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Mecca is the holiest city in Islam, known as the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba, the most sacred shrine in Islam. Every year, millions of Muslims travel to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage, a central pillar of Islamic faith. Historically, Mecca was also an important trade hub in pre-Islamic Arabia, connecting merchants across the region.

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Founded in 762 CE by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur, Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a major center of learning, culture, and science during the Islamic Golden Age. The city housed the renowned House of Wisdom, where scholars translated and preserved Greek, Persian, and Indian knowledge. Baghdad remained a major political and economic hub until the Mongol invasion in 1258, which devastated the city.

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Cordoba was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus and became one of the most advanced cities in medieval Europe. It was famous for its architectural marvels like the Great Mosque of Cordoba, as well as its libraries, medical schools, and centers of learning that attracted scholars from across the Islamic and Christian worlds. The city exemplified a period of religious and cultural coexistence, known as convivencia, until the Reconquista.

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An ancient Silk Road city, Samarkand was a crucial center of trade and culture for centuries, blending Persian, Turkic, and Islamic influences. Under Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century, it became a dazzling imperial capital, adorned with monumental architecture such as the Registan Square and the Bibi-Khanym Mosque. The city remained a key intellectual and commercial hub in Central Asia well into the modern era.

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As the capital of both the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, Constantinople was one of the most strategically and culturally significant cities in world history. It was a center of Orthodox Christianity before its conquest by the Ottomans in 1453, after which it became the capital of the Islamic world under Sultan Mehmed II. Landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace reflect its deep and complex history.

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Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, became famous for its stunning Islamic architecture and vibrant cultural life. The city is home to Naqsh-e Jahan Square, one of the largest public squares in the world, and the breathtaking Shah Mosque. Isfahan was also a key center for trade, textile production, and artistic development, earning the Persian saying “Isfahan is half the world.”

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A sacred city for Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, Jerusalem has been a focal point of religious and political history for millennia. It is home to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, one of Islam’s most revered sites, marking the place of the Prophet Muhammad’s Night Journey. Jerusalem has been contested by various empires and remains a site of religious pilgrimage and political conflict to this day.

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The first major capital of the Ottoman Empire, Bursa was a key political and economic center during the early Ottoman period. The city is known for its silk trade, as well as the grand mosques and tombs of early Ottoman sultans such as Orhan and Osman I. Bursa also played a vital role in the empire’s expansion, serving as a launching point for campaigns into Europe and Anatolia.

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Founded in the 9th century, Fez quickly became a leading center of Islamic scholarship and trade in North Africa. It is home to Al-Qarawiyyin University, considered one of the world’s oldest continuously operating universities. The city’s historic medina, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflects its rich architectural and cultural legacy, making it one of the best-preserved medieval cities in the Islamic world.

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A city with deep historical roots, Tarsus was an important urban center in the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. It was the birthplace of St. Paul and played a significant role in early Christian history. Under Islamic rule, Tarsus served as a frontier city in conflicts between the Byzantines and Muslim armies, and it later became a key regional hub during the Abbasid and Ottoman periods.