and makes wire-cut faces. The result is a lighter-weight brick that is less expensive to use than a dry-pressed brick and easier to finish with cement renders and other facing materials.

Dry-Pressing

Dry-pressing is like molding but uses a thicker clay mix to create highly accurate and regular-shaped bricks. Since dry-pressing uses a greater force and the burn time takes longer, making dry-pressed bricks is much more expensive than other methods. Clay is dried in a drum-drier, crushed, and ground to powder, then placed into a toggle press where the pressure forms it into a finished brick.

Brick Building in Ancient Times

As discussed earlier, hand-formed bricks saw use in the ancient Middle East, Egypt, and even as far west as the adobe structures of ancient North American civilizations. Europeans used bricks as far back as the Roman Empire. The Romans used fired bricks to build everything from arches and cultural centers to vaults and forts.

Romans also pioneered the use of mobile kilns, allowing them to spread brickmaking worldwide. Even today, the remains of ancient Roman forts built with fired brick can be found as far off as France, England, and Ireland. It is a testimony to the sturdiness and utility of bricks as a building material.

Unfortunately, when the Roman Empire fell, the production of brick went with it and retreated to the Byzantine Empire and Italy until it was rediscovered around the 12th century. After that, it spread once more throughout the civilized world and rapidly became a dominant building material in everything from houses to gothic brick cathedrals. The first brick-making machines arrived on the scene in the 1800s, making mass production of bricks viable.

The Industrialization Period's Impact on Brick Production

When brick-making machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution, brick production changed fundamentally. Brickmaking was now faster and more efficient than ever. This made bricks less expensive to produce, increasing their popularity.

The discovery of red clay bricks was another marked shift in using bricks as a building material. While originally used to allow travelers to see buildings in thick fog and inclement weather and to prevent collisions, its aesthetic value saw it become the dominant form of brick even as the process moved brickmaking to the New World.

Today brickyards can be found in almost every city worldwide, and brick is one of the most popular materials for building the world over. It is highly affordable, easy to come by, and strong enough to last hundreds of years, especially in the Hampton Roads area which is susceptible to tropical storms and hurricanes.

What Are the Different Types of Structural Brick Bonds?

"Bond" is an important term in the science of bricklaying. It refers to the patterned arrangement of brick or stone that makes up a wall. Most people, for example, have a familiar image of "staggered" bricks forming a wall. This is a type of bond form.

Structural brick bonds are a means by which bricks are patterned to bear heavy loads rather than in a decorative pattern. These bond patterns use bricks as "headers" and "stretchers." Stretchers are laid lengthwise, while headers are smaller squared bricks laid endwise. Some of the most common forms of structural brick bonds include running, Flemish, and common bonds.

Running Bond

The running bond is among the most common forms of bricklaying structure and is the typical "staggered" image that most people think of when they think about brick walls. It is an easy-to-lay type of bond and is also sometimes called stretcher bond. It is suitable for walls of half-brick thickness are required.

Flemish Bond

Flemish bond walls have a similar staggered look to running bond walls but use alternating headers and stretchers in each row. Headers are centered on stretchers in the rows above and below, and each alternate row starts with a header in a corner. This creates a sort of "long-short-long" look for each row of bricks, with each row offset from the ones below and above.

Common Bond

Common bond walls have a unique look that combines four or five rows of stretchers using a running bond structure with a single row of headers. It creates a robust network with an attractive and classic aesthetic. Some historic buildings and foundations make use of this bond for both its sturdiness and its appearance. Common bond walls are also known as American bonds.

Other Forms of Bond

Other forms of structural bonds include English, Header, and Herringbone. English Bond is a common form of brick bond that uses the alternating header and stretcher row. Each header is centered over the stretchers below it. Every row is then vertically aligned. Quoin closers, or bricks cut lengthwise in half, are used at each corner.

Header bonds are built using the short faces of the bricks. They are otherwise similar to running bond walls, but because of how the bricks are laid, they tend to be thicker and require more bricks to create.

Herringbone bonds are non-structural bonds. They are distinctly decorative and are not suitable for creating load-bearing structures. This type of decorative bond forms a diagonal, offset herringbone weave that creates a distinctive pattern with the appearance of sideways V-shapes.

What Are the Advantages of Using Brick?

Bricks offer many advantages over other forms of building material. There is a reason they have been so popular since the ancient world, and they keep getting better over time. Clay bricks today are readily available and affordable but are also highly tested under harsh conditions to ensure they will last for a long time. Bricks are low-maintenance, thermal insulating, exceptionally sturdy, and aesthetically beautiful, and they are made from green, all-natural materials.

Low-Maintenance

Anyone who has ever had to deal with carpenter ants or termites can appreciate the low maintenance of brick. Bricks do not get waterlogged, so they do not require sealing. They do not disintegrate or rot like wood or crumble like concrete. Some buildings built of brick over 2,000 years ago during the Roman Empire still stand and are in use today in Italy. Brick is a permanent building material that only needs occasional cleaning to maintain its looks.

Thermal Insulation

Brick is also an insulator. It has outstanding thermal mass or can store and slowly release heat. Brick homes tend to stay cooler in the hottest part of the summer day and to keep the heat that they radiate into the house during the winter months, staying warmer inside. Brick structures are ideal for almost any climate due to this unique property to store and release heat and insulate a structure. In short: bricks are energy-efficient and may even save you a few bucks on your utility bills.

Exceptional Durability

Bricks can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions. They are non-combustible; after all, they are fired to thousands of degrees Fahrenheit to create them. The brick will not burn. Brick also resists water penetration and can stand against strong wind. Brick walls help to minimize mold growth, insect infestation, and wood rot. Brick walls can protect against debris blown about in strong winds and offer a high degree of protection to the people and contents within the structure.

Aesthetic Beauty

Bricks are beautiful to view. No matter what type of design style you prefer, from a grand Victorian home to Gothic spires to ultramodern contemporary designs, brick can handle the job. It is a versatile material that can be erected in many different forms and styles to create a unique look. While deep red brick is the most popular, yellow and white brick can offer unique accents. Bricklayers are artisans who can create stunning designs of incredible beauty.

All-Natural, Green Building

In today's world, arguably the best reason to choose brick is that it is an affordable, inexpensive, entirely green material. By "green," of course, we mean ecologically friendly. Brick is made from all-natural materials and has a low carbon footprint. The creation of brick is a sustainable process, and its long-lasting nature makes it attractive for a wide variety of applications, from load-bearing walls to lovely walkways, flooring, decorative hearths, and more.

Brick, as mentioned, is energy efficient due to its thermal properties and sturdy enough to stand the test of time. Creation produces minimal waste, which can be recycled into more bricks. Since brick is inert, it never leeches volatile organic chemicals into the environment. It is a fantastic way to feel good about doing your part for the environment.

Building a House and Considering Brick?

If you want to use brick to build your structure, Batchelder & Collins is ready to provide the necessary supplies. We have been building in the Hampton Roads area since 1868 with a wide range of affordable, green building materials that stand the test of time.

Brick is far better than siding. It lasts much longer and requires less maintenance. Unlike siding, it will not fall away from the home and will not require repairs and patching. Unlike wood, brick will not rot, get waterlogged, grow mold, or be prone to pest infestation. It does not need to be sealed and treated. Unlike vinyl, brick does not get discolored and fade or wash out with age. It does not warp or need to be replaced in large sections.

Brick is strong, solid, classic, and available in several colors. It can mix with other materials and still look amazing. The right bricklayer can even apply special mortar colors and techniques to give you a unique look that is all your own.

A House of Bricks Holds History and Strength

Brick is the very definition of a time-honored building material. Its sheer longevity, insulation properties, and gorgeous appearance make it an outstanding choice and one of the oldest eco-friendly building materials available. For more information about using brick for your next project or to place an order, contact Batchelder & Collins at (757) 625-2506 or use our contact form to get in touch with us today.

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The History of Brick Masonry | Batchelder & Collins

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Learn the history of brick as a building material and why it is a budget- and ecologically-friendly way to create long-lasting and beautiful structures.

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Summary: As the name implies, this blog post gives a brief overview of how masonry came to be. Although it is brief, it has all information necessary to understand the history of masonry.

Reflection: Although this blog is a quick read it provides the reader with plenty of relevant information about the history of masonry. I think anyone looking for a quick overview of the history would agree that this is a good read. Although, if you want more technical information you should find another article as this one only provides a baseline understanding.

Citation:“ The History of Masonry: A Brief Overview.” Pittsburgh Masonry, 21 June 2018, pittsburgh-masonry.com/blog/the-history-of-masonry/.

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Cirigliano Masonry | Pittsburgh Masonry and Natural Stone

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History of Masonry: A Brief Overview | Cirigliano Masonry - Pittsburgh, PA

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Discover the history behind masonry construction. Cirigliano Masonry will walk you through the turning points of stone & brick masonry up to the modern day.

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Summary: This long article goes into incredible detail about all things masonry, even the environmental impacts and energy efficiency. I'm sure anyone who reads this will learn at least something new and fascinating about the trade.

Reflection: The author goes into incredible detail about both modern and historical masonry. Included are topics you will have a hard time finding in other articles such as how masonry effects the environment and the energy efficiency of masonry building techniques. Even if you have a good knowledge about everything masonry, there is something you can learn from this article as it covers such a wide variety of information and it is something that you should not pass up on if masonry interests you.

Citation:“Masonry.” PressBooks, lbcc.pressbooks.pub/buildingconstruction/chapter/masonry/.

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Masonry, at its core, is the process of constructing a structure from individual units, which are often laid and bound together using mortar. The term can also refer to the units themselves. These units can be made from various materials such as brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe. These are all robust materials and provide strength, durability, and resilience to a structure. Masonry is not just for structural purposes, but it also has an aesthetic role in architecture, adding beauty and character to the built environment.

The art of masonry is as old as civilization, with evidence of masonry construction dating back to 7000 B.C in Jericho, one of the world's oldest inhabited cities. This period saw the use of sun-dried mud bricks, one of the earliest masonry materials.

As humans advanced, so did their masonry skills. Ancient Egyptians were pioneers of stone masonry, with iconic structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza standing as testimony to this fact. These stone constructions symbolized power and permanence, an attribute tied closely to masonry.

Masonry was also the backbone of Roman architectural prowess. The Romans introduced new materials like concrete and techniques such as the arch, vault, and dome, enhancing the possibilities of masonry architecture.

During the Middle Ages, brick and stone masonry flourished, particularly in constructing European cathedrals and castles. The intricacies of Gothic masonry showcased the versatility and flexibility of the craft.

In more modern times, the industrial revolution brought new materials like concrete blocks, providing new opportunities for masonry. Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright used masonry not just as a structural component but as an essential part of their aesthetic philosophy.

Today, masonry remains a cornerstone of architecture. With an increased focus on sustainability and resilience, it is being reimagined and innovated to meet contemporary demands, embracing new technologies while honoring its rich, diverse history. As we step into the future, masonry continues to evolve, promising an exciting journey ahead in the architectural landscape.

Stone masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but with some considerable intricacy, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.

Stone is one of the oldest and most enduring materials in masonry. Its inherent strength, durability, and resistance to weather and wear make it an excellent choice for construction. Moreover, stone also boasts aesthetic appeal, providing a timeless elegance and natural beauty that can enhance architectural design.

There are two primary types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses stones found in nature, often in irregular shapes, while ashlar masonry uses stones cut into regular shapes with fine joints.

Stone masonry is particularly well suited to structures that require resilience and longevity. These can range from retaining walls and bridges to buildings and monuments. Notably, stone masonry is fire-resistant and can withstand extreme weather conditions. In addition, its thermal mass properties make it an energy-efficient choice, helping to keep buildings cool in summer and warm in winter.

Historically, iconic examples of stone masonry include the Great Pyramids of Egypt, the Greek Parthenon, and the Roman Colosseum. Historically, stone masonry has been beautifully exemplified in modern structures such as Antoni Gaudí's Basilica of Sagrada Familia in Barcelona and Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater in Pennsylvania. These examples demonstrate the timeless appeal and enduring strength of stone masonry in architecture.

Brick masonry involves using bricks - small rectangular blocks typically made from baked clay - bound together with mortar to form structures. The bricks themselves are noted for their durability, strength, and longevity. Furthermore, bricks are available in various colors and finishes, providing excellent aesthetic flexibility.

Bricks are known for resisting fire and sound, adding to their appeal for residential and commercial constructions. They also possess significant thermal mass, storing and releasing heat to help regulate indoor temperatures.

Brick masonry is versatile and is used in various structures including homes, schools, commercial buildings, and even bridges. Additionally, due to its modular nature and the relative ease of handling bricks, brick masonry is frequently used in detailed architectural features such as arches, cornices, and decorative elements.

Notable examples of brick masonry include Northern Europe's Gothic-style brick cathedrals, the Victorian era's brick-clad industrial buildings, and contemporary structures like Renzo Piano's Kansai International Airport terminal in Japan.

Concrete block masonry, or cinder block masonry, uses larger blocks made of concrete - cement, sand, and aggregate. These blocks are noted for their high compressive strength, durability, and fire resistance.

Concrete blocks are heavier and larger than bricks, which makes them ideal for larger structural applications. They are often used to construct foundations, walls in commercial and residential buildings, and retaining walls.

Their structural strength makes them particularly useful in areas prone to natural disasters such as hurricanes or earthquakes. Furthermore, they provide excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, enhancing a building's energy efficiency and comfort.

Historically, concrete blocks were often hidden behind other materials due to their utilitarian appearance. However, modern design has embraced concrete block masonry's raw, industrial aesthetic. Notable examples include the modernist designs of the late Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, such as the Palace of Dawn in Brasília or Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, a monument to the possibilities of concrete block construction.

Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque architecture emerged in Western Europe in the late 10th century and lasted until the 12th century, giving rise to the Gothic style. It is characterized by solid, sturdy pillars, rounded arches, and barrel vaults, reflecting the architectural techniques inherited from the Roman Empire, hence the name "Romanesque."

Masonry played a crucial role in Romanesque architecture. Builders mainly used stone for its strength and durability, allowing for massive structures with thick walls and few windows. The use of masonry also led to the development of architectural features such as the arch and the barrel vault, which were essential to the stability of these large structures.

Iconic examples of Romanesque architecture include the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy in France and the Durham Cathedral in England. These structures represent masonry's practical and aesthetic use in Romanesque architecture, illustrating its historical importance and influence on architectural trends.

Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture originated in the 12th century, succeeding the Romanesque style, and was dominant in Europe until the 16th century. It introduced significant advancements in masonry and architectural design, including the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.

These innovations allowed structures to be built taller and more elaborate than ever. Stone masonry was the primary construction method, but the development of the flying buttress meant that walls could have larger windows, leading to the emergence of stained glass art.

The use of masonry in Gothic architecture allowed the creation of some of the most iconic religious and secular buildings of the time. Notably, the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, the Chartres Cathedral, and the Palace of Westminster in London all embody the heights of Gothic architectural achievement, demonstrating the transformative potential of masonry in this era.

Modern Architecture and the Use of Masonry

Modern architecture emerged in the early 20th century and sought to break away from traditional architectural styles and embrace new construction methods and materials. Although modernism embraced innovative materials like steel and glass, masonry continued to play a significant role.

Brick and concrete block masonry were popular in modern architecture. They were appreciated for their inherent structural and aesthetic qualities and were often left exposed to express the "truth" of materials, a key principle of modernist architecture. Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn famously employed brick and concrete masonry in their designs, creating innovative patterns and using the modular nature of these materials to create dynamic forms and spaces.

For instance, Wright's Fallingwater and Kahn's National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, showcase the innovative use of masonry in modern architecture, blending functionality and aesthetic appeal.

Contemporary Architecture and Masonry

Contemporary architecture, the architecture of the 21st century, reflects a broad range of styles and approaches. Sustainability, technology, and context have become critical considerations, and masonry's durability and energy efficiency remain relevant.

Modern techniques allow creating unique and varied masonry units, from specially shaped bricks to custom concrete blocks. Moreover, digital fabrication techniques enable complex forms and patterns to be created using masonry, pushing the boundaries of the material.

Architects like Peter Zumthor and Herzog & de Meuron frequently use masonry, highlighting the material's natural beauty and tactile quality. For example, Zumthor's Therme Vals, a spa in Switzerland built from locally quarried stone, shows how contemporary architecture uses masonry to create structures that harmonize with their context.

Mortar and grout are crucial components of masonry construction. They work with masonry units (like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks) to create a solid, durable structure.

Mortar is a workable paste composed of water, sand, and a binder such as lime or cement. It serves two primary functions in masonry. Firstly, it holds masonry units together, filling the gaps to create a continuous, stable assembly. This is critical for the structural integrity of the masonry. Secondly, mortar helps to evenly distribute loads across the masonry units, preventing stress concentrations that could lead to cracking or failure.

Grout, on the other hand, is a fluid form of concrete used to fill cavities in masonry construction. In masonry, grout is often used to fill the spaces within the masonry units (cells) for reinforced masonry, enhancing the structure's overall strength and seismic performance. The grout binds the reinforcement and the masonry units together, creating a composite structure that can resist larger forces.

In summary, both mortar and grout are essential to masonry construction. They bind the masonry units together, ensuring the structure's stability, and contributing to its ability to withstand loads and environmental factors. Understanding their properties and uses is critical to achieving successful masonry construction.

Masonry bonds refer to the pattern in which bricks or stones are laid to ensure the strength and stability of the resulting structure. They also provide aesthetic appeal. Here are some of the most common types:

Stretcher or Running Bond: Also known as the running bond, it's the simplest type of bond where all bricks are laid as stretchers (long side facing the front). It's commonly used for walls one-half brick thick.

Header Bond: Each course consists entirely of headers (short side facing the front). It's often used in walls that are one brick in thickness.

English Bond: It consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers. It's known for its strength and is used in walls that are more than one brick thick.

Flemish Bond: In this type, each course consists of alternating headers and stretchers. The header is centered on the stretcher below it. This type is both strong and aesthetically pleasing.

Stack Bond: All bricks are stacked directly above one another, with all vertical joints aligned. Although less structurally sound, it provides unique visual appeal.

Masonry Joints: Types and Significance

The term 'masonry joints' can refer to the spaces between bricks that are filled with mortar or grout, or the way the edges and corners (mortar joints) are finished in a masonry wall. The treatment of these joints has significant implications for both the structural integrity and the aesthetic appeal of the wall.

Flush Joint: This is a simple joint where the excess mortar is cut off flush with the wall face.

Concave Joint: This popular joint type is created by pressing a rounded tool into the mortar, forming a concave surface. It helps to protect the wall from water ingress.

V-joint: A V-shaped tool creates this joint, leaving a V-shaped groove. It's typically used for aesthetic purposes.

Weathered Joint: This joint type is sloped outward, enabling water to run off and away from the wall surface.

Raked Joint: A tool rakes out the top portion of the mortar joint, creating a shadow line. However, it's less resistant to weather conditions.

Each type of joint has its advantages and suits different environmental conditions and aesthetic preferences, thus influencing the durability and visual characteristics of masonry work.

Masonry structures are known for their exceptional strength and stability. This strength arises primarily from the inherent durability of the materials used (like stone, brick, or concrete blocks), but also from the way these materials are assembled.

The alignment and interlocking of masonry units and the bonding and sealing capabilities of mortar and grout create a composite structure that can bear significant loads. Masonry walls effectively distribute the weight of the structure over a broad area, reducing stress on individual elements. This load-bearing capacity makes masonry suitable for both low and high-rise constructions.

Moreover, masonry structures exhibit excellent resistance to fire, high thermal mass, and low susceptibility to rot or pests. These factors contribute to their structural integrity and long lifespan.

Masonry and Seismic Considerations

Although masonry is robust, it's also rigid and brittle, making it susceptible to damage during earthquakes. However, modern engineering and construction practices have improved the seismic performance of masonry structures.

Firstly, reinforced masonry, where steel reinforcement is embedded within the wall and filled with grout, significantly enhances the structure's ability to resist lateral seismic forces. These reinforcements help the masonry structure to flex and absorb energy without failing.

Secondly, seismic design principles, like ensuring mass and stiffness distribution regularity, can mitigate potential damage. Regularity allows the building to shake uniformly, reducing the likelihood of localized failures.

Moreover, specific bond patterns, like the interlocking of masonry units, can also improve seismic performance by enhancing the overall structural cohesion.

Maintenance and Durability of Masonry

Masonry structures are incredibly durable and can last for centuries with minimal maintenance. The inherent strength and weather-resistant properties of masonry materials and their resistance to pests and fire contribute to this longevity.

However, regular inspections and preventative maintenance can extend their lifespan even further. Common maintenance tasks might include cleaning, repointing (replacing deteriorated mortar), and repairing or replacing damaged masonry units. Good drainage and moisture management can also prevent water-related issues, like efflorescence or freeze-thaw damage.

It's also essential to use compatible materials during repairs. For instance, the mortar used for repointing should have similar strength and flexibility to the original to avoid causing additional stress to the masonry.

In conclusion, while masonry requires some maintenance, its overall durability and longevity make it a cost-effective choice for many structures. Its resilience and aesthetic qualities have stood the test of time, contributing to its continued popularity in architecture.

Like all building materials, masonry has an environmental impact. Producing bricks, concrete blocks, and stone involves extracting raw materials, which can lead to landscape alteration and biodiversity loss. Furthermore, manufacturing often requires significant energy inputs, contributing to carbon emissions. For instance, clay bricks are fired at high temperatures, and cement production for concrete blocks is a major source of global CO2 emissions.

However, the industry has made strides in reducing these impacts. For instance, many manufacturers now use recycled materials in their products. For instance, waste ash from power plants can be incorporated into bricks, reducing the need for virgin materials and the energy needed for firing.

Furthermore, lifecycle analyses often show that masonry's long lifespan and low maintenance requirements can offset some of these initial environmental costs. This is especially true compared to materials that require regular replacement or high maintenance.

Masonry and Energy Efficiency

Masonry plays a critical role in the energy efficiency of buildings due to its high thermal mass. Thermal mass refers to a material's ability to absorb, store, and release heat. In the case of masonry, this can help to moderate indoor temperatures, reducing the need for mechanical heating and cooling.

In hot climates, masonry walls absorb heat during the day, keeping interiors cool. As temperatures fall, these walls slowly release their stored heat at night, warming the building. In colder climates, masonry walls can store heat from the sun or interior heating systems, slowly releasing it as the temperature drops.

In addition, masonry structures typically have fewer gaps and are more airtight than those built with other materials, reducing heat loss and improving energy efficiency. New masonry products with integrated insulation also offer improved thermal performance.

Therefore, while masonry has an environmental impact, it also offers significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency and the long-term sustainability of buildings. This balance between impact and benefits should be considered in sustainable design and construction.

The masonry industry has introduced various advanced materials in the quest for sustainability and improved performance. These innovations aim to enhance the performance characteristics of traditional masonry materials or provide entirely new capabilities.

For instance, insulating concrete forms (ICFs) combine the strength and durability of concrete with the insulating properties of polystyrene or polyurethane foam. This results in a highly energy-efficient wall system significantly reducing heating and cooling costs.

Another example is the development of thin brick veneers. These products, which are just a fraction of the thickness of traditional bricks, can be applied to various substrates, offering the aesthetic appeal of brick without weight or structural considerations.

Also, advances in material science have led to the creation of self-healing concrete. It contains bacteria that produce limestone when exposed to water, filling any cracks that form and thus improving durability and longevity.

Digital Fabrication and Masonry

The rise of digital fabrication technologies has brought about a renaissance in masonry construction. These technologies, which include 3D printing and robotics, can create complex forms and patterns with precision and speed that traditional methods cannot match.

3D printing, for example, allows for the production of custom masonry units. These can be designed to interlock in specific ways, creating structurally efficient and aesthetically unique assemblies. They can also include integrated systems such as channels for services or cavities for insulation.

Robotics, on the other hand, can automate the process of laying masonry units. This can increase construction speed, reduce labor costs, and improve the precision of the construction process. Robotic systems can also handle complex or repetitive patterns more efficiently than human masons.

In conclusion, the combination of advanced materials and digital fabrication technologies represents the future of masonry. These innovations offer the potential to overcome some of the traditional limitations of masonry and unlock new possibilities for its use in architecture.

Ancient/Classical Era: The Great Pyramids of Egypt

The Great Pyramids of Egypt, built around 2600 BC, are some of the most enduring examples of stone masonry architecture. Crafted from massive limestone blocks without the use of mortar, these structures showcase the extraordinary skill and knowledge of ancient Egyptian builders. The precision with which the pyramids were constructed remains a marvel of engineering, underscoring the potential of masonry to create durable, monumental architecture.

Medieval Era: The Notre Dame Cathedral

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, constructed in the 12th century, exemplifies the use of masonry in Gothic architecture. Its stone walls, vaulted ceilings, and flying buttresses demonstrated the innovative engineering of the era. The cathedral's elaborate stone carvings and stunning rose windows showcase the aesthetic possibilities of masonry, making it one of the most iconic architectural landmarks in the world.

Modern Era: Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright

Fallingwater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935, ingeniously uses masonry to merge architecture with nature. The house's local sandstone walls and concrete slabs blend seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. Wright also used masonry to craft the home's stunning cantilevered terraces, showing how modern design could push the structural limits of traditional materials.

Contemporary Era: The Getty Center by Richard Meier

The Getty Center, designed by Richard Meier and completed in 1997, displays a sophisticated use of masonry in contemporary architecture. Its travertine-clad buildings harmonize with the California landscape, while the use of enameled steel and glass adds a modern touch. The precision-cut stone, used both for cladding and for extensive site walls, attests to the continued relevance of masonry in contemporary design.

Conclusion

As we look to the future, masonry is vital in architecture. Its longevity, robustness, and flexibility, coupled with its aesthetic appeal, are qualities that architects value. Notably, the energy efficiency inherent in masonry structures aligns with the industry's push for sustainable design practices.

Recent advancements suggest several trends for masonry's future. Incorporating advanced materials and technologies into masonry construction is likely to continue, improving its performance characteristics and expanding its application possibilities. For instance, self-healing and insulating concrete forms can enhance durability and energy efficiency. At the same time, digital fabrication technologies, such as 3D printing and robotics, can increase precision, speed, and design possibilities.

Architects will play a crucial role in shaping masonry's future. Their creative vision can leverage these new capabilities to push the boundaries of what is possible with masonry. Simultaneously, they are responsible for ensuring that masonry's environmental impact is minimized through thoughtful design, careful material selection, and integrating recycled or low-impact materials.

In sum, the future of masonry in architecture looks bright, driven by technological innovation, environmental considerations, and the enduring appeal of masonry's tactile and aesthetic qualities.

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Building Construction and Materials: An Open Educational Resource Textbook

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Masonry, at its core, is the process of constructing a structure from individual units, which are often laid and bound together using mortar. The term can also refer to the units themselves. These units can be made from various materials such as brick, stone, concrete block, glass block, and adobe.

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Summary: Although many of the other articles had a wide scope of information, this is for anyone interested in the more niche topic of brick making. It details the different techniques bricks were made by different civilizations throughout history with great detail.

Reflection: Although you won't be learning everything about masonry's history from this, I'm sure you've gathered all the information you wanted from the other articles that go into that topic. This article has a focus in how bricks were made and how they evolved to the perfect cookie-cutter building materials we utilize to this day. From crudely made mud and straw bricks formed and dried over a lengthy period to the machine produced and fired clay bricks we use now and everything in-between, this article will teach you all there is to know about this ancient building material. If that wasn't enough to convince you, then the wide variety of interesting historical information that supplements the article surely will hold the attention of any history buff.

Citation:“The History of Bricks and Brickmaking.” Brick Architecture, 2017, brickarchitecture.com/about-brick/why-brick/the-history-of-bricks-brickmaking.

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Man has used brick for building purpose for thousands of years. Bricks date back to 7000 BC, which makes them one of the oldest known building materials. They were discovered in southern Turkey at the site of an ancient settlement around the city of Jericho.

The first bricks, made in areas with warm climates, were mud bricks dried in the sun for hardening.
Ancient Egyptian bricks were made of clay mixed with straw. The evidence of this can be seen today at ruins of Harappa Buhen and Mohenjo-daro. Paintings on the tomb walls of Thebes portray Egyptian slaves mixing, tempering and carrying clay for the sun dried bricks.

The greatest breakthrough came with the invention of fired brick in about 3,500 Bc. From this moment on, bricks could be made without the heat of sun and soon became popular in cooler climates.

The Romans prefered to make their bricks in spring, then they stored them for two years before selling or using them. They only used white or red clay to manufacture bricks.
The Romans succeeded in introducing fired bricks to the entire country thanks to mobile kilns. These were bricks stamped with the mark of the legion who supervised the brick production. Roman bricks differed in size and shape from other ancient bricks as they were more commonly round, square, oblong, triangular and rectangular. The kiln fired bricks measured 1 or 2 Roman feet by 1 Roman foot, and sometimes up to 3 Roman feet with larger ones. The Romans used brick for public and private buildings over the entire Roman empire. They built walls, forts, cultural centre, vaults, arches and faces of their aqueducts. The Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the baths of Caracalla in Rome are examples of Roman brick structures.

During the period of the Roman Empire, the Romans spread the art of brickmaking throughout Europe and it continued to dominate during the medieval and Renaissance period.

When the Roman Empire fell, the art of brickmaking nearly vanished and it continued only in Italy and the Bizantine Empire. In the 11th century, brickmaking spread from these regions to France.

During the 12th century bricks were reintroduced to northern Germany from northern Italy. This created the brick gothic period with buildings mainly built from fired red clay bricks. The examples of the Brick Gothic style buildings can be found in the Baltic countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Russia. This period lacks in figural architectural sculptures which had previously been carved from stone. The Gothic figures were virtually impossible to create out of bricks at that time, but could be identified by the use of split courses of bricks in varying colours, red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster. Eventually custom built and shaped bricks were introduced which could imitate the architectural sculptures. In the 16th century, Brick Gothic was replaced by Brick Renaissance architecture.

In medieval times, the clay for making bricks often was kneaded by workers with their bare feet. They clay was shaped into brick by pushing it into a wooden frame placed on a table, which was covered with sand or straw to prevent the clay from sticking. After excess clay was wiped off with a stick, the brick was removed from the frame.

In England the remains of buildings prove that the art of brickmaking was highly advanced by the time of Henry VIII. After the great fire of London in 1666, the city was rebuilt with mainly bricks.

Adobe brick, which is sundried brick made of clay and straw, has been made for centuries in Central America, particularly in Mexico. Some Aztec adobe structures still exist, one example is the Pyramid of the Sun, built in the 15th century.

Bricks crossed the Atlantic with Dutch and British immigrants with some brickmasons among them. In Virginia brick structures were built as early as 1611. At that time it was common for brickmasons to make the bricks on the jobsite. It is known that bricks were transported from Virginia to Bermuda in 1621 in exchange for food and oil.

Many early American skyscrapers are clad in brick or terracotta. It took 10 million bricks to build the Empire State Building.

During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, exposed brick walls became less and less popular, consequently brickwork was covered in plaster. Only during the mid 18th century brick walls started to regain their popularity.

Bricks were made by hand until about 1885. Once the Industrial Revolution broke out, the brickmaking machinery was introduced. Consequently, the number of clays that could be made into brick was greatly increased which influenced the production capacity. Handmade brick production ranged up to 36,000 bricks per week but by 1925 a brickmaking machine made 12,000 bricks a day.

As brick structures could be built much quicker and cheaper, they replaced other raw materials like stone or rock.

During the building boom of the 19th century, when more than 10 billion bricks were produced annually, many American cities like Boston and New York favoured locally made bricks.

In Victorian London, due to the heavy fog, bright red bricks were chosen which made buildings much more visible. Although the amount of red pigment was reduced in bricks production, red remained the most desired colour for the brick and still does to this day.

It was used by some of the 20th century's most famous architects like Le Corbusier, F. L. Wright and Louis Khan.
Nowadays, apart from wood, bricks seem to be commonly used building material. Consequently, brick and terracotta architecture is dominant in its field with a great development in brick industry.

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Man has used brick for building purpose for thousands of years. Bricks date back to 7000 BC, which makes them one of the oldest known building materials. They were discovered in southern Turkey at the site of an ancient settlement around the city of Jericho. The first bricks, made in areas wit...