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c. 3000 BCE: Abacus invented in Mesopotamia, one of the earliest known calculating devices.

9th Century CE: Al-Khwarizmi develops foundational algorithms and introduces the concept of zero.

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1642: Blaise Pascal invents the Pascaline, a mechanical calculator.

1673: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz creates the Stepped Reckoner, improving mechanical calculation.

1801: Joseph Jacquard invents the Jacquard loom, using punched cards to control weaving patterns.

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1837: Charles Babbage designs the Analytical Engine, the first concept of a general-purpose computer.

1843: Ada Lovelace writes the first algorithm intended for Babbage’s machine, becoming the first computer programmer.

1936: Alan Turing introduced the concept of the Turing Machine, a theoretical model for computation.

1937: George Stibitz builds the first binary digital relay computer.

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1941: Konrad Zuse completes the Z3, the first programmable, fully automatic digital computer.

1943-1944: Colossus, the first programmable electronic digital computer, is built in England for codebreaking.

1946: ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, is completed in the United States.

1947: Invention of the transistor at Bell Labs, revolutionising electronics.

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Mainframes and Minicomputers (1950s – 1970s)

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Mainframes and Minicomputers (1950s – 1970s)

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1951: UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer, is delivered.

1956: IBM introduces the first hard disk drive.

1964: IBM System/360 launches, standardising mainframe computing.

1971: Intel releases the 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor.

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Personal Computers and Networking (1970s – 1990s)

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Personal Computers and Networking (1970s – 1990s)

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1975: Altair 8800, the first widely recognised personal computer, is released.

1976: Apple I is introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.

1981: IBM launches its first personal computer (IBM PC).

1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) is introduced, enabling easier navigation of the internet.

1990: Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.

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2007: Introduction of the iPhone, popularising smartphones and mobile computing.

2010s: Cloud computing and artificial intelligence become mainstream.

2020s: Quantum computing research advances, with companies achieving significant milestones.

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2025: Artificial intelligence and quantum computing integration accelerate, with AI-driven quantum algorithms beginning to solve complex problems in medicine, logistics, and climate modelling. Edge computing and AI-powered automation become standard in everyday devices, further transforming industries and daily life.

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AI's Quantum Leap: The Fusion That Will Change Everything