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In 1881, anti-vaccination literature titled "The Vaccination Vampire" represented fears about new mandated medical procedures (Zinoman 2).

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In 1897, Bram Stoker's "Dracula" builds upon the vaccination fears and expands them to also have vampires represent suppressed sexual desire (3).

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In 1968, "I Am Legend" has vampires as a form of apocalyptic horror that takes over humanity through a viral infection which represents the fear of spreading disease (5). Though, Zinoman misses the main point that the surprise reveal at the end of the story is that the POV character was the main villain the whole time with his resistance to a changing world.

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Building upon the expansion that "Dracula" brought to the genre, Zinoman states that vampires focused on repressed sexual desires for most of the 20th century with some examples being "The Lost Boys," "Buffy the Vampire Slayer," and "Twilight" (3). I disagree with the classification of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as having vampires as a form of sexual desire and that they instead are teenage angst of which exploring sexual desire is one small aspect among many.

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According to Zinoman, "Black as Night" has vampires as the struggles of the Black Lives Matter movement and "What We Do In the Shadows" has vampires "become perfect symbols for our broken, ineffectual political system" (4).  I disagree with the latter point and think that the vampires in "What We Do in the Shadows" stand for apathy, complacency, and laziness of which the high amount of bureaucratic inertia is simply one aspect amount many.

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Joe Dante states that he expects "a wave of vampire stories

that captures a claustrophobic preoccupation with death and paranoia" based on the current fears associated with the pandemic lockdowns (6).