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https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/8-introduction

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All biological processes require energy. To get this energy, many organisms access stored energy by eating, that is, by ingesting other organisms. But where does the stored energy in food originate? Almost all of this energy can be traced back to photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic organisms are the basis for almost all of the food webs on the planet. For example, the Indian River Lagoon, a 156 mile mixture of fresh and salt water along the eastern coast of Florida, depends on its sea grass for the survival of its marine life. Unfortunately, when certain algal phytoplankton species grow in overabundance, it destroys the sea grass. Scientists conducted a 16 year study of algal blooms and found that extreme climate conditions, such as cold weather and low rainfall, change which particular species of phytoplankton is more likely to bloom, resulting in a die-off of sea grass, decrease in other marine life, and changes in salinity. The research study can be found here.

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Ch. 8 Introduction - Biology for AP® Courses | OpenStax

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All biological processes require energy. To get this energy, many organisms access stored energy by eating, that is, by ingesting other organisms. But where does the stored energy in food originate? Almost all of this energy can be traced back to photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms are the basis for almost all of the food webs on the planet.

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Next Monday, 12/5/22.

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Keep up with your work and study regularly. Time will go fast between now and the final exam.

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Quiz- Photosynthesis (Worth 20pts)= Friday

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Quiz- Photosynthesis (Worth 20pts)= Friday

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.3

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.3

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Title:  8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules- Open Stax

Directions:  Take notes in your AP Biology Notebook.
Bring your notebook to class as your notes are due in class Friday  morning for a for full credit stamp.  If you do not receive a stamp you will not be eligible for full credit.

https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/8-3-using-light-to-make-organic-molecules

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.2

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.2

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Title:  8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis- Open Stax

Directions:  Take notes in your AP Biology Notebook.
Bring your notebook to class as your notes are due in class tomorrow morning for a for full credit stamp.  If you do not receive a stamp you will not be eligible for full credit.

https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/8-2-the-light-dependent-reaction-of-photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis Song ("Thriller") - By Ben Leddy

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Reminder- Plan homework and study time. 

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Reminder- Plan homework and study time. 

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Next weekend- Will Open Friday at noon and close on Sunday at 11:45pm.

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Document each Bioman step, as you complete it, take a screenshot and add it here.

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Document each Bioman step, as you complete it, take a screenshot and add it here.

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Team Leaders will have access to this Google Form, please do this together.

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Next Monday night's homework.

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ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math & Science Virtual Labs and Simulations  https://gizmos.explorelearning.com/

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GIZMOS:  Photosynthesis STEM Case- Not Required- Bonus Pts

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GIZMOS:  Photosynthesis STEM Case- Not Required- Bonus Pts

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As a marine biologist you learn about photosynthesis to help scientists in Australia determine why the coral in the Great Barrier Reef is bleaching.

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Interactive STEM Simulations & Virtual Labs | Gizmos

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Unlock STEM potential with our 550+ virtual labs and interactive math and science simulations. Discover engaging activities and STEM lessons with Gizmos!

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.1

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Notes:  Photosynthesis (OpenStax)- Ch. 8.1

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Title:  8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis- Open Stax

Directions:  Take notes in your AP Biology Notebook.
Bring your notebook to class as your notes are due in class tomorrow morning for a for full credit stamp.  If you do not receive a stamp you will not be eligible for full credit.

https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/8-1-overview-of-photosynthesis

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In this section, you will explore the following questions:

What is the relevance of photosynthesis to living organisms?

What are the main cellular structures involved in photosynthesis?

What are the substrates and products of photosynthesis?

Connection for AP® Courses

As we learned in Chapter 7, all living organisms, from simple bacteria to complex plants and animals, require free energy to carry out cellular processes, such as growth and reproduction. Organisms use various strategies to capture, store, transform, and transfer free energy, including photosynthesis. Photosynthesis allows organisms to access enormous amounts of free energy from the sun and transform it to the chemical energy of sugars. Although all organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration, only certain organisms, called photoautotrophs, can perform photosynthesis. Examples of photoautotrophs include plants, algae, some unicellular eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria. They require the presence of chlorophyll, a specialized pigment that absorbs certain wavelengths of the visible light spectrum to harness free energy from the sun. Photosynthesis is a process where components of water and carbon dioxide are used to assemble carbohydrate molecules and where oxygen waste products are released into the atmosphere. In eukaryotes, the reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts; in prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, the reactions are less localized and occur within membranes and in the cytoplasm. (The structural features of the chloroplast that participate in photosynthesis will be explored in more detail later in The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis and Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules.) Although photosynthesis and cellular respiration evolved as independent processes-with photosynthesis creating an oxidizing atmosphere early in Earth's history-today they are interdependent. As we studied in Cellular Respiration, aerobic cellular respiration taps into the oxidizing ability of oxygen to synthesize the organic compounds that are used to power cellular processes.

Information presented and the examples highlighted in the section support concepts and learning objectives outlined in Big Idea 1 and Big Idea 2 of the AP ® Biology Curriculum Framework, as shown in the table. The learning objectives listed in the Curriculum Framework provide a transparent foundation for the AP ® Biology course, an inquiry-based laboratory experience, instructional activities, and AP ® exam questions. A learning objective merges required content with one or more of the seven science practices.

Big Idea 1
The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

Enduring Understanding 1.B
Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.

Big Idea 2
Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

Enduring Understanding 2.A
Growth, reproduction and maintenance of living systems require free energy and matter.

Teacher Support

Use this first part of the chapter to present an overview that will be filled out and completed in the later two portions. This will introduce the students to the biochemistry that they need to know and give them a chance to build up their understanding of the material.

Importance of Photosynthesis

Teacher Support

Use this section to stress the importance of the interdependence between different species and the role played by photosynthesis in bringing energy to the living organisms. A number of terms, such as photoautotroph, heterotrophy, and chemoautotroph will be introduced here.

Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth; both plants and animals depend on it. It is the only biological process that can capture energy that originates in outer space (sunlight) and convert it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism uses to power its metabolism. In brief, the energy of sunlight is captured and used to energize electrons, whose energy is then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules. How long lasting and stable are those covalent bonds? The energy extracted today by the burning of coal and petroleum products represents sunlight energy captured and stored by photosynthesis almost 200 million years ago.

Plants, algae, and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis ( Figure 8.2). Because they use light to manufacture their own food, they are called photoautotrophs (literally, "self-feeders using light"). Other organisms, such as animals, fungi, and most other bacteria, are termed heterotrophs ("other feeders"), because they must rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs. A third very interesting group of bacteria synthesize sugars, not by using sunlight's energy, but by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds; hence, they are referred to as chemoautotrophs.

The importance of photosynthesis is not just that it can capture sunlight's energy. A lizard sunning itself on a cold day can use the sun's energy to warm up. Photosynthesis is vital because it evolved as a way to store the energy in solar radiation (the "photo-" part) as energy in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules (the "-synthesis" part). Those carbohydrates are the energy source that heterotrophs use to power the synthesis of ATP via respiration. Therefore, photosynthesis powers 99 percent of Earth's ecosystems. When a top predator, such as a wolf, preys on a deer ( Figure 8.3), the wolf is at the end of an energy path that went from nuclear reactions on the surface of the sun, to light, to photosynthesis, to vegetation, to deer, and finally to wolf.

Science Practice Connection for AP® Courses

Think About It

Why do scientists think that photosynthesis evolved before aerobic cellular respiration?

Why do carnivores, such as lions, depend on photosynthesis to survive? What evidence supports the claim that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent processes?

Teacher Support

The first Think About It question is an application of Learning Objective 1.15 and Science Practice 7.2 because students are describing the evolution of two energy-procuring processes that today are present in different organisms.

The second Think About It question is an application of Learning Objective 2.5 and Science Practice 6.2 because you are explaining how the interdependent processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration allow organisms to capture, store, and use free energy.

Possible answers:

Aerobic cellular respiration requires free oxygen, which was not available in the Earth's atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen as waste to support developing aerobic respiration.

Carnivores at the top of the food chain eat herbivores that eat photoautotrophs. So no matter where you are in the food chain, every species depends on photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy. In ecosystems that lack photosynthetic organisms (such as by forests burned by forest fire), organisms on all levels of the food chain die off.

The structures, substrates and products of photosynthesis are introduced in this section. Remind them that Figure 8.5 can also be read from right to left, if cellular respiration is the subject. This should help the students to connect the two pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Obtain diagrams of leaf structures to illustrate the content of this section. Try to bring in some leaves for students to look at. They have all seen lots of leaves, but probably never examined them for structural detail. A simple magnifying glass should allow them to see the inner structures discussed in this section.

Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a multi-step process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide (which is low in energy), and water as substrates ( Figure 8.4). After the process is complete, it releases oxygen and produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P), simple carbohydrate molecules (which are high in energy) that can subsequently be converted into glucose, sucrose, or any of dozens of other sugar molecules. These sugar molecules contain energy and the energized carbon that all living things need to survive.

The following is the chemical equation for photosynthesis ( Figure 8.5):

Although the equation looks simple, the many steps that take place during photosynthesis are actually quite complex. Before learning the details of how photoautotrophs turn sunlight into food, it is important to become familiar with the structures involved.

In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells. The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called the mesophyll. The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata (singular: stoma), which also play roles in the regulation of gas exchange and water balance. The stomata are typically located on the underside of the leaf, which helps to minimize water loss. Each stoma is flanked by guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata by swelling or shrinking in response to osmotic changes.

In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast. For plants, chloroplast-containing cells exist in the mesophyll. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope (composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane). Within the chloroplast are stacked, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is chlorophyll, a pigment (molecule that absorbs light) responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up the electron transport chain. The thylakoid membrane encloses an internal space called the thylakoid lumen. As shown in Figure 8.6, a stack of thylakoids is called a granum, and the liquid-filled space surrounding the granum is called stroma or "bed" (not to be confused with stoma or "mouth," an opening on the leaf epidermis).

Visual Connection

On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis?

1. Rate of photosynthesis will be inhibited as the level of carbon dioxide decreases.

2. Rate of photosynthesis will be inhibited as the level of oxygen decreases.

3. The rate of photosynthesis will increase as the level of carbon dioxide increases.

4. Rate of photosynthesis will increase as the level of oxygen increases.

The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

Teacher Support

There are different terms that have been used for these reactions. Go over each pair of terms and discuss how they apply to the pathways.

Photosynthesis takes place in two sequential stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light independent-reactions. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy. In the light-independent reactions, the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. Therefore, although the light-independent reactions do not use light as a reactant, they require the products of the light-dependent reactions to function. In addition, several enzymes of the light-independent reactions are activated by light. The light-dependent reactions utilize certain molecules to temporarily store the energy: These are referred to as energy carriers. The energy carriers that move energy from light-dependent reactions to light-independent reactions can be thought of as "full" because they are rich in energy. After the energy is released, the "empty" energy carriers return to the light-dependent reaction to obtain more energy. Figure 8.7 illustrates the components inside the chloroplast where the light-dependent and light-independent reactions take place.

Link to Learning

Click the link to learn more about photosynthesis.

Explain how the light reactions and light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis are interdependent on each other.

1. The light reactions produces ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle.

2. The light reactions produces NADP⁺ and ADP, which are then used in the Calvin cycle.

3. The light reactions uses NADPH and ATP, which are produced by the Calvin cycle.

4. The light reactions produce only NADPH, which is produced by the Calvin cycle.

Everyday Connection for AP® Courses

Photosynthesis at the Grocery Store

Major grocery stores in the United States are organized into departments, such as dairy, meats, produce, bread, cereals, and so forth. Each aisle ( Figure 8.8) contains hundreds, if not thousands, of different products for customers to buy and consume.

Although there is a large variety, each item links back to photosynthesis. Meats and dairy link, because the animals were fed plant-based foods. The breads, cereals, and pastas come largely from starchy grains, which are the seeds of photosynthesis-dependent plants. What about desserts and drinks? All of these products contain sugar-sucrose is a plant product, a disaccharide, a carbohydrate molecule, which is built directly from photosynthesis. Moreover, many items are less obviously derived from plants: For instance, paper goods are generally plant products, and many plastics (abundant as products and packaging) are derived from algae. Virtually every spice and flavoring in the spice aisle was produced by a plant as a leaf, root, bark, flower, fruit, or stem. Ultimately, photosynthesis connects to every meal and every food a person consumes.

Where would photosynthetic organisms likely be placed on a food web within most ecosystems?

1. at the base

2. near the top

3. in the middle, but generally closer to the top

4. in the middle, but generally closer to the base

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Overview of Photosynthesis - Biology for AP® Courses - OpenStax

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In this section, you will explore the following questions: What is the relevance of photosynthesis to living organisms? What are the main cellular structures involved in photosynthesis? What are the substrates and products of photosynthesis? As we learned in Chapter 7, all living organisms, from simple bacteria to complex plants and animals, require free energy to carry out cellular processes, such as growth and reproduction.

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AP Daily 3.5 Part 2 - Photosynthesis

1.  During photosynthesis, chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and coverts it into _____high energy________________  electrons.

2.  These high energy electrons are used to make ____a proton gradient_______ and _____reduce NADP to NADPH ____________

3.  Where are photosystem I and II located? Internal membranes of chloroplasts

4.  What is a photosystem? Light capturing unit in chloroplast's membrane

5.  The hydrogen molecules from the __splitting_______________ of water are released into the ___________thylakoid________ ______space______ and are used to create an _________electrochemical___________________________  gradient.

6.  The electrons that were excited by the energy captured from sunlight pass through an _____light___________  ________capturing_________  ____unit ________

7.  What is the function of PSI and PSII? pass high energy to the etc

8.  What is an electrochemical/proton gradient? difference in concentration of proteins

9.  What can this proton gradient be used for? Linked to synthesis of ATP

10.  What does the enzyme ATP Synthase do? An enzyme that creates ATP

11.  Which three things does the Calvin cycle use to produce carbohydrates? ATP, NADPH, CO2

12.  Where do the ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin cycle come from? light powers

13.  Where does the carbon dioxide used to make carbohydrates come from? from the environment
14.  Describe the results of the experiment presented in Table 1 in the question at the end of the video. We see a regeneration of RUBP

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Answer the questions in complete sentences in your notebook, and then add in the photo of your answers here.

AP Daily Video 3.5 Part 1 - Photosynthesis

1.  Photosynthesis is the biological process that ___organisms capture and store energy____________________

2.  How did photosynthesis change Earth’s early atmosphere? Early prokaryotes were responsible for oxygen

3.  Pigments help transform ____light molecules_________________ into __________chemical____ energy.

4.  This chemical energy is then temporarily stored as _____NADPH __________

5.  Light-dependent reactions also produce another energy storing molecule called _ATP __

6.  What happens to the NADPH and ATP produced by the light-dependent reactions? powers the production in the calvin cycle

7.  What process produces the oxygen released in the light-dependent reactions? Calvin cycle

8.  PAUSE the video at 3:48, choose the correct answer and JUSTIFY your choice. D because cyanobacteria it best represents the claim

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You will need your notebook and coloring pencils for this assignment.

* If you do not have coloring pencils at home, you can come in during lunch and complete this and use our classroom supplies.

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-will be due on the day of the Unit 3 Test if you wish to start on them this week/weekend.

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AP Bio- Unit 3 Sketchnote Review Flipgrid

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AP Video & Questions- Topic 3.4 Cellular Energy

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AP Video & Questions- Topic 3.4 Cellular Energy

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Answer the questions in complete sentences in your notebook, and then add in the photo of your answers here.

AP Daily Video 3.4 Cellular Energy

1. What is the main source of energy input for living systems? Sunlight

2.  Describe what autotrophs do. Capture energy from sunlight or chemical sources and transform that energy into sources usable by all cells

3.  What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics? Living cells are not at equiblirum
4.  What is energy coupling? Cells managing energy resources
5.  Sequential reactions allow for more ___controlled____________  and ________efficient_________ transfer of energy.

6.  PAUSE the video at 4:00.  Choose the correct answer and JUSTIFY your choice. D because it does not violate the second law of thermodynamics