# data[].attributes.body
American School Counselor Association. (2022). ASCA ethical standards for school

counselors. https://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/Ethics/

EthicalStandards2016.pdf

California Penal Code. (2024). Section 11166 – Child abuse reporting procedures.

California Legislative Information. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/

codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=11166.&lawCode=PEN

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. (2004). U.S.

Department of Education. https://sites.ed.gov/idea/statute-chapter-33

Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/518/1/

Mesquite Independent School District. (2025). Board policy FFG: Student welfare – Child

abuse and neglect. Texas Association of School Boards. https://pol.tasb.org/

PolicyOnline/PolicyDetails?key=369&code=FFG#legalTabContent

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425 (1976).

https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/17/425.html

Texas Administrative Code. (2025). Title 22, Part 30, Chapter 681, Rule § 681.41: Display

of license. Texas Secretary of State. https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/

Texas Family Code. (2023). § 261.101. Persons required to report; time to report. Texas

Legislature Online. https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/

U.S. Department of Education. (2023). Access to education records, 34 C.F.R. § 99.10.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-34/subtitle-A/part-99/section-99.10

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Slide #11: Recommendations for Compliance

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Slide #11: Recommendations for Compliance

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Clearly explain the limits of confidentiality to students and parents at the beginning of the counseling relationship.

Maintain secure and accurate documentation of counseling sessions and all disclosures.

Participate in regular legal and ethical professional development, especially regarding reporting and confidentiality.

Consult with supervisors or school attorneys when faced with complex confidentiality issues.

Avoid digital communication that compromises confidentiality (e.g., unsecured email or texting).

Collaborate with school teams while protecting student information in accordance with FERPA and IDEA.

Reference ASCA and ACA ethical standards in decision-making involving ethical dilemmas.

Implement confidentiality protocols aligned with both state and local policy requirements.

Build student trust while making safety and legal compliance the top priority.

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Learning about Texas laws and ethical standards has deepened my understanding of how confidentiality functions in real school settings. Through this exploration, I have realized how essential it is to balance student trust with legal mandates to report harm. This context has given me confidence in how to protect students effectively while following professional guidelines. Personally, I feel more prepared to respond ethically in sensitive situations involving safety, abuse, or mental health. This knowledge strengthens my professional goals and affirms my commitment to becoming a counselor who protects both student rights and well-being.

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According to the ASCA Ethical Standards (2022), Section A.2 states that school counselors are responsible for maintaining confidentiality while clearly informing students of its limits. This standard reinforces that while confidentiality is crucial, it must be broken if there is a risk of serious harm or abuse. This ethical principle aligns directly with legal mandates such as Texas Family Code § 261.101 and reinforces the counselor's duty to protect student welfare while maintaining ethical integrity (ASCA, 2022; Tex. Fam. Code § 261.101, 2023).

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Maintain clear, written confidentiality policies and inform students/parents of limits (ASCA, 2022).

Document all counseling sessions and disclosures accurately and securely.

Obtain informed consent and parental permissions when required.

Train staff regularly on legal responsibilities and confidentiality boundaries.

Use secure communication tools to protect digital privacy.

Stay updated on changes in laws and ethical standards.

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Slide #7: Local Administrative Law/Policy/Rule

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Slide #7: Local Administrative Law/Policy/Rule

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Mesquite ISD’s board policy provides guidance on how the district handles issues of student welfare, including abuse and neglect. This local policy requires all district employees, including school counselors, to report suspected abuse or neglect within 48 hours and outlines procedures for documenting and escalating concerns (Mesquite ISD, 2025). It also reinforces that student safety takes precedence over confidentiality in such situations. The district supports a school climate that values student privacy while ensuring compliance with Texas law and ethical best practices in school counseling.

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The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal mandate that ensures students with disabilities receive appropriate educational services in the least restrictive environment. IDEA also includes provisions that protect the confidentiality of student records, including any psychological or counseling documentation related to the development of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). School counselors must secure consent before sharing records and work closely with multidisciplinary teams while upholding ethical and legal boundaries (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2004). This law emphasizes how confidentiality intersects with team collaboration in special education services.

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A critical legal precedent related to school counseling confidentiality is Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976), which established a counselor's legal “duty to warn” if a client poses a serious threat to another person. Although this case originated in California, it has influenced ethical standards across the country, including Texas, by clarifying when confidentiality must be broken in favor of safety (Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 1976). Another influential case is Jaffee v. Redmond (1996), in which the U.S. Supreme Court recognized psychotherapist-patient privilege under federal law. Although school counselors may not always have full legal privilege, this case reinforces the importance of confidentiality in building a trusting counselor-student relationship (Jaffee v. Redmond, 1996).

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Slide #4: Statues and Administrative Law

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Slide #4: Statues and Administrative Law

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One key Texas statute related to school counseling confidentiality is Texas Family Code § 261.101. This law mandates that any professional who suspects that a child has been abused or neglected must report the suspicion immediately, but no later than 48 hours after first learning of the facts (Tex. Fam. Code § 261.101, 2023). This legal obligation overrides confidentiality, requiring counselors to break privacy when child safety is at risk. On the administrative law level, Texas Administrative Code § 681.41 addresses confidentiality and reporting requirements for licensed professional counselors. This rule specifies that while counselors must maintain confidentiality, they are legally required to report suspected abuse, danger to self or others, or exploitation (Tex. Admin. Code § 681.41, 2025). These legal directives ensure that school counselors prioritize student safety in practice.

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At the federal level, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a key law impacting school counselors. FERPA protects the privacy of student education records and grants parents—or eligible students—rights to access and request amendments to their records. The law limits the disclosure of personally identifiable information without written consent, with some exceptions such as health or safety emergencies (FERPA, 34 C.F.R. § 99.10, 2023). In Texas, constitutional privacy protections are interpreted through statutory law, such as the Texas Family Code, which includes specific provisions for mandatory reporting. These laws together highlight the balance between maintaining confidentiality and ensuring student safety.

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At the federal level, the U.S. Department of Education oversees regulations that impact confidentiality in school counseling, such as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). FERPA governs access to student records and outlines the conditions under which information can be shared without consent (FERPA, 34 C.F.R. § 99.10, 2023). IDEA ensures privacy in special education processes, including the role of school counselors in IEP teams (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2004). At the state level, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) plays a significant role in regulating school counselor certification and legal compliance. Additionally, the Texas State Board of Examiners of Professional Counselors outlines professional rules for confidentiality and mandatory reporting (Tex. Admin. Code § 681.41, 2025). These agencies are responsible for ensuring ethical practice and legal accountability within educational and counseling settings.

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I am a school counselor-in-training (or professional school counselor) in the field of education, focused on supporting students' academic, emotional, and social development at the high school level. This guide is intended for school counselors, educators, administrators, and school mental health professionals.

The guide addresses Confidentiality and Its Limits in School Counseling. In other words, how counselors maintain confidentiality while adhering to legal and ethical obligations.

Confidentiality is foundational to trust in counseling, but navigating legal boundaries and ethical dilemmas in schools can be complex and challenging. Understanding this topic ensures student safety, counselor accountability, and professional integrity.