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RO (Research Objectives): What you aim to achieve.

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RO (Research Objectives): What you aim to achieve.

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RQ (Research Questions): The specific questions that guide the research to achieve the objectives.

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RQ (Research Questions): The specific questions that guide the research to achieve the objectives.

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RH (Research Hypothesis): The assumptions or predictions based on literature, linked to inferential objectives.

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RH (Research Hypothesis): The assumptions or predictions based on literature, linked to inferential objectives.

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Each RO should correspond to at least one RQ. If inferential analysis is involved, RH is necessary.

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Each RO should correspond to at least one RQ. If inferential analysis is involved, RH is necessary.

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Example from Your Research Topic (Teachers’ Perception of Digital Tools)

If the study only describes data (e.g., perception levels), you don’t need RH (just RO & RQ).

If the study tests differences or relationships, you must include RH because inferential statistics require assumptions.

In this case:

RO1 → Descriptive → No hypothesis needed

RO2 & RO3 → Inferential → Hypotheses needed

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Null Hypothesis (H₀): Assumes no effect, no difference, or no relationship.

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Null Hypothesis (H₀): Assumes no effect, no difference, or no relationship.

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Example: There is no significant difference between male and female teachers' perceptions of digital tools.

Example: There is no significant relationship between teachers’ experience and their perception of digital tools.

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Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Assumes an effect, a difference, or a relationship exists.

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Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Assumes an effect, a difference, or a relationship exists.

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Example: There is a significant difference between male and female teachers' perceptions of digital tools.

Example: Teachers with more experience have a more positive perception of digital tools.