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The unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck created a powerful new nation in the heart of Europe. This event significantly shifted the balance of power and fueled nationalist sentiments across the continent. The newly unified German Empire quickly became a dominant military and industrial power, causing concern among other European nations.

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance, promising to support each other if attacked by other powers. This military alliance system created tensions and divisions in Europe, as other nations felt threatened by this powerful bloc.

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In response to the Triple Alliance, Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente. This alliance system effectively divided Europe into two opposing camps, increasing the likelihood that a local conflict could escalate into a larger war.

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Kaiser Wilhelm II's visit to Morocco challenged French influence in the region, causing an international crisis. This display of German imperialism increased tensions between European powers and demonstrated how colonial ambitions could lead to conflict.

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1908: Austro-Hungarian Annexation of Bosnia

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1908: Austro-Hungarian Annexation of Bosnia

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Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina angered Serbia and Russia, intensifying nationalist tensions in the Balkans. This event strengthened Pan-Slavic movements and Serbian nationalism, which would later play a crucial role in the war's outbreak.

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Germany sent a gunboat to Agadir, Morocco, challenging French colonial interests again. This crisis further strained international relations and demonstrated the growing aggression of European powers in their imperial pursuits.

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European nations dramatically increased their military spending and conscription. New technologies like machine guns, tanks, and improved artillery led to an arms race. Germany and Britain particularly competed in naval construction, exemplifying the militarism of the era.

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Two successive wars in the Balkans increased regional instability and nationalism. These conflicts weakened Ottoman influence in southeastern Europe while strengthening Serbia, which emerged as a powerful regional actor with ambitions for a greater Slavic state.

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Pan-Slavism reached its peak, with Russia positioning itself as the protector of all Slavic peoples. This movement increased tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, as both sought influence over Slavic populations in the Balkans.

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June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip became the immediate trigger for World War I. This event, combined with the complex web of alliances, militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, led to a cascade of declarations of war that engulfed Europe in conflict.