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Indigenouse people agree to sign Treaty 1 to ensure their continued existence and livehood in the face of significant societal change. The Treaty was a way for them to establish a formal relationship with the Crown, secure their rights and interest within the new political framework.

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Treaty 2 was signed in 1871 by the Anishinaabe peopel in what is now central Manitoba. They agreed to the treaty because the bufflo were disappearing, cuasing food shortages, and they needed new ways to survive, such as farming. The government promised tools, education, and help transitioning to agriculture.

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Indigenous people choose to sign this treaty to establish peace and friendship with the Canadian government, secure their way of life and protect their traditional lands and resources.

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Some Indigenous groups believed that the treaty would protect their traditional way of life, some Indigenous leaders hoped the treaty would grant them some degree of self-government and the right to manage their own affairs. There were also some misunderstanding about the treaty terms, that some groups of Indigenous people believe that the land will be shared but not given.

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Indigenous people were facing increasing poverty, disease, and pressure from settlers. They hoped the treaty would provide food, healthcare, education, and some protection of their land and way of life. Many saw sign the treaty as a way to survive the major changed happening around them.

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This treaty was signed to foster peaceful coexistence between Indigenous nations and the British Crown and to facilitate settlement and development in the prairies. The Indigenous signatories agreed to share their lands and resources in exchange for guaranteed rights, benefits, and obligations outlined in the treaty. This included reserved lands, education, healthcare, and ongoing annuities.

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Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Siksika Indian Reserve #146, AB

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Essentially, Treaty 7 was a compromise, with both Indigenous people and government hoping to achieve their goals. This treaty signed primarily to allow for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and facilitate westward expansion and settlement by European Canadian, while also addresing teh concers of the First Nations regarding declining buffalo populations and the need for peace.

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Treaty 8 was signed primarily to facilitate and regulate resource extraction, settlement, and railway construction in the vast northern territories of Canada, particularly in the Peace River-Athabasca Districts. Indigenous people agreed to sign this because they were concerned about increqsing settler and government presence dut to the dicovery of gold and other resources. They hope this treaty could protect their right to hunt, fish, and trap.

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Indigenous people agreed to sign due to a combination of factors including perceived promises of continued hunting and fishing rights, the defire for a peaceful relationship with the incoming settlers, and the excepetion of receiving benefits like healthcare, edcaution and farm tools.

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Indigenous people of Saskatchewan and Alberta agreed to sign the Treaty is because of disease, starvation and their loss of traditional economies. They believed the treaty would help them adapt to the changing world by providing access to more resources.

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During the negotiation, many concers were raised, but Canada government assured the people that they would not lose their right to hunt, fish and trap. Moreover, the government also promised to give the Indigenous people annual payments and services as medical care and old age care. Therefore, they agree to sign the treaty.

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Samuel De Champlain, known as the "Father of New France" and established the first Franch settlement in Canada, Quebec City. His explorations and political influence helped soildify French claims and develop the foundation of New Frence.

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Champlaim sailing from France to Todoussac on the St. Lawrence River.

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The capital of New France, the French colonial empire in North America. Quebec City was vital to New France because it served as the administrative, military and religious center of the colony. Its location on the St. Lawrence River allowed it to control access to the interior of the continent

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Louisbourg was important because it protected the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, which was the main route to Quebec and the heart of New France. It was a powerful French fortress on Cape Breton Island, guarding French trade and military ships in the Atlantic. The British needed to capture it in order to move inland and attack Quebec. When Louisbourg fell in 1758, it opened the gateway for Britain to invade the rest of New France. Its loss was a major blow to French power in North America.

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The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was signed in London, England. It shows that major decisions about Indigenous lands and governance in North America were made by the British Crown. This reflects how colonnial powers imposed control from overseas.

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The Battle of Lexington and Concord took place in Massachusetts, specifically in the towns of Lexington and Concord, on April 19, 1775. This battle marked the begining of the American Revolution, the colonial colonists were ready to fight for their rights.

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Montreal's strategic location at the intersection of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers made it a crucial hub for the fur trade in North America. It served as a major departure point for expeditions into the interior, a key trading center for exchanging goods with Indigenous peoples, and a vital link in the transportation network that moved furs to European markets.

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The Siege of Yorktown was the final major battle of the America Revolution. It marked British's loss of thirteen colonies and the independence of the U.S. The victory at Yorktown forced Britain to begin peace negotiations, leading to the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the recognition of the U.S.

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Fort Frontenac, Ontario Street, Kingston, ON

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Fort Frontenac was important for the French fur trade because it controlled access to the rich fur-bearing lands of the Great Lakes and the Canadian Shield. The fort were able to help counter Iroquois raid on French allies, securing the flow of furs to Montreal.

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The Ottawa River was curcial for Champlain's voyages because it served as a vital waterway for exploring the interior of North America and establishing trade routes. The river provided a natural way into the continent, allowing Champlain to move beyond the St. Lawrence River.

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Charlottetown holds significant meaning for Canada is because that it was the site of the 1864 Charlottetown Confederation. The meeting played a crucial rule in the formation of Canadian Confederation.

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The London Confederation of 1866-1867 was curcial to Canada Confederation because it was the final meeting where delegates from various Canadian provinces finalized the details of the British North America Act, which established the Dominion of Canada.

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK

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In 1885, the last battle of Northwest Resistance happened here. Marking turning point in the struggle for Indigenous rights, symbolized Metis resilience.

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Regina become a provital places in Metis Resistance because the leader of the resistance, Louis Riel was found guilty of treason and hanged in Regina. It symblized the ongoing struggle for Indigenous rights and recognition in Canada.

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Ottawa was the political center of Canada,where desicions regarding the Northwest territories were made. The government in Ottawa, under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, mobilized troops and resources to quell the rebellion, demonstrating its authority and control over the region.

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This place is important to the Confederation due to it tied with railroad building, this terrtory were the ones who wanted the railway. If they didn't get their railway, then they wouldn't join confederation.

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Red River Settlement Poles 1817 Memorial, West Pine Ridge, MB

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The Red River Settlement was important to the Métis Resistance because it was the cultural and economic center of the Métis people in the late 1800s. When the Canadian government tried to take control of the area without consulting the Métis, they feared losing their land, language, religion, and way of life. In response, Louis Riel and other Métis leaders formed a provisional government to defend their rights. This led to the Red River Resistance (1869–1870) and eventually the Manitoba Act.

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The Battle of Duck Lake marked the first armed conflict of the Northwest Resistance. Led by Gabriel Dumont, the Métis successfully defeated the North-West Mounted Police, showing they were willing and able to stand up to the Canadian government. The battle boosted the confidence of Métis and Indigenous fighters and sparked wider support for their cause. Duck Lake was a turning point that transformed peaceful protest into armed resistance.

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Prince Edward Island is important because it was where the leaders of the other terrtories first met to talk about joining together as one country. Even though PEI didn't join right away, that meeting helped start the idea of Canada.

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Montreal was important to the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway because it was the business and financial center of Canada at the time. Montreal was also a major hub for goods, people, and rail lines heading west. Its strong economy helped support the massive costs of building a railway across the country.

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Vimy Ridge is an esstential place because it was strategic high point in northern France that gave whoever help it a strong adcantage in battle. When the Canadian captured it in April 1917, they achieved a major victory using careful planning and new tactic. The success of this battle boosted Canada's reputtion on the world stage.

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Banff National Park, Improvement District No. 9, AB

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Banff National Park is important because it is Canada’s first national park, represents Canada’s natural beauty. During World War I, it was also the site of an internment camp, where Ukrainian immigrants and other “enemy aliens” were forced to work under harsh conditions.

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Montreal was a major center of French Canadian life and a hub of resistance during WWI. Many people in the city opposed conscription because they felt disconnected from Britain’s war goals and wanted to protect their culture and language. Showing the deep divid between French and English Canadians.

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Quebec City was the site of the 1918 anti-conscription riots, where tensions between the federal government and French Canadians turned violent. People protested being forced to fight in a war they didn’t believe in, especially when they had not been treated equally in Canadian society. This event exposed deep cultural and political divisions in Canada.

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Vancouver was the location of the Komagata MAru incident in 1914, where over 300 South Asian passengers were denied entry into Canada under racist immigration laws. This events rcplored Canada's exclusionary policies and lasting long effect to today's society.

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Ottawa played an important role in the Komagata Maru incident because it was the federal government, based in Ottawa, that created and enforced the racist immigration laws that denied the passengers entry. When the Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver, Ottawa refused to change or make exceptions to the law, officals in Ottawa also gave the final orders for the ship to be turned away. This shows how Ottawa's events and reflected Canada's exclusionary attitude toward noon-European immigrants at the time.

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Saskatchewan became a province on September 1, 1905, to support growing settlement in the West. It gave people more local control and helped develop farming and trade. Its creation was part of Canada’s plan to grow and expand westward.

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Alberta also became a province on September 1, 190*. Like Saskatchewan, it was formed to manage westward settlement and development. It later became important for farming and oil.

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The Sikhs on the Komagata Maru were mostly from Punjab, a region in northern India. At the time, Punjab was under British colonial rule, and many Sikh men had served in the British Indian Army. They came to Canada seeking better opportunities and believed they had the right to settle in a fellow part of the British Empire. However, they were denied entry due to racist immigration laws in Canada.

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Manitoba is an important place for the Indian Act because it was one of the first regions where the Act was applied and enforced. Manitoba was also a key area for early settler expansion, which increased pressure on Indigenous lands and made the Act a tool to manage Indigenous peoples while opening land to settlers. The impact of the Indian Act in Manitoba included the creation of reserves, residential schools, and limits on cultural and political rights for First Nations communities.

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Modern Canadian Events-Robert Latimer Case

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Modern Canadian Events-Robert Latimer Case

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In 1993, Saskatchewan farmer Robert Latimer killed his severely disabled daughter Tracy. His prosecution for murder attracted national and international attention, and raised contentious issues concerning euthanasia.

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Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, became important during the September 11, 2001 attacks when 38 planes were forced to land unexpectedly at its airport as U.S. airspace closed. As a small town, Gander showed incredible hospitality by welcoming thousands of stranded passengers, providing food, shelter, and care. This event highlighted Canadian kindness and community spirit and showed Gander’s role of its airport as a transatlantic refueling and emergency stop point.

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Ottawa as the center of the federal government in modern Canada is home to the House of Common, the Senate, and the Prime Minister's offices. The House of Commons is crucial to Canada today as it's the primary body for lawmaking and government accountability. It's where elected Members of Parliament (MPs) represent their constituents, debate proposed laws. This ensures that the government remains responsive to the needs and concerns of Canadians and that laws are carefully considered before being enacted.

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For modern Canada, Vancouver has become a major hub for Asian immigration, especially after changed to immigration laws in 1960s. It is now one of Canada's most diverse cities which can best represent Canada's spirit and place in world stage.

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From 1950 to 2020, Toronto had became Canada's largest and most diverse city. It grew rapidly after WWII, playing major role in immigration, economy and culture. Toronto reflects the modern evolution of urban Canada, diverse, global, and influential.

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Mile Zero Monument, Douglas Street, Victoria, BC

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Terry Fox began his Marathon of Hope in St. John's, NL, to raise money for cancer research. This events inspired a global movement for cancer research, raising hundreds of millions of dollars and fostering a spirit of hope and determination. His spirit lating long impact to modern Canada society.

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The Marathon of Hope ended on 1 September in Thunder Bay, ON, after cancer was discovered in his lungs. Within days the marathon had raised over $10 million. Although Terry Fox didn't successfully finish the whole run, however, his spirit inspired society to draw more attention on cancer research. With his effort, in today's Canada we set annual Terry Fox Day to remember his and pass his spirit on.

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The first Orange shirt day was observed in Septmeber 30th, 2013. The orange shirt symbolizes the loss of innocence and culture experienced by Indigenous children in residential schools. In 2021, the Canadian government declared September 30th the "National Day for Truth and Reconciliation," recognizing the importance of commemorating this day and the legacy of residential schools.

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April 1st, 1959, St. Lawrence Seaway formally opened. The Seaway significantly lowered transportation costs, making it more efficient to move goods between North America and international markets. It's estimated to save billions of dollars in transportation costs annually. The Seaway is a vital trade route, facilitating the movement of vast amounts of goods between the heartland of North America and over 50 trading nations.

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Parliament Hill, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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​The Official Languages Act (1969) is the federal statute that made English and French the official languages of Canada. It requires all federal institutions to provide services in English or French on request. It guaranteed that both Englsih and French have equal status in Parliament, federal laws and courts, shaped Canada's unique national indentity.