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The 2006 Refugee Act introduced Kenya's inaugural comprehensive legal framework for managing refugees. Moving away from a predominantly security based approach. While it formalised refugee rights and established procedural guidelines. The Act maintained the encampment system, restricting refugees to designated camps. This approach perpetuated a containment strategy centred on control and humanitarian assistance. Thus, placing greater emphasis on security concerns rather than an integration or socio-economic participation.

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The 2011 Famine in the Horn of Africa, exacerbated by drought and conflict led to a significant surge of Somali refugees into Kenya's Kakuma Camp. Straining the camp's infrastructure and intensifying competition for resources with local populations. Ergo, highlighting the shortcomings of Kenya's encampment based refugee policies. Demonstrating their ineffectiveness in addressing long-term displacement. In response, there was a move towards development-focused strategies emphasising refugee self-sufficiency, social integration, and collaborative responsibility. Evidently, exemplifying programs like KISEDP and the enactment of the 2021 Refugee Act

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The UNHCR's Global Strategy for Livelihoods represented a move away from reliance on humanitarian assistance towards fostering refugee self-sufficiency and economic participation. Emphasising skills development, business support, and access to markets. This strategy sought to integrate refugees into local economic systems and enhance their resilience. Its effectiveness was constrained by structural obstacles, including legal prohibitions on formal employment and unfavourable political environments. Underscoring the difficulties of applying livelihood-focused interventions within entrenched containment policies.

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The Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-economic Development Plan (KISEDP) represents a departure from Kenya's conventional refugee containment strategies. By fostering joint infrastructure development and economic opportunities for refugees and host populations alike. KISEDP seeks to enhance self-reliance and promote social cohesion. However, its effectiveness is constrained by ongoing legal limitations, competition over scarce resources and institutional challenges. Ergo, underscoring the plan as a significant yet incomplete shift in refugee policy.

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Kenya's 2021 Refugee Act marks a departure from the restrictive 2006 framework. It adopts a progressive approach focused on refugee autonomy and inclusion. Aligning with international norms, it expands rights to work, own property, and financial services. Evidently, promoting greater mobility and economic participation. However, implementation is hindered by bureaucratic obstacles and limited institutional capacity.

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Founded in 1992, Kakuma Refugee Camp was originally designed as a containment facility aimed at delivering essential assistance to refugees feeling regional conflicts. This model emphasised control and limited the freedom of movement for refugees. However, the prolonged nature of displacement exposed the shortcomings of this containment strategy. Ergo, leading to a gradual policy transition refugee self-sufficiency and socio-economic inclusion. Shifting the focus from purely humanitarian aid to development oriented approaches

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The concept of Protracted Refugee Situations (PRS) describes scenarios where refugees remain displaced for prolonged durations without sustainable resolution. Often resulting in policies that confine them. Ergo, limiting their freedoms and perpetuating reliance on aid. Contemporary developments, including the Global Compact of Refugees, emphasise the importance of granting legal status. Evidently promoting social inclusion and facilitating economic engagement thereby advancing a rights-centred approach to refugee management.