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Seneca Falls
- women rights activists came together and formed a group of reformers in an attempt to strengthen the rights of married women
- Seneca Falls Convention: discussed the irony of the republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence

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Know Nothing Party
- swept city elections to focus on cultural issues involving temperance, anti-Catholicism, and nativism

German/Irish Immigrants
- population of German immigrants was 110,000; food and drinking customs became a part of the city's culture
- Irish immigrants: 200,000; dominated the American Catholic Church, as well as the Democratic party

NY anti-immigrant gangs
- mid 1830s, nativists called for an end to immigration, committed cultural and political assault on foreign residents
- immigrants were denied work and assaulted in the streets

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Minstrelsy
- for entertainment, working men would partake in animal fights and boxing matches
- began around 1830s, where actors would perform singing and dancing routines with blackface on; grew to become a large group of entertainers, mocking African-Americans with racist remarks to emphasize the glory of being white

Female Moral Reform Society
- attacked the idea of commercialized sex and promiscuous acts from men in New York City
- goal was to protect single women from corruption of morals and stopping the sexual double standards

Temperance Movement
- reformers of temperance movement denounced beer
- temperance, anti-Catholicism, and nativism were all culturally emotional issues of the city

Commercialized Sex
- new urban culture led to free sexual conquests, and illicit sex was considered a right for many men
- men formed homoerotic friendships and relationships, and many people would move from one partner to another constantly until they found the right person

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Brigham Young
- 6,500 Mormons were led by Brigham Young and fled to the United States, where they settled in Utah and began building agricultural communities
- governor of a small territory in Utah beginning in 1850, ruling in an authoritarian fashion

Mormon Trail
- the trail began in New York and led all the way to Salt Lake City, Utah, led by both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young
- Mormons experiences hostility in the first few states of the trail due to different religious beliefs

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Utopian societies were essentially a reflection of perfectionism in communities intertwined with communalism. It differed from other beliefs of religious purity, and the sole purpose was the attempt to create "perfect" societies with futuristic ideals.

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Shakers
- an communal movement called the "Shakers" because they included dances as a part of worship
- embraced ownership of property and committed to celibacy
- their belief that God "was a dual person" led to a community governed by both men and women

Oneida
- Oneida, New York was where John Noyes had to relocate his perfectionist community to due to mass disapproval over the practice of complex marriage
- by mid-1850s, Oneidans became highly successful and were able to self-sustain; they evolved into a production of silverware with the profits from trap-making

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Art and literature influenced the values of human nature; through writings, books, poems, etc, society shifted from its norms and conformity to focus on individuality and personal morals and purpose.

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Transcendentalism
- an intellectual movement advocated by Unitarian Ministers in New England who questioned Puritan heritage
- belief in individuality and self-realization

Ralph Waldo Emerson
- his writings and lectures provided information and sprouted  discussions about the transcendentalist message to the middle classes
- celebrated self-discipline; did not believe in following tradition
- was against the new market society because he argued it was interfering with Americans' spiritual values and beliefs

Henry David Thoreau
- lived alone in a cabin in Concord, Massachusetts for two years to get away from civilization and society and find meaning beyond it
- advocated for individuality and avoided societal standards and conformity

Leaves of Grass
-  a collection of poems published in 1855, written by Walt Whitman, influenced by Emerson's beliefs
- the poems were about Whitman's personal experience with overcoming "invisible boundaries" and finding his true self